Resources › Saga Vocabulary Saga Vocabulary
The most common words in the sagas by part of speech, in order of frequency;
or the thousand most common, every part of speech together, in alphabetical
order.
Definitions are generated by AI and may contain
errors.
By frequency Alphabetical Nouns Adjectives Adverbs Verbs Nouns 1 maðr m. man, person 2 sonr m. son 3 konungr m. king 4 mál n. speech, matter, lawsuit 5 skip n. ship 6 hǫnd f. hand, arm 7 fé n. livestock, property, money 8 land n. land, country 9 bróðir m. brother 10 vetr m. winter, year (of age) 11 ráð n. advice, plan, counsel 12 kona f. woman, wife 13 frændi m. kinsman, relative 14 dagr m. day 15 jarl m. earl, jarl 16 faðir m. father 17 ferð f. journey, travel 18 þing n. assembly, meeting 19 sumar n. summer 20 dóttir f. daughter 21 orð n. word 22 lið n. troop, following, force 23 hestr m. horse, stallion 24 fundr m. meeting, encounter 25 nátt f. night 26 sǫk f. charge, lawsuit, cause 27 tíðendi n. news, tidings, events 28 hlutr m. thing, part, share, lot 29 bœr m. farmstead, farm buildings, town 30 bóndi m. farmer, householder; husband 31 sverð n. sword 32 víg n. killing, slaying 33 bú n. farm, household, husbandry 34 hǫfuð n. head 35 vinr m. friend 36 goði m. chieftain-priest, godi 37 móðir f. mother 38 mót n. meeting, assembly 39 vápn n. weapon 40 skjǫldr m. shield 41 kveld n. evening 42 leið f. way, road, journey 43 vísa f. verse, stanza 44 sinn n. time, occasion 45 lag n. layer, position, way; (pl.) law 46 kostr m. choice, option, terms; quality, means 47 vár n. spring 48 fótr m. foot, leg 49 morginn m. morning 50 búð f. booth, temporary dwelling (at the assembly) 51 hús n. house, building 52 spjót n. spear 53 sætt f. settlement, reconciliation, peace agreement 54 skógr m. wood, forest 55 hǫfðingi m. chieftain, leader 56 stund f. while, period of time, hour 57 hugr m. mind, thought, courage 58 vegr m. way, road; manner; honour, glory 59 haf n. sea, ocean 60 bak n. back 61 tal n. talk, conversation; count, number 62 á f. river 63 haust n. autumn 64 staðr m. place, spot; stead 65 hríð f. while, spell of time; storm, snowstorm; onslaught, attack 66 ván f. hope, expectation, likelihood 67 sveinn m. boy, lad; servant 68 húskarl m. farmhand, manservant 69 ørendi n. errand, message, business 70 líf n. life 71 øx f. axe 72 eldr m. fire 73 sár n. wound 74 dómr m. judgement, verdict; court 75 þræll m. slave, thrall 76 ey f. island 77 barn n. child 78 boð n. invitation, feast; command, offer 79 dyrr f. doorway, door 80 veizla f. feast, banquet 81 mágr m. kinsman by marriage (brother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law) 82 tími m. time, season 83 fǫr f. journey, expedition 84 gjǫf f. gift, present 85 bani m. death, slayer 86 fjall n. mountain, fell 87 sœmð f. honour, esteem 88 borð n. board, plank; table; ship's side 89 herað n. district, countryside 90 garðr m. fence, enclosure; yard, farmstead 91 fjǫrðr m. fjord, firth 92 silfr n. silver 93 veðr n. weather; wind 94 saga f. story, tale, history 95 húsfreyja f. housewife, mistress of the house 96 verk n. work, deed, task 97 klæði n. cloth, clothes 98 vinátta f. friendship 99 sveit f. district, community; band of men 100 vist f. lodging, stay; provisions, food 101 fǫrunautr m. travelling companion 102 systir f. sister 103 váttr m. witness 104 virðing f. honour, esteem, reputation 105 skap n. state of mind, temper, mood; (pl.) fate 106 hross n. horse 107 auga n. eye 108 gripr m. valuable object, treasure 109 nafn n. name 110 vatn n. water; lake 111 sel n. shieling, mountain dairy hut 112 afl n. strength, might 113 jǫrð f. earth, ground; land, property 114 stofa f. living room, sitting room 115 liðveizla f. help, support (esp. armed backing) 116 braut f. road, way 117 vandræði n. difficulty, trouble 118 hals m. neck; forepart of a ship 119 ætt f. family, lineage, descent 120 félagi m. companion, partner, comrade 121 leikr m. game, sport, play 122 dalr m. valley, dale 123 matr m. food 124 flokkr m. band, troop, company 125 steinn m. stone, rock 126 fjǫlmenni n. crowd, large company of people 127 drengr m. brave, honourable man; young man, fellow 128 austmaðr m. Norwegian, man from the East 129 alþingi n. the general assembly, Althing 130 grið n. truce, quarter, safe-conduct 131 skáli m. hall, sleeping-hall, hut 132 hǫgg n. blow, stroke 133 fang n. grasp, hold; wrestling; (pl.) provisions, supplies 134 mǫrk f. forest, woodland; mark (unit of weight or money) 135 fóstri m. foster-father, foster-son 136 kirkja f. church 137 feðgi m. father and son (together) 138 aldr m. age, lifetime 139 vǫllr m. field, plain, level ground 140 bardagi m. battle, fight 141 vǫxtr m. growth, stature, size 142 víkingr m. viking, pirate, raider 143 bót f. remedy, improvement; compensation, atonement 144 heiðr f. heath, moor 145 vili m. will, wish 146 vika f. week 147 vǫrn f. defence 148 sax n. short sword 149 ríki n. realm, kingdom, power 150 draumr m. dream 151 mein n. harm, injury; ailment 152 tigr m. ten, decade (in counting) 153 sótt f. sickness, illness 154 rekkja f. bed, bedding 155 sær m. sea 156 goðorð n. chieftaincy, office of a goði 157 atburðr m. event, occurrence, incident 158 hjalmr m. helmet 159 rúm n. room, space; bed, seat, place 160 lík n. corpse, body 161 blóð n. blood 162 viðr m. wood, timber; tree, forest 163 herra m. lord, sir 164 jól n. Yule, Christmas 165 sendimaðr m. messenger, envoy 166 traust n. trust, confidence; support, protection 167 siðr m. custom, usage; religion, faith 168 kvæði n. poem, song 169 vandi m. custom, habit 170 heimamaðr m. member of a household, servant 171 háttr m. manner, way, custom 172 hey n. hay 173 kaup n. bargain, purchase, trade; wages 174 hringr m. ring, circle 175 kaupmaðr m. merchant, trader 176 berserkr m. berserk, frenzied warrior 177 hundrað n. hundred (often the long hundred, 120) 178 karl m. man, old man, common man 179 holmganga f. duel (fought on an island or marked-out ground) 180 haugr m. burial mound, cairn 181 kapp n. zeal, contest, rivalry 182 holmr m. islet, small island 183 hurð f. door 184 skaði m. harm, damage, loss 185 þingmaðr m. assembly-man, follower of a chieftain 186 kviðr m. verdict of a jury, testimony 187 stýrimaðr m. steersman, ship's captain 188 naut n. cattle, ox, head of cattle 189 svefn m. sleep, dream 190 ráðagerð f. plan, counsel, scheme 191 gerð f. deed, doing; arbitration, settlement 192 herr m. army, host 193 skikkja f. cloak, mantle 194 búi m. neighbour, householder 195 efni n. material, matter, state of affairs 196 loft n. air, sky; upper room, loft 197 fóstbróðir m. foster-brother, sworn brother 198 nes n. headland, promontory 199 bátr m. boat 200 prestr m. priest 201 mær f. maiden, girl 202 viðtaka f. reception, welcome; resistance 203 eiðr m. oath 204 byskup m. bishop 205 varningr m. wares, merchandise 206 byrr m. fair wind 207 gull n. gold, gold ring 208 vald n. power, authority, control 209 gaman n. fun, amusement, pleasure 210 frændsemi f. kinship, relationship 211 sund n. swimming; strait, sound 212 bragð n. trick, device; sudden movement, deed 213 sauðr m. sheep 214 trú f. faith, belief, religion 215 herðr f. shoulder 216 sómi m. honour, respect 217 tún n. enclosed field, homefield, yard 218 merki n. mark, sign, token; banner, standard 219 bústaðr m. dwelling place, homestead, residence 220 vætti n. testimony, witness-evidence 221 dýr n. animal, beast, deer 222 friðr m. peace 223 atgeirr m. halberd, bill 224 munr m. difference, degree; desire, mind 225 sekð f. outlawry, condemnation, guilt 226 hirðmaðr m. king's retainer, member of a royal following 227 orrusta f. battle 228 kerling f. old woman 229 sauðamaðr m. shepherd 230 guð m. God, god 231 ásjá f. help, protection, support 232 hár n. hair 233 kné n. knee 234 óvinr m. enemy, foe 235 kveðja f. greeting, salutation 236 laun n. reward, payment, recompense 237 fǫruneyti n. company of travellers, escort 238 feldr m. cloak, cape of skin or wool 239 arfr m. inheritance 240 gullhringr m. gold ring 241 misseri n. half-year, season; (pl.) year 242 sigr m. victory 243 tjald n. tent, awning, hanging 244 golf n. floor 245 skaplyndi n. temper, disposition 246 skǫmm f. shame, disgrace 247 þǫkk f. thanks, gratitude 248 eign f. property, possession, estate 249 grjót n. stones, rock 250 hefnd f. vengeance, revenge Adjectives 1 mikill great, large, much 2 allr all, whole, entire 3 margr many, many a 4 góðr good 5 lítill little, small 6 annarr other, second 7 illr bad, evil 8 sannr true; guilty, proven 9 fár few 10 sjalfr self, oneself 11 einn one, a certain 12 samr same 13 langr long 14 sterkr strong 15 gamall old 16 víss certain, sure; wise 17 dauðr dead 18 kyrr quiet, still, at peace 19 halfr half 20 stórr big, large; great, important 21 skammr short, brief 22 varr aware; wary, cautious 23 skjótr swift, quick 24 nærri near, nearest, next 25 harðr hard, harsh, severe 26 hvítr white 27 ungr young 28 ríkr powerful, mighty; wealthy 29 verðr worth, worthy, deserving 30 vitr wise, intelligent 31 fyrri former, earlier; (superl.) first 32 sumr some, a certain one 33 sekr guilty, condemned, outlawed 34 vænn handsome, fine; promising, likely 35 sárr wounded; sore, painful 36 rauðr red 37 vanr accustomed, used to; also lacking, wanting 38 fagr fair, beautiful 39 glíkr like, similar 40 heill whole, sound, unhurt; lucky 41 miðr middle, mid 42 bráðr sudden, hasty 43 réttr straight, right, just 44 auðigr wealthy, rich 45 svartr black, dark 46 skyldr related, akin; bound, obliged 47 slíkr such, of that kind 48 lauss loose, free 49 fjǫlmennr with many people, well attended 50 vinsæll popular, well-liked 51 fastr firm, fast, fixed 52 þungr heavy; difficult, grievous 53 fullr full 54 gǫfugr noble, distinguished, of high rank 55 reiðr angry, wroth 56 fríðr beautiful, fair, fine 57 hár high, tall; loud 58 kunnigr known, well-known; versed in, skilled (esp. in magic) 59 ágætr excellent, distinguished 60 feginn glad, joyful 61 œrinn ample, sufficient, plenty of 62 sáttr reconciled, at peace, in agreement 63 seinn slow, late 64 rammr strong, mighty 65 allmikill very great, very large 66 þverr transverse, crosswise; flat (of a refusal) 67 spakr wise, gentle, quiet 68 blár blue, dark, black 69 jafn even, equal, level 70 forn old, ancient 71 óðr mad, frantic, furious 72 makligr deserving, fitting, proper 73 digr thick, stout, big 74 tíðr customary, frequent; eager, desirous 75 fúss eager, willing 76 kristinn Christian 77 nýr new, fresh 78 auðinn granted by fate, destined 79 gildr of full worth, substantial, esteemed 80 undarligr strange, wonderful 81 efri upper, later (superl. efstr uppermost, last) 82 hljóðr silent, quiet, taciturn 83 hraustr valiant, bold, vigorous 84 íslenzkr Icelandic 85 ráðligr advisable, prudent 86 heiðinn heathen, pagan 87 fyrstr first 88 ýmiss various, sundry; alternating, by turns 89 ǫndverðr early, at the beginning (of a period); foremost 90 hœgr easy, gentle, convenient 91 allgóðr very good, excellent 92 þvílíkr such, of such a kind 93 gnógr enough, plentiful, abundant 94 efniligr promising, of good prospects 95 hræddr afraid, frightened 96 frægr famous, renowned 97 hvass sharp, keen; (of wind) strong 98 vaskr valiant, brave, manly 99 erfiðr difficult, toilsome 100 ljóss light, bright; clear, evident 101 kaldr cold 102 dýrr dear, costly, precious 103 grár grey 104 kátr cheerful, merry 105 skǫruligr splendid, handsome, imposing 106 lendr landed, holding land from the king (lendr maðr, baron) 107 vígr able to fight, skilled in arms 108 glaðr glad, cheerful 109 norrœnn Norwegian, Norse 110 rǫskr vigorous, brave, doughty 111 breiðr broad, wide 112 magr lean, thin 113 fœrr able to go, fit for travel; passable 114 smár small, little 115 sœmiligr seemly, honourable, becoming 116 jafnmikill equally great, as large 117 ódæll hard to deal with, overbearing 118 lágr low, short 119 óvarr unaware, off guard, unwary 120 framr forward, foremost, excellent, distinguished 121 heimill freely available, at one's disposal 122 glíkligr likely, promising 123 vándr bad, wicked, wretched 124 mjór slender, thin, narrow 125 feigr doomed to die, fey 126 øruggr secure, reliable, fearless 127 vandr difficult, hard, demanding 128 gerviligr accomplished, capable, of fine appearance 129 hœgri right (as opposed to left) 130 ónýtr useless, void, worthless 131 djúpr deep 132 síðarri later, latter; (superl.) last 133 heitr hot 134 ókunnr unknown, unfamiliar, strange 135 virðuligr honourable, worthy, distinguished 136 auðsær easily seen, obvious 137 sjúkr sick, ill 138 gullrekinn inlaid with gold, gold-mounted 139 ákafr vehement, eager, intense 140 útlendr foreign, from abroad 141 líkligr likely, probable 142 hárfagr fair-haired 143 fjǫlkunnigr skilled in magic, versed in witchcraft 144 frjáls free, independent 145 saklauss innocent, guiltless 146 stórættaðr of great family, high-born 147 vænligr promising, likely; handsome 148 vinstri left (hand, side) 149 fullkominn fully grown, complete, perfect 150 jafnmargr equally many, as many 151 hagr skilful, handy (esp. as a craftsman) 152 sýnn visible, evident, clear 153 ǫrr generous, liberal; swift 154 móðr weary, exhausted 155 ólíkligr unlikely 156 albúinn fully ready, completely prepared 157 rangr wrong, unjust; crooked 158 léttr light, easy; cheerful 159 ógildr unatoned, without compensation paid 160 kynligr strange, odd 161 bjartr bright, shining 162 heilagr holy, sacred 163 áliðinn far advanced, late (of time) 164 einsær self-evident, the only thing to do 165 kærr dear, beloved 166 blíðr friendly, gentle, kindly 167 óvinsæll unpopular, disliked 168 trúr faithful, loyal, trusty 169 blóðigr bloody, bleeding 170 myrkr dark, murky; obscure 171 ættstórr of great family, high-born 172 sléttr level, smooth, even 173 stórauðigr very wealthy 174 óvígr unfit to fight, disabled 175 óvænn unpromising, unlikely, hopeless 176 opinn open 177 ófúss unwilling, reluctant 178 torsóttr hard to overcome, difficult to deal with 179 búinn ready, prepared 180 tvennr twofold, two (of two sorts or pairs) 181 óheilagr outside the law's protection, unhallowed 182 fróðr learned, wise, well-informed 183 drengiligr manly, brave, honourable 184 mettr having eaten one's fill, satisfied 185 haltr lame, limping 186 víðr wide, broad, extensive 187 ótryggr untrustworthy, unreliable 188 stirðr stiff 189 ólíkr unlike, different 190 blígr staring, goggle-eyed (nickname) 191 góðgjarn well-meaning, benevolent 192 snjallr eloquent; able, valiant 193 ørvænn not to be expected, unlikely 194 ásáttr agreed, in agreement 195 lǫgmætr lawful, valid in law 196 vaskligr manly, valiant, gallant 197 þrǫngr narrow, tight, crowded 198 ljótr ugly, hideous 199 allfjǫlmennr with a very large following, very crowded 200 merkiligr remarkable, significant, notable 201 neðri lower, nether 202 berr bare, naked; open, evident 203 allkátr very merry, in high spirits 204 heimskr foolish, stupid 205 óráðligr inadvisable, unwise 206 ýtri outer, outermost 207 slœgr sly, cunning 208 fámennr with few men, thinly manned 209 óglíkligr unlikely, improbable 210 styggr gruff, curt, unfriendly 211 þrévetr three years old 212 fálátr reserved, taciturn 213 trauðr reluctant, unwilling; (neut. as adv.) hardly, scarcely 214 óhœgr difficult, awkward, uncomfortable 215 tiginn noble, of high rank 216 stórmannligr magnificent, lordly, munificent 217 auðveldr easy 218 félauss penniless, without means 219 auðsóttr easily obtained, easy to win over 220 tíðendalauss without news, uneventful 221 tregr unwilling, reluctant, slow 222 óvíss uncertain, unknown; unaware 223 armr wretched, wicked 224 þarfr useful, serviceable 225 vátr wet 226 skapstórr proud, high-minded, haughty 227 hentr suitable, fitting, convenient 228 dæll easy, easy to deal with, familiar 229 hallr leaning, sloping, tilted 230 drjúgr ample, substantial, lasting 231 ófœrr unable, helpless; impassable 232 blindr blind 233 sannligr likely, plausible; fitting 234 mannmargr with many people, crowded 235 þykkr thick, dense 236 ættaðr descended, of a family (from a place) 237 kurteiss courteous, well-mannered, refined 238 framgjarn ambitious, eager to push forward 239 málugr talkative, garrulous 240 suðreyskr from the Hebrides, Hebridean 241 blóðugr bloody 242 hættr dangerous, risky 243 harmdauði whose death is much lamented 244 kynstórr of great family, high-born 245 nýtr useful, capable, worthy 246 nýkominn newly arrived 247 allfár very few 248 síðr long, hanging low 249 hærulangr long-haired 250 nógr enough, sufficient Adverbs 1 þá then, at that time 2 þar there, in that place 3 eigi not 4 nú now 5 svá so, thus, in this way 6 síðan afterwards, then, since 7 upp up, upwards 8 vel well 9 enn still, yet, again 10 þó yet, nevertheless 11 heim home, homewards 12 út out, outwards 13 hér here 14 mjǫk much, very, greatly 15 fram forward, forth 16 þegar at once, immediately 17 saman together 18 brott away, off 19 fyrr before, earlier, sooner 20 inn in, inside, inwards 21 ekki not 22 heldr rather, more; quite 23 áðr before, previously, already 24 aftr back, backwards; again 25 niðr down, downwards 26 ofan down, from above 27 hversu how 28 þangat thither, to that place 29 illa badly, ill 30 norðr north, northwards 31 lengi long, for a long time 32 aldri never 33 þaðan thence, from there 34 suðr south, southwards 35 hvar where 36 nær near, nearly; when 37 betr better (superlative: best) 38 jafnan always, constantly 39 heima at home 40 vestr west, westwards 41 síð late (comparative: later, afterwards) 42 oft often 43 austr east, eastwards 44 úti outside, out of doors 45 heiman from home 46 lítt little, slightly, poorly 47 hingat hither, to this place 48 útan abroad, out of the country 49 inni inside, indoors 50 uppi up, up above 51 hvergi nowhere, in no way 52 snemma early 53 víða widely, far and wide 54 sundr asunder, apart, in two 55 skjótt quickly, swiftly 56 meirr more 57 hví why 58 undan away, out from under 59 því therefore, for that reason 60 norðan from the north 61 heðan hence, from here 62 né nor 63 vestan from the west 64 síðr less 65 lengr longer 66 fast firmly, hard 67 verr worse 68 allvel very well 69 austan from the east 70 brátt soon, quickly 71 gjarna gladly, willingly 72 víst certainly, surely 73 ella otherwise, else 74 fyrri earlier, before, formerly 75 brottu away, gone, absent 76 sunnan from the south 77 varla hardly, scarcely 78 ok also, too 79 fjarri far off, far from it 80 neðan from below, up from beneath 81 hart hard, fiercely, harshly 82 hvé how 83 megin on the side (of) 84 harðla very, exceedingly 85 bæði both 86 innan from within, inside 87 framan from the front, forward 88 drengiliga bravely, manfully 89 hvaðan from where, whence 90 gǫrla clearly, fully, exactly 91 fyrst first, firstly 92 innar further in 93 síðarr later, afterwards 94 hátt loudly, aloud 95 hvernig how, in what way 96 niðri down, below (position) 97 of too, excessively 98 seinn slow, late 99 lǫngum for a long time, often, usually 100 aldrigi never Verbs 100 Old Norse Verbs
1 vera be, exist 2 hafa have, hold 3 segja say, tell 4 munu will, shall; be likely to 5 koma come, arrive 6 fara go, travel 7 mæla speak, say 8 vilja want, wish, be willing 9 skulu shall, must, be obliged to 10 taka take, seize 11 ganga walk, go 12 gera do, make 13 verða become, happen, have to 14 kveða say, recite (verse) 15 þykkja seem, be thought; (with dat.) think 16 eiga own, have; be married to 17 láta let, allow; leave; behave 18 ríða ride 19 búa live, dwell, keep house; prepare, equip 20 heita be called, be named; promise 21 sjá see, look 22 spyrja ask; hear of, learn 23 biðja ask, request, bid; pray 24 svara answer 25 mega be able, may 26 fá get, obtain; be able to 27 ætla intend, mean; think, suppose 28 vita know 29 bera carry, bear 30 leggja lay, place; thrust (with a weapon) 31 gefa give 32 finna find, meet 33 ráða advise, decide, rule over 34 sitja sit, stay 35 bjóða offer, invite; command 36 standa stand 37 kalla call, name; claim 38 hlaupa leap, run 39 halda hold, keep; steer, make one's way 40 skilja part, separate; understand 41 falla fall, be slain 42 setja set, place 43 liggja lie, be situated 44 veita grant, give, render (help) 45 sœkja seek, attack; prosecute at law 46 leita search for, look for 47 drepa kill, strike 48 tala speak, talk 49 senda send 50 hǫggva strike, hew, cut 51 þurfa need, have need of 52 geta get, beget; guess; mention 53 sýna show; (reflexive) seem, appear 54 snúa turn, twist 55 nefna name, mention; appoint 56 fylgja follow, accompany 57 hyggja think, intend, consider 58 líða pass, glide by (of time) 59 kunna know, know how to, be able 60 vinna work, win, accomplish 61 heyra hear 62 hitta meet, find, hit upon 63 fœra bring, convey 64 bregða move quickly, draw; change, break off 65 reka drive, drift 66 lúka close, finish, conclude 67 berja strike, beat; (reflexive) fight 68 sigla sail 69 kenna know, recognize; teach; attribute 70 draga draw, drag, pull 71 líta look, see; (reflexive) seem, appear 72 þiggja receive, accept 73 flytja carry, convey; plead, recite 74 skifta divide, share; exchange, change 75 stefna summon, call to a meeting; set course, head (for) 76 skjóta shoot, thrust, push 77 vega strike, slay; weigh 78 kaupa buy, bargain, trade 79 gjalda pay, repay, requite 80 glíka please, be to one's liking 81 selja sell; hand over, give 82 verja defend, guard 83 bíða wait, await; suffer, endure 84 leiða lead, conduct 85 renna run, flow 86 lýsa make known, declare; shine, give light 87 kasta throw, cast 88 nema take, seize; learn 89 binda bind, tie 90 kveðja greet, address; call upon, summon 91 þakka thank, give thanks for 92 beiða ask, request; (mid.) ask for oneself 93 anda breathe; (reflexive) die, pass away 94 reyna try, test; experience, prove 95 skipa arrange, assign places, man (a ship), appoint 96 fagna welcome, receive gladly; rejoice 97 dvelja delay, detain; (reflexive) stay, remain 98 telja count, reckon; say, declare 99 róa row 100 ná reach, get, attain 101 vaxa grow, increase 102 rœða speak, talk, discuss 103 brenna burn (something), set fire to 104 hefna avenge, take vengeance 105 hverfa turn; disappear, vanish 106 bœta better, mend; pay compensation 107 stíga step, tread, mount 108 virða value, esteem, judge 109 lifa live, be alive 110 unna love; grant, allow 111 hefja lift, raise; begin 112 frétta ask, inquire; hear of, learn 113 sofa sleep 114 kjósa choose, elect 115 hljóta get by lot, obtain; have to, must 116 brjóta break 117 sætta reconcile; (mid.) come to terms 118 leysa loosen, release, set free; settle, redeem 119 hætta leave off, stop; risk, venture 120 gifta give in marriage; (mid.) marry 121 horfa turn, face, look towards 122 drekka drink 123 una be content, be satisfied with 124 skorta lack, be wanting 125 þora dare 126 reiða carry, convey; brandish, swing; pay out 127 duga avail, be of use; help, support 128 muna remember 129 heimta claim, demand; fetch, call for 130 launa reward, repay, requite 131 slá strike, hit; mow 132 ljósta strike, hit 133 vakna wake up, awaken 134 þrífa grasp, seize, snatch 135 vænta hope, expect 136 njóta enjoy, benefit from, make use of 137 gæta watch over, take care of, guard 138 leika play, sport; deal with 139 vekja wake (someone), rouse; stir up 140 spretta spring up, start, burst forth 141 trúa believe, trust 142 fýsa urge, incite; desire, be eager 143 skera cut, carve, slaughter 144 létta lighten, relieve; leave off, cease 145 greiða pay, hand over; arrange, put in order 146 bíta bite; cut, take effect (of a weapon) 147 safna gather, collect, assemble 148 festa fasten, make fast; pledge, betroth 149 dœma judge, give judgment, sentence 150 valda cause, bring about; wield, rule over 151 víkja turn, move aside, give way 152 fœða give birth to; feed, nourish, bring up 153 byggja settle, inhabit, dwell in 154 deyja die 155 yrkja compose (poetry); work, till 156 hlýða listen, give heed; be permissible, avail 157 eggja egg on, urge, incite 158 heilsa greet 159 rétta straighten, stretch out; set right 160 flýja flee, run away 161 leyna hide, conceal 162 nenna be willing, care to, bring oneself to 163 missa miss, lose, be without 164 fella fell, cause to fall, kill; fit (of felldr) 165 játa say yes, assent, agree to, promise 166 dreyma dream 167 spara spare, save, withhold 168 meta value, estimate, judge 169 gruna suspect, have a misgiving 170 deila divide, share out; quarrel, dispute 171 gegna suit, be fitting; mean, signify 172 hirða keep, store, tend; care about 173 hlæja laugh 174 støkkva spring, leap, flee 175 rísa rise, get up 176 þola endure, bear, suffer 177 geyma keep, guard, take care of 178 steðja place, station, fix; halt, leap 179 varðveita keep, guard, take care of 180 minna remind; (reflexive) remember 181 tjalda pitch a tent, hang with tapestries 182 letja hold back, dissuade, hinder 183 afla gain, acquire, earn 184 vitja visit, go to see 185 grípa grasp, seize, snatch 186 hugsa think, consider, intend 187 ræna rob, plunder 188 vísa show, point out, direct 189 grafa dig, bury; carve 190 auka increase, add to 191 týna lose, destroy; perish 192 hleypa make run, ride fast, let loose 193 lofa praise; permit, allow 194 herja harry, raid, make war 195 kippa pull, snatch, jerk 196 treysta trust, rely on; dare, venture 197 kvánga marry (of a man), give a wife to 198 skapa shape, create; ordain, arrange 199 þegja be silent, keep quiet 200 henda catch, seize; befall A Æ B D E F G H I J K L M N O Ǫ Ø Œ P R S T Þ U V Y A to Z A á noun, f. river á preposition on, upon, at, in áðr adverb before, previously, already áðr conjunction before, until af preposition off, from, out of; by, because of afl noun, n. strength, might afla verb gain, acquire, earn aftr adverb back, backwards; again ágætr adjective excellent, distinguished ákveða verb appoint, fix, determine aldr noun, m. age, lifetime aldregi adverb never aldri adverb never allgóðr adjective very good, excellent allmikill adjective very great, very large allr adjective all, whole, entire allr adverb entirely, all the way, throughout allvel adverb very well alþingi noun, n. the general assembly, Althing alþýða noun, f. the people, common folk, the public anda verb breathe; mid. die, pass away annarr ordinal second; another, other annarrhvárr pronoun one or the other of the two, either ár noun, f. year; good season, plenty; also: oar arfr noun, m. inheritance ásjá noun, f. help, protection, support ást noun, f. love, affection at conjunction that at infinitive marker to (marking the infinitive) at preposition at, to, towards; according to, in respect of atburðr noun, m. event, occurrence, incident atgeirr noun, m. halberd, bill átján numeral eighteen atsókn noun, f. attack, assault átta numeral eight auðigr adjective wealthy, rich auðinn adjective granted by fate, destined auga noun, n. eye auka verb increase, add to austan adverb from the east austmaðr noun, m. Norwegian, man from the East austr adverb east, eastwards áverki noun, m. wound, bodily injury inflicted Æ ætla verb intend, mean; think, suppose; mid. plan, have in mind; expect ætlan noun, f. intention, plan; opinion, supposition ætt noun, f. family, lineage, descent ævi noun, f. life, lifetime, age B báðir numeral both bak noun, n. back banahǫgg noun, n. death-blow, fatal blow bani noun, m. death, slayer banna verb forbid, prohibit bardagi noun, m. battle, fight barn noun, n. child batna verb improve, get better, recover bátr noun, m. boat bæði adverb both bæði conjunction both (… and) beiða verb ask, request; mid. ask for oneself bein noun, n. bone; leg beini noun, m. hospitality, entertainment of guests bekkr noun, m. bench bera verb carry, bear; mid. happen, come about; behave berja verb strike, beat; mid. fight berserkr noun, m. berserk, frenzied warrior betr adverb better (superlative: best) bíða verb wait, await; suffer, endure biðja verb ask, request, bid; pray binda verb bind, tie; mid. pledge oneself, undertake biskup noun, m. bishop bíta verb bite; cut, take effect (of a weapon); mid. bite one another, fight bjarg noun, n. rock, cliff, crag bjóða verb offer, invite; command; mid. volunteer; be offered bjǫrn noun, m. bear blár adjective blue, dark, black blíða noun, f. kindness, friendliness, gentleness blóð noun, n. blood boð noun, n. invitation, feast; command, offer bóndi noun, m. farmer, householder; husband bónorð noun, n. proposal of marriage, wooing borð noun, n. board, plank; table; ship's side borg noun, f. stronghold, fortified town; rocky height bót noun, f. remedy, improvement; compensation, atonement bœn noun, f. request, prayer bœr noun, m. farmstead, farm buildings, town bœta verb better, mend; pay compensation; mid. be improved, do good bráðr adjective sudden, hasty bragð noun, n. trick, device; sudden movement, deed brátt adverb soon, quickly, at once braut noun, f. road, path; (in phrases) away bregða verb move quickly, draw; change, break off; bregða e-m e-u: reproach someone with something; mid. fail, break one's word; react brekka noun, f. slope, hillside brenna verb burn bresta verb burst, crack, break out; mid. react, start up brjóst noun, n. breast, chest; van, front brjóta verb break; mid. force one's way, struggle bróðir noun, m. brother brott adverb away, off brottu adverb away, gone, absent bú noun, n. farm, household, husbandry búa verb live, dwell, keep house; prepare, equip; mid. get ready, make ready to set out búandi noun, m. farmer, householder búð noun, f. booth, temporary dwelling (at the assembly) búi noun, m. neighbour, householder búinn adjective ready, prepared; equipped bústaðr noun, m. dwelling place, homestead, residence bygð noun, f. settlement, inhabited district byggja verb settle, inhabit, dwell in; build; mid. be settled byrja verb get a fair wind, fare; begin byrr noun, m. fair wind byskup noun, m. bishop D dagr noun, m. day dalr noun, m. valley, dale dauði noun, m. death dauðr adjective dead deila verb divide, share out; quarrel, dispute deyja verb die digr adjective thick, stout, big dómr noun, m. judgement, verdict; court dóttir noun, f. daughter dœma verb judge, give judgment, sentence draga verb draw, drag, pull; mid. drag on, be protracted; be drawn draumr noun, m. dream drekka verb drink drengiliga adverb bravely, manfully drengr noun, m. brave, honourable man; young man, fellow drengskapr noun, m. valour, manliness, honour drepa verb kill, strike; mid. be killed, perish; kill one another dreyma verb dream drífa verb drift, drive; throng, crowd drykkja noun, f. drinking, drinking-party duga verb avail, be of use; help, support dvelja verb delay, detain; mid. stay, remain dylja verb conceal, deny dýr noun, n. animal, beast, deer dyrr noun, f. doorway, door dýrr adjective dear, costly, precious E eða conjunction or ef conjunction if efna verb fulfil, carry out, perform; mid. be kept, come true efni noun, n. material, matter, state of affairs efniligr adjective promising, of good prospects efri adjective upper, later (superl. efstr uppermost, last) eftir adverb after, following eftir preposition after; along; according to eftirmál noun, n. prosecution of a case, suit for a slaying egg noun, f. edge of a blade; also egg eggja verb egg on, urge, incite eiðr noun, m. oath eiga verb own, have; be married to; mid. contend with one another, have dealings eigi adverb not eign noun, f. property, possession, estate eigna verb attribute, claim; take possession of einhverr pronoun someone, some one or other einn numeral one; a certain, a single ek pronoun I, me ekki adverb not, not at all ekki pronoun nothing eldr noun, m. fire ella adverb otherwise, else elli noun, f. old age elta verb chase, pursue, drive en conjunction but, and; than enda conjunction and also, and yet enda verb end, finish, fulfil; mid. last, hold out; turn out endi noun, m. end, extremity engi pronoun no one, none, no enn adverb still, yet, again enn conjunction but, and; also: than (after a comparative) er conjunction when; that er relative particle who, which, that erindi noun, n. errand, message, business eta verb eat ey noun, f. island eyða verb destroy, lay waste, spend; mid. be laid waste; dwindle away, be spent eyra noun, n. ear eyrir noun, m. ounce (of silver), unit of money; (pl.) money, property F fá verb get, obtain; be able to; mid. be obtainable; deal with, grapple with faðir noun, m. father fagna verb welcome, receive gladly; rejoice fagr adjective fair, beautiful fall noun, n. fall; death in battle falla verb fall, be slain; flow (of a river); mid. fail, come to nothing fang noun, n. grasp, hold; wrestling; (pl.) provisions, supplies far noun, n. passage, means of travel; ship, vessel fár adjective few; of a person: cold, reserved fara verb go, travel; mid. perish, be lost fast adverb firmly, hard, vigorously fastr adjective firm, fast, fixed fé noun, n. livestock, property, money fébót noun, f. compensation in money, indemnity feðgar noun, m. father and son(s) feðgi noun, m. father and son (together) feginn adjective glad, joyful fela verb hide, conceal; entrust félagi noun, m. companion, partner, comrade feldr noun, m. cloak, cape of skin or wool fella verb fell, cause to fall, kill; fit (of felldr) ferð noun, f. journey, travel festa verb fasten, make fast; pledge, betroth; mid. stick, cling to; settle down fimm numeral five fimmtán numeral fifteen finna verb find, meet; mid. meet one another; be found fiskr noun, m. fish fjall noun, n. mountain, fell fjándskapr noun, m. enmity, hostility fjara noun, f. foreshore, beach; ebb tide fjarri adverb far off, far from it fjórði ordinal fourth fjórir numeral four fjǫlði noun, m. multitude, great number fjǫlmenna verb gather many men, muster a large force fjǫlmenni noun, n. crowd, large company of people fjǫlmennr adjective with many people, well attended fjǫrðr noun, m. fjord, firth flestr adjective most, the greatest number of fljúga verb fly; mid. fly at one another, come to blows flokkr noun, m. band, troop, company flótti noun, m. flight, rout; the fleeing party flýja verb flee, run away flytja verb carry, convey; plead, recite; mid. move, change one's dwelling folk noun, n. people, folk; host, troop forn adjective old, ancient forvitni noun, f. curiosity fóstbróðir noun, m. foster-brother, sworn brother fóstr noun, n. fostering, upbringing fóstra noun, f. foster-mother, nurse; foster-daughter fóstri noun, m. foster-father, foster-son fótr noun, m. foot, leg fǫr noun, f. journey, expedition fǫrunautr noun, m. travelling companion fǫruneyti noun, n. company of travellers, escort fœða verb give birth to; feed, nourish, bring up; mid. be born; grow up fœra verb bring, convey; mid. move, betake oneself fœri noun, n. opportunity, chance; ability, means fœrr adjective able to go, fit for travel; passable; also: able, capable frá preposition from, away from; about, concerning fram adverb forward, forth framan adverb from the front, forward framm adverb forward, forth, onward frásǫgn noun, f. account, narrative, telling frægr adjective famous, renowned frændi noun, m. kinsman, relative frændkona noun, f. kinswoman, female relative frændsemi noun, f. kinship, relationship fregna verb hear of, learn; ask frétta verb ask, inquire; hear of, learn; mid. become known, be heard of friðr noun, m. peace fríðr adjective beautiful, fair, fine fullr adjective full fundr noun, m. meeting, encounter fúss adjective eager, willing fylgð noun, f. following, support, escort fylgðarmaðr noun, m. follower, attendant fylgja verb follow, accompany; mid. keep together, stand by one another fylking noun, f. battle array, troop drawn up in ranks fyrir preposition before, in front of; for, because of fyrr adverb before, earlier, sooner fyrri adjective former, earlier; (superl.) first fyrri adverb earlier, before, formerly fyrst adverb first, at first fyrstr adjective first, foremost fýsa verb urge, incite; desire, be eager G gagn noun, n. use, benefit, advantage; (pl.) evidence, proofs (in a lawsuit) gamall adjective old gaman noun, n. fun, amusement, pleasure ganga verb walk, go; mid. come to grips, clash garðr noun, m. fence, enclosure; yard, farmstead garpr noun, m. bold man, warrior, doughty fellow gata noun, f. path, road, way gæfa noun, f. luck, good fortune gæta verb watch over, take care of, guard gefa verb give; mid. turn out, prove to be gegna verb suit, be fitting; mean, signify; heed, answer; mid. seem fitting; turn out to mean gegnum preposition through gera verb do, make; mid. become; happen, come about gerð noun, f. deed, doing; arbitration, settlement gestr noun, m. guest, stranger geta verb get, beget; guess; mention; mid. be pleased with, like geyma verb keep, guard, take care of gifta verb give in marriage; mid. marry, get married gildr adjective of full worth, substantial, esteemed gista verb lodge, spend the night gisting noun, f. lodging, night's quarters gjalda verb pay, repay, requite gjarna adverb gladly, willingly gjǫf noun, f. gift, present glaðr adjective glad, cheerful glíka verb please, be pleasing to glíkr adjective like, similar gnógr adjective enough, plentiful, abundant goði noun, m. chieftain-priest, godi goðorð noun, n. chieftaincy, office of a goði góðr adjective good golf noun, n. floor gǫfugr adjective noble, distinguished, of high rank grafa verb dig, bury; carve grár adjective grey gráta verb weep, cry; bewail greiða verb pay, hand over; arrange, put in order; mid. be paid, come in; turn out well grið noun, n. truce, quarter, safe-conduct grípa verb grasp, seize, snatch gripr noun, m. valuable object, treasure grjót noun, n. stones, rock grœða verb heal, cure; prosper, grow rich; mid. grow, increase gruna verb suspect, have a misgiving guð noun, m. God, god gull noun, n. gold, gold ring gullhringr noun, m. gold ring gyrða verb gird, belt H haf noun, n. sea, ocean hafa verb have, hold; mid. stay, behave; be occupied with hagr noun, m. condition, state, circumstances halda verb hold, keep; steer, make one's way; mid. last, hold good, remain in force halfr adjective half hals noun, m. neck; forepart of a ship; also: ridge, low hill hamarr noun, m. hammer; crag, rocky outcrop handsala verb confirm by handshake, pledge hann pronoun he, him, it hár adjective high, tall; loud hár noun, n. hair harðla adverb very, exceedingly harðr adjective hard, harsh, severe harmr noun, m. grief, sorrow hart adverb hard, sharply, violently, fast hátt adverb loudly; high hátta verb arrange, order; be so arranged, be the case háttr noun, m. manner, way, custom haugr noun, m. burial mound, cairn haust noun, n. autumn hætta noun, f. risk, danger (esp. in the phrase í hættu 'at stake') hætta verb leave off, stop; risk, venture heðan adverb hence, from here hefja verb lift, raise; begin; mid. arise hefna verb avenge, take vengeance; mid. take revenge hefnd noun, f. vengeance, revenge heiðinn adjective heathen, pagan heiðr noun, f. heath, moor heilagr adjective holy, sacred heill adjective whole, sound, unhurt; lucky heilsa verb greet heim adverb home, homewards heima adverb at home heimamaðr noun, m. member of a household, servant heiman adverb from home heimboð noun, n. invitation to one's home, feast heimta verb claim, demand; fetch, call for heita verb be called, be named; promise; mid. vow; threaten heldr adverb rather, more; quite hellir noun, m. cave helmingr noun, m. half henda verb catch, seize; befall hér adverb here herað noun, n. district, countryside herðr noun, f. shoulder herja verb harry, raid, make war hernaðr noun, m. warfare, raiding herr noun, m. army, host herra noun, m. lord, sir hersir noun, m. chieftain, local lord hestr noun, m. horse, stallion hey noun, n. hay heyra verb hear; mid. be heard; sound, seem hingat adverb hither, to this place hinn article the (definite article) hirð noun, f. royal household, retinue, court hirða verb keep, store, tend; care about; mid. get stored, be gathered in hirðmaðr noun, m. king's retainer, member of a royal following hitta verb meet, find, hit upon hjá preposition beside, near, with hjalmr noun, m. helmet hjón noun, n. household members, servants; married couple hlaða verb load, pile up, stack hlaupa verb leap, run; mid. clash, attack one another hlæja verb laugh hleypa verb make run, ride fast, let loose hlíð noun, f. slope, hillside hlífa verb shelter, protect, spare hlíta verb rely on, be content with, abide by hljóð noun, n. sound; silence, hearing hljóðr adjective silent, quiet, taciturn hljóta verb get by lot, obtain; have to, must; mid. result, come of hluti noun, m. part, share, portion hlutr noun, m. thing, part, share, lot hlýða verb listen, give heed; be permissible, avail; mid. listen out, eavesdrop hníga verb sink, bow down, decline holmganga noun, f. duel (fought on an island or marked-out ground) holmr noun, m. islet, small island hon pronoun she, her, it horfa verb turn, face, look towards; mid. turn out, look likely horn noun, n. horn, drinking horn; corner hǫfðingi noun, m. chieftain, leader hǫfn noun, f. harbour, haven hǫfuð noun, n. head hǫgg noun, n. blow, stroke hǫggva verb strike, hew, cut; mid. exchange blows, fight with weapons hǫnd noun, f. hand, arm hœgr adjective easy, gentle, convenient hraustr adjective valiant, bold, vigorous hræddr adjective afraid, frightened hræða verb frighten; mid. be afraid of hríð noun, f. while, spell of time; storm, snowstorm; onslaught, attack hrinda verb push, thrust, shove hringr noun, m. ring, circle hross noun, n. horse hrøkkva verb recoil, shrink back, give way; curl, coil hugr noun, m. mind, thought, courage hugsa verb think, consider, intend hundr noun, m. dog hundrað noun, n. hundred (often the long hundred, 120) hurð noun, f. door hús noun, n. house, building húsfreyja noun, f. housewife, mistress of the house húskarl noun, m. farmhand, manservant hvaðan adverb from where, whence hvalr noun, m. whale; stranded whale carcass hvar adverb where hvárr pronoun which of the two; whether hvárrgi pronoun neither (of the two) hvárrtveggi pronoun each of the two, both hvárt conjunction whether hvass adjective sharp, keen; (of wind) strong hvat pronoun what; why hvé adverb how hverfa verb turn; disappear, vanish; hverfa til: embrace hvergi adverb nowhere, in no way hverr pronoun who, which, what hversu adverb how hvert adverb whither, where to hví adverb why hvíla verb rest, lie down hvítr adjective white hyggja verb think, intend, consider I í preposition in, into illa adverb badly, ill illr adjective bad, evil inn adverb in, inside, inwards innan adverb from within, inside innar adverb further in inni adverb inside, indoors íslenzkr adjective Icelandic íss noun, m. ice J jafn adjective even, equal, level jafnan adverb always, constantly jarl noun, m. earl, jarl járn noun, n. iron; iron weapon, fetters játa verb say yes, assent, agree to, promise játta verb say yes, consent, agree to jól noun, n. Yule, Christmas jǫrð noun, f. earth, ground; land, property K kaldr adjective cold kalla verb call, name; claim; mid. be called; claim to be kanna verb explore, search, investigate; mid. recognize, be acquainted with kápa noun, f. cloak, hooded cape kapp noun, n. zeal, contest, rivalry kappi noun, m. champion, hero karl noun, m. man, old man, common man kasta verb throw, cast kátr adjective cheerful, merry kaup noun, n. bargain, purchase, trade; wages kaupa verb buy, bargain, trade; mid. strike a bargain, have dealings kaupmaðr noun, m. merchant, trader kaupskip noun, n. merchant ship, trading vessel kærleikr noun, m. affection, friendship, intimacy kenna verb know, recognize; teach; attribute; feel; kenna við: name after; mid. recognize one another; acknowledge kerling noun, f. old woman keyra verb drive, urge on, thrust kippa verb pull, snatch, jerk; mid. tug at one another, wrestle kirkja noun, f. church kista noun, f. chest, box, coffin kjósa verb choose, elect klæði noun, n. cloth, clothes kljúfa verb cleave, split; mid. split apart kné noun, n. knee knífr noun, m. knife knǫrr noun, m. merchant ship, cargo vessel koma verb come, arrive; mid. get somewhere, make one's way kona noun, f. woman, wife konungr noun, m. king kostr noun, m. choice, option, terms; quality, means kristinn adjective Christian kristni noun, f. Christianity, the Christian faith kunna verb know, know how to, be able kunnigr adjective known, well-known; versed in, skilled (esp. in magic) kváma noun, f. coming, arrival kvánga verb marry (of a man), give a wife to; mid. take a wife, get married kvæði noun, n. poem, song kveða verb say, recite (verse); mid. say of oneself kveðja noun, f. greeting, salutation kveðja verb greet, address; call upon, summon; mid. greet one another kveld noun, n. evening kviðr noun, m. verdict of a jury, testimony; also: belly kyn noun, n. kin, family, race; kind kyrr adjective quiet, still, at peace kyrtill noun, m. tunic, kirtle L lag noun, n. layer, position, way; (pl.) law; also: thrust, stab (with a weapon) lágr adjective low, short land noun, n. land, country landsmaðr noun, m. inhabitant of a country, native langr adjective long langskip noun, n. longship, warship langt adverb far, a long way; long (of time) láta verb let, allow; leave; behave; mid. die; profess, pretend laun noun, n. reward, payment, recompense; also: secrecy (á laun, secretly) launa verb reward, repay, requite lausafé noun, n. movable property, chattels lauss adjective loose, free leggja verb lay, place; thrust (with a weapon); mid. lie down; set out, betake oneself leið noun, f. way, road, journey; also: autumn assembly (leiðarþing) leiða verb lead, conduct; bury; mid. grow weary of, be bored with leika verb play, sport; deal with; mid. play against one another, wrestle leikr noun, m. game, sport, play leita verb search for, look for; mid. look about, search around; try lendr adjective landed, holding land from the king (lendr maðr, baron) lengi adverb long, for a long time lengr adverb longer letja verb hold back, dissuade, hinder létta verb lighten, relieve; leave off, cease; mid. be eased, grow lighter leyfa verb allow, permit; praise leyna verb hide, conceal; mid. lie hidden leysa verb loosen, release, set free; settle, redeem; mid. be settled; break up lið noun, n. troop, following, force líða verb pass, glide by (of time) liðsmunr noun, m. difference in numbers of men liðveizla noun, f. help, support (esp. armed backing) líf noun, n. life lifa verb live, be alive liggja verb lie, be situated lík noun, n. corpse, body líkligr adjective likely, probable, promising líta verb look, see; mid. seem, appear; like the look of lítill adjective little, small lítt adverb little, slightly, poorly ljá verb lend, grant ljós noun, n. light ljóss adjective light, bright; clear, evident ljósta verb strike, hit ljúga verb lie, tell a falsehood ljúka verb close, finish, end; mid. come to an end lofa verb praise; permit, allow; promise loft noun, n. air, sky; upper room, loft lǫgmaðr noun, m. lawman, man learned in law lǫngum adverb for a long time, often, usually lœkr noun, m. brook, stream lúka verb close, finish, conclude; pay (a debt, compensation); mid. come to an end, turn out; open or shut lúta verb bow, bend down, stoop lýsa verb make known, declare; shine, give light; mid. appear, become clear; be made known M maðr noun, m. man, person mágr noun, m. kinsman by marriage (brother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law) makligr adjective deserving, fitting, proper mál noun, n. speech, matter, lawsuit; also: measure, due time margr adjective many, many a matr noun, m. food mæla verb speak, say; mid. speak with one another mær noun, f. maiden, girl með preposition with, along with; by means of meðal preposition between, among meðan conjunction while, as long as mega verb be able, may megin adverb on the side (of) megin noun, n. side mein noun, n. harm, injury; ailment meirr adverb more merki noun, n. mark, sign, token; banner, standard meta verb value, estimate, judge; mid. be reckoned, count as; vie with miðr adjective middle, mid mikill adjective great, large, much mikill adverb much, greatly, by far milli preposition between, among minn possessive my, mine minna verb remind; mid. remember; kiss missa verb miss, lose, be without misseri noun, n. half-year, season; (pl.) year mjǫk adverb much, very, greatly móðir noun, f. mother morginn noun, m. morning mót noun, n. meeting, assembly; í mót, í móti, á móti: against, towards, to meet móti noun, n. meeting, encounter (used in phrase í móti 'against') móti preposition against, towards, to meet mǫrk noun, f. forest, woodland; mark (unit of weight or money) mœta verb meet, encounter; mid. meet one another muna verb remember munnr noun, m. mouth munr noun, m. difference, degree; desire, mind munu verb will, shall; be likely to mýrr noun, f. bog, moor, marsh N ná verb reach, get, attain nafn noun, n. name nafni noun, m. namesake nátt noun, f. night nauðsyn noun, f. need, necessity, urgent business naut noun, n. cattle, ox, head of cattle nær adverb near, nearly; when nær preposition near, close to nærri adjective near, nearest, next né adverb nor né conjunction nor neðan adverb from below, up from beneath nefna verb name, mention; appoint; mid. give one's name as, be called nema conjunction unless, except nema verb take, seize; learn; mid. cease, come to an end nenna verb be willing, care to, bring oneself to nes noun, n. headland, promontory niðr adverb down, downwards niðri adverb down, below (position) níu numeral nine njósn noun, f. spying, news, intelligence njóta verb enjoy, benefit from, make use of; mid. enjoy one another, be together norðan adverb from the north norðr adverb north, northwards norrœnn adjective Norwegian, Norse nǫkkurr pronoun some, any, someone nú adverb now nýr adjective new, fresh O ódæll adjective hard to deal with, overbearing óðr adjective mad, frantic, furious of adverb too, excessively of preposition over, across; about ofan adverb down, from above ófriðr noun, m. hostility, war, unrest oft adverb often ok adverb also, too ok conjunction and okkarr possessive our, of us two ór preposition out of, from orð noun, n. word orðsending noun, f. message, word sent orrosta noun, f. battle óvinr noun, m. enemy, foe Ǫ ǫndvegi noun, n. high seat, seat of honour ǫndverðr adjective early, at the beginning (of a period); foremost ǫxl noun, f. shoulder Ø ørendi noun, n. errand, message, business øx noun, f. axe Œ œpa verb shout, cry out œrinn adjective ample, sufficient, plenty of P pallr noun, m. raised floor, dais, bench penningr noun, m. penny, coin; money prestr noun, m. priest R ráð noun, n. advice, plan, counsel ráða verb advise, decide, rule over; mid. join, set out; turn out ráðagerð noun, f. plan, counsel, scheme ráðagørð noun, f. plan, scheme, counsel ráðahagr noun, m. marriage, match; also: situation, circumstances ráðligr adjective advisable, prudent rammr adjective strong, mighty rauðr adjective red raun noun, f. trial, test; experience, proof ræna verb rob, plunder reiða verb carry, convey; brandish, swing; pay out; mid. become angry reiði noun, f. anger, wrath; also: rigging, tackle (of a ship) reiðr adjective angry, wroth reisa verb raise, set up, erect reka verb drive, drift; mid. drift about, wander rekkja noun, f. bed, bedding renna verb run, flow rétta verb straighten, stretch out; set right; mid. straighten up réttr adjective straight, right, just réttr noun, m. right, law, due; also a sheep-fold, pen for sorting livestock reyna verb try, test; experience, prove; mid. prove to be, turn out ríða verb ride ríki noun, n. realm, kingdom, power ríkr adjective powerful, mighty; wealthy rísa verb rise, get up rjóða verb redden, stain with blood rjúfa verb break, tear open, violate (an agreement); mid. prove false, fail róa verb row rǫskr adjective vigorous, brave, doughty rœða noun, f. speech, talk, conversation rœða verb speak, talk, discuss; mid. talk together, converse rúm noun, n. room, space; bed, seat, place ryðja verb clear, empty, clear away; mid. fight, clear a space about one S sá demonstrative that, those; he, they safna verb gather, collect, assemble saga noun, f. story, tale, history sama verb befit, be seemly saman adverb together samr adjective same samt adverb together; continuously sanna verb prove, confirm, verify; mid. prove true, be confirmed sannr adjective true; guilty, proven sár noun, n. wound sárr adjective wounded; sore, painful sáttr adjective reconciled, at peace, in agreement sauðamaðr noun, m. shepherd sauðr noun, m. sheep sax noun, n. short sword sæng noun, f. bed sær noun, m. sea særa verb wound sæta verb be the cause of, lie behind; watch for sæti noun, n. seat, place to sit sætt noun, f. settlement, reconciliation, peace agreement sætta verb reconcile; mid. come to terms segja verb say, tell; mid. say of oneself segl noun, n. sail seinn adjective slow, late seinn adverb slowly, late seint adverb slowly, late sekð noun, f. outlawry, condemnation, guilt sekr adjective guilty, condemned, outlawed sel noun, n. shieling, mountain dairy hut selja verb sell; hand over, give; mid. turn out, be fulfilled sem conjunction as, like; that sem relative particle who, which, that semja verb arrange, settle, compose; come to terms; mid. be settled; prosper senda verb send sendimaðr noun, m. messenger, envoy setja verb set, place; mid. sit down; settle, take up residence sex numeral six síð adverb late (comparative: later, afterwards) síð noun, f. late time; um síðir at last, in the end síðan adverb afterwards, then, since síðan conjunction after, since síðarr adverb later, afterwards siðr noun, m. custom, usage; religion, faith síðr adverb less sigla verb sail; mid. collide, run foul of one another sigr noun, m. victory sik pronoun himself, herself, itself, themselves silfr noun, n. silver sinn noun, n. time, occasion sinn possessive his own, her own, their own sitja verb sit, stay sjá demonstrative this, these sjá verb see, look; mid. see one another; be seen, appear sjaldan adverb seldom, rarely sjalfdœmi noun right to judge one's own case, self-judgement sjalfr adjective self, oneself sjár noun, m. sea sjau numeral seven sjór noun, m. sea skaði noun, m. harm, damage, loss skáld noun, n. poet, skald skáli noun, m. hall, sleeping-hall, hut skammr adjective short, brief skammr adverb a short way, a short time; shortly skap noun, n. state of mind, temper, mood; (pl.) fate skapa verb shape, create; ordain, arrange skaplyndi noun, n. temper, disposition skattr noun, m. tribute, tax sker noun, n. skerry, rock in the sea skera verb cut, carve, slaughter; mid. cut inland, extend inward skifta verb divide, share; exchange, change; mid. turn out; alternate skifti noun, n. division, exchange; dealings skikkja noun, f. cloak, mantle skilja verb part, separate; understand skip noun, n. ship skipa verb arrange, assign places, man (a ship), appoint; mid. change; take one's place skíra verb baptize; cleanse, purify; mid. be baptized skjóta verb shoot, thrust, push; mid. dart, move swiftly, slip away skjótr adjective swift, quick skjótt adverb quickly, swiftly, soon skjǫldr noun, m. shield skógarmaðr noun, m. outlaw skógr noun, m. wood, forest skora verb score, notch, cut; challenge, urge skorta verb lack, be wanting skǫmm noun, f. shame, disgrace skǫrungr noun, m. outstanding person, person of note skulu verb shall, must, be obliged to skúta noun, f. small swift ship, cutter; also: taunt, jeer skyldr adjective related, akin; bound, obliged slá verb strike, hit; mow; mid. fall into, get drawn into slíkr demonstrative such, such a slíta verb tear, break; bring to an end smalamaðr noun, m. shepherd, herdsman smár adjective small, little snara verb turn quickly, swing, hurry snemma adverb early snimma adverb early snúa verb turn, twist sofa verb sleep sofna verb fall asleep sókn noun, f. attack, onslaught; prosecution of a suit; also: church attendance, parish sól noun, f. sun sómi noun, m. honour, respect sonr noun, m. son sótt noun, f. sickness, illness sǫgn noun, f. statement, report, tale sǫk noun, f. charge, lawsuit, cause; sakir (+ gen.): for the sake of, because of sœkja verb seek, attack; prosecute at law; mid. make headway, get on sœmð noun honour, esteem spakr adjective wise, gentle, quiet spara verb spare, save, withhold spilla verb spoil, damage, destroy; mid. be spoiled, go wrong spjót noun, n. spear spretta verb spring up, start, burst forth spyrja verb ask; hear of, learn; mid. become known, be heard of staðr noun, m. place, spot; stead stafr noun, m. staff, stick; post standa verb stand; mid. withstand, resist; hold good starf noun, n. work, toil, labour steðja verb place, station, fix; halt, leap stefna noun, f. appointed meeting, summons, course stefna verb summon, call to a meeting; set course, head (for) steinn noun, m. stone, rock sterkr adjective strong steypa verb cast down, overthrow, hurl; pour, cast (metal); mid. topple over, fall headlong stíga verb step, tread, mount stinga verb stab, pierce, thrust stofa noun, f. living room, sitting room stokkr noun, m. log, beam; bedboards, edge of the bed; also: case, box stóll noun, m. stool, chair, seat, throne stórr adjective big, large; great, important støkkva verb spring, leap, flee strǫnd noun, f. shore, coast stund noun, f. while, period of time, hour stýra verb steer, rule, govern stýrimaðr noun, m. steersman, ship's captain styrkr noun, m. strength, support, help suðr adverb south, southwards sumar noun, n. summer sumr quantifier some, a certain one sund noun, n. swimming; strait, sound sundr adverb asunder, apart, in two sunnan adverb from the south svá adverb so, thus, in this way svar noun, n. answer, reply svara verb answer svartr adjective black, dark svefn noun, m. sleep, dream sveinn noun, m. boy, lad; servant sveit noun, f. district, community; band of men sverð noun, n. sword sverja verb swear, take an oath svíkja verb betray, deceive svívirðing noun, f. disgrace, dishonour, shame sýn noun, f. sight, appearance, vision sýna verb show; mid. seem, appear sýnast verb seem, appear; seem good to one synja verb deny, refuse systir noun, f. sister T taka verb take, seize; mid. come about, take place; turn out tal noun, n. talk, conversation; count, number tala verb speak, talk; mid. talk together, converse telja verb count, reckon; say, declare tíðendi noun, n. news, tidings, events tíðindi noun, n. news, tidings, events tíðr adjective customary, frequent; eager, desirous tigr noun, m. ten, decade (in counting) til preposition to, towards; for tími noun, m. time, season tíu numeral ten tjá verb show, tell; avail, be of use tjald noun, n. tent, awning, hanging tjalda verb pitch a tent, hang with tapestries tólf numeral twelve traust noun, n. trust, confidence; support, protection tré noun, n. tree; timber, beam treysta verb trust, rely on; dare, venture trú noun, f. faith, belief, religion trúa verb believe, trust tún noun, n. enclosed field, homefield, yard tuttugu numeral twenty tveir numeral two týna verb lose, destroy; perish Þ þá adverb then, at that time þaðan adverb thence, from there þakka verb thank, give thanks for þangat adverb thither, to that place þar adverb there, in that place þegar adverb at once, immediately þegar conjunction as soon as, when þegja verb be silent, keep quiet þekkja verb perceive, recognize; agree to, accept; mid. consent to; get on with þér pronoun you (plural) þessi demonstrative this, these þiggja verb receive, accept þing noun, n. assembly, meeting þingmaðr noun, m. assembly-man, follower of a chieftain þinn possessive your, yours (of one person) þit pronoun you two þjóna verb serve, attend on þó adverb yet, nevertheless þola verb endure, bear, suffer þora verb dare þótt conjunction although, even if þǫkk noun, f. thanks, gratitude þræll noun, m. slave, thrall þriði ordinal third þriðjungr noun, m. a third þrífa verb grasp, seize, snatch; mid. thrive, prosper þrír numeral three þú pronoun you (one person) þungr adjective heavy; difficult, grievous þurfa verb need, have need of þverr adjective transverse, crosswise; flat (of a refusal) því adverb therefore, for that reason; so much (with comparatives) því conjunction because, for þvíat conjunction because, for þvílíkr adjective such, of that kind þykkja verb seem, be thought; (with dat.) think U um preposition about, concerning; around, over; during una verb be content, be satisfied with undan adverb away, out from under undan preposition out from under, away from undarligr adjective strange, wonderful undir preposition under, beneath undra verb wonder at, marvel ungr adjective young unna verb love; grant, allow; mid. love one another upp adverb up, upwards uppi adverb up, up above út adverb out, outwards utan adverb abroad, out of the country; also: from outside, on the outer side útanferð noun, f. voyage abroad (from Iceland) úti adverb outside, out of doors útibúr noun, n. outhouse, storehouse uxi noun, m. ox V vaka verb be awake, keep watch vakna verb wake up, awaken vald noun, n. power, authority, control valda verb cause, bring about; wield, rule over ván noun, f. hope, expectation, likelihood vanda verb do with care, make carefully; find fault with; mid. become difficult, prove hard vandi noun, m. custom, habit vandr adjective difficult, hard, demanding vándr adjective bad, wicked, wretched vandræði noun, n. difficulty, trouble vanr adjective accustomed, used to; also lacking, wanting vápn noun, n. weapon vár noun, n. spring vara noun, f. wares, goods, merchandise vara verb warn; beware, be on guard; impers. (mik varir): expect, foresee vára verb become spring varða verb matter, concern; be liable to varðveita verb keep, guard, take care of várkunn noun, f. excuse, allowance; something pardonable varla adverb hardly, scarcely varningr noun, m. wares, merchandise varr adjective aware; wary, cautious várr possessive our, ours vaskr adjective valiant, brave, manly vatn noun, n. water; lake váttr noun, m. witness vaxa verb grow, increase vænn adjective handsome, fine; promising, likely vænta verb hope, expect vætti noun, n. testimony, witness-evidence veðr noun, n. weather; wind vega verb strike, slay; weigh; mid. slay one another; be slain veggr noun, m. wall vegr noun, m. way, road; manner; honour, glory veita verb grant, give, render (help); mid. be granted, fall to one's lot veizla noun, f. feast, banquet; also: support, grant (from a lord) vekja verb wake (someone), rouse; stir up vel adverb well velja verb choose, select vér pronoun we, us vera verb be, exist verð noun, n. price, worth, payment verða verb become, happen, have to verðr adjective worth, worthy, deserving verja verb defend, guard; also: spend, lay out (money) verk noun, n. work, deed, task verr adverb worse vestan adverb from the west vestr adverb west, westwards vetr noun, m. winter, year (of age) við preposition with, against; towards, at, by víða adverb widely, far and wide viðr noun, m. wood, timber; tree, forest viðskifti noun, n. dealings, transactions viðtaka noun, f. reception, welcome; resistance víg noun, n. killing, slaying vígr adjective able to fight, skilled in arms vika noun, f. week víking noun, f. viking raid, freebooting voyage víkingr noun, m. viking, pirate, raider víkja verb turn, move aside, give way vili noun, m. will, wish vilja verb want, wish, be willing vinátta noun, f. friendship vinfengi noun, n. friendship vinna verb work, win, accomplish; mid. suffice, be enough, hold out vinr noun, m. friend vinsæll adjective popular, well-liked virða verb value, esteem, judge; mid. be esteemed, be well thought of virðing noun, f. honour, esteem, reputation virki noun, n. stronghold, fortification vísa noun, f. verse, stanza vísa verb show, point out, direct víss adjective certain, sure; wise vist noun, f. lodging, stay; provisions, food víst adverb certainly, surely, indeed vit noun, n. sense, understanding, intelligence vit pronoun we two, us two vita verb know vitja verb visit, go to see vitni noun, n. witness, testimony vitr adjective wise, intelligent vǫllr noun, m. field, plain, level ground vǫrn noun, f. defence vǫxtr noun, m. growth, stature, size Y yðvarr possessive your, yours (of several people) yfir preposition over, above, across ykkarr possessive your, of you two ýmiss adjective various, sundry; alternating, by turns yrkja verb compose (poetry); work, till; mid. exchange verses with one another