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n., bábilja, u, f. a babble; babbla, að, to babble.
I) n. bath, esp. steam- or vapour-bath (fara or ganga til ~s, koma ór ~i, ganga frá ~i; taka ~).
II) from biðja.
n. [in Goth. probably baþ, but the word is not preserved; A. S. bäð, pl. baðo; Engl. bath; Germ. bad; cp. also Lat. balneum, qs. badneum (?); Grimm even suggests a kinship to the Gr. βάπτω]:—bath, bathing. In Icel. the word is not very freq., and sounds even now somewhat foreign; laug, lauga, q. v., being the familiar Icel. words; thus in the N. T. Titus iii. 5. is rendered by endrgetningar laug; local names referring to public bathing at hot springs always bear the name of laug, never bað, e. g. Laugar, Laugarnes, Laugardalr, Laugarvatn, etc. The time of bathing, as borne out by many passages in the Sturl. and Bs., was after supper, just before going to bed; a special room, baðstofa (bathroom), is freq. mentioned as belonging to Icel. farms of that time. Bathing in the morning seems not to have been usual; even the passages Sturl. ii. 121, 125 may refer to late hours. This custom seems peculiar and repugnant to the simple sanitary rules commonly observed by people of antiquity. It is, however, to be borne in mind that the chief substantial meal of the ancient Scandinavians was in the forenoon, dagverðr; náttverðr (supper) was light, and is rarely mentioned. …
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(að), v. refl. to take a bath, to bathe.
að, dep. (rare), to bathe, Fms. iii. 171; in common Icel. act., baða höndum, to gesticulate, fight with the arms, as in bathing.
m.
1) tree;
2) bosom.
m. [Goth. bagms; A. S. beam, cp. Engl. hornbeam; Germ. baum], a tree, only used in poetry, v. Lex. Poët., never in prose or common language, and alien to all Scandin. idioms: it seems prop. to be used of the branches of a tree (in flower); hár b., the high tree, Vsp. 18; á berki skal þær rista ok á baðmi viðar, Sdm. 11 (referring to the lim-rúnar). Even used metaph. = gremium, sinus; er þá Véa ok Vilja | létztu þér Viðris kvæn | báða í baðm um tekið, when thou tookest both of them into thy arms, embraced them both, Ls. 26; vaxi þér á baðmi (bosom) barr, Hkv. Hjörv. 16. Cp. hróðrbaðmr (barmr is a bad reading), Vtkv. 8, a fatal twig.
m. opening (window) in the roof of a baðstofa.
m. a window in a b., Eb. l. c., Sturl. l. c. In Icel. the bathing-room (baðstofa) used to be in the rear of the houses, cp. Sturl. ii. 198. The modern sense of baðstofa is sitting-room, probably from its being in modern dwellings placed where the old bathing-room used to be. The etymology of Jon Olafsson (Icel. Dict. MS.), baðstofa = bakstofa, is bad. In old writers baðstofa never occurs in this modern sense, but it is used so in the Dropl. Saga Major:—a closet, room, in writers of the 16th century, Bs. ii. 244, 256, 504, Safn. 77, 92, 95, 96.
f. going to the bath (vera í ~); um ~ir, about the time for bathing.
f. time for bathing, Bs. i. 849.
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n. a bathing-house, G. H. M. ii. 128 (false reading), vide Fs. 149, 183.
f. bathing-cloak.
u, f. a bathing-cloak, Sturl. ii. 117.
f. female bathing attendant.
u, f. a female bathing attendant, N. G. L. iii. 15.
f. bath-room, bathing room, in later times, sitting room.
u, f. (v. above), a bath-room, Eb. l. c., Bs. i. l. c., Þiðr. l. c., Fms. viii. l. c., Sturl. ii. 121, 167, iii. 25, 102, 176, 198.
m. a bishop’s staff or crozier.
m. [Lat. baculus], an episcopal staff, crozier, Fms. i. 233, iii. 168, Bs. i. 42, Vm. 68.
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að, to hinder, with dat.
m. pack, bundle.
a, m. [Engl. bag, baggage; Germ. pack, gepäck], a bag, pack, bundle, Edda 29, Eg. 218, Fms. ii. 197, Fas. ii. 516.
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a, m. inconvenience; baga-legr, adj. inconvenient.
a. crooked, deformed.
part. [cp. bagr, begla], broken, maimed, Fas. iii. 195.
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adj. [cp. bágr], awkward, clumsy, clownish, opp. to hagr, q. v., Fas. iii. 195: baga, u, f., in mod. usage means a plain common ditty; böguligr and amböguligr, adj., means awkward.
n.
1) back (binda bagga á ~ sér);
fig. bera sök á ~i, to be guilty;
leggja bleyðiorð á ~ e-m, to charge one with being a coward;
hafa marga vetr á ~i, to be advanced in years;
snúa ~i við, to turn the back, flee;
ganga á ~ heitum, orðum, to go back on one’s word;
2) = hest~;
fara á ~, to mount;
fara, stíga, spretta af ~i, to dismount;
3) the backside of a thing (cf. handar~, hurðar~, hús~);
á ~i húsunum, at the back of the houses;
gøra e-t á ~i e-m, in one’s absence, behind one’s back;
ríða at ~i e-m, behind him on the same horse;
berr er hverr at ~i nema sér bróður eigi, bare is one’s back without a brother behind it;
á ~,
a) behind;
koma á ~ e-m, to attack in the rear;
b) after;
á ~ jólum, after Christmas;
hvat sem á ~ kemr, whatever may come after or follow;
c) absol., falla á ~ aptr, to fall backwards;
brjóta á ~ orð e-s, to refute, make them null and void;
brjóta á ~ Rómverja, to defeat them.
n. [A. S. bäc], Lat. tergum, back, Eg. 218, Edda 29, 30, Hkr. i. 337: in metaph. phrases, bera sök á baki, to be guilty, Gþl. 539; leggja bleyðiorð á bak e-m, to load, charge one with being a coward. Fas. ii. 530; hafa mörg ár á baki, to ‘carry a weight of years’ Ísl. ii. 456: of horseback, léttr á baki, Sturl. ii. 195; fara á bak, to mount; stíga af baki, to dismount, Eg. 397, Grág. ii. 95: in other relations, as adv., at hurðar-baki, behind the door; at húsa-baki, at the back of the houses; að fjalla-baki, behind the mountains; handar-bak, the back of the hand.
2. á bak or á baki used as a prep. or as an adv.; á bak (acc.) if denoting motion, á baki (dat.) if without motion:
α. loc. behind, at the back of; á baki húsunum, Háv. 49, Nj. 28; at baki þeim, at their back, Eg. 91, Nj. 261, 262, 84, Eg. 583; Hrútr kveðst þat ætla, at hans skyldi lítt á bak at leita, he should not be found in the rear, Ld. 278; berr á baki, unbacked, helpless, in the proverb, Nj. 265, Grett. 154: metaph., ganga á bak e-u, orðum, heitum …, to elude, evade one’s pledged word, Fms. …
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(að), v.
1) to bake (~ brauð);
2) to warm and rub the body, and limbs, at a large fire (see bakeldr) esp. refl. bakast (við eld);
3) to rub = strjúka; bakaði Helgi fótinn, he rubbed the (broken) leg.
að, [Gr. φώγειν, cp. also the Lat. focus; A. S. bacan; Engl. to bake; Germ. backen.]
1. prop. to bake; b. brauð, N. G. L. i. 349; b. ok sjóða, to bake and cook, Gþl. 376. In Icel. steikja is to roast; baka, to bake; but in mod. usage steikja may also be used of baking on embers, opp. to baka, baking in a pan or oven; elda ofn til brauðs ok b., Hom. 113; b. í ofni, Fas. i. 244; people say in Icel. steikja köku (on embers), but baka brauð.
2. metaph. and esp. in the reflex. bakast, to bake, i. e. to warm and rub the body and limbs, at a large open fire in the evening after day-work; v. bakeldr and bakstreldr; v. also the classical passages, Grett. ch. 16, 80, Fms. xi. 63, 64 (Jómsv. ch. 21), Orkn. ch. 34, 89, 105, Hkr. iii. 458. In Icel. the same fire was made for cooking and warming the body, Ísl. ii. 394, Eb. ch. 54, 55; hence the phrase, hvárt skal nú búa til seyðis (is a fire to be made for cooking) … svá skal þat vera, ok skaltú eigi þurfa heitara at baka, it shall be hot enough for thee to bake, Nj. 199 (the rendering of Johnsonius is not quite exact); skaltú eigi beiðast at baka heitara en ek mun kynda, Eg. …
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m. baker.
a, m. a baker, Stj. 200. bakara-meistari, a, m. a master-baker, Stj. 201.
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adj. full to the bank, brim-full; bera í b. lækinn, a proverb, cp. Lat. ligna in silvam ferre, and Engl. to carry coals to Newcastle.
m. a kind of blunt headed arrow.
m., prob. a bird-bolt, thick arrow without a point, to be shot from a cross-bow, Fms. iii. 18.
m. pl. stocks on which a ship is built; setja fram af bakkastokkum, to launch.
m. pl. the stocks on which a ship is built, Gþl. 80, Hkr. i. 293.
m.
1) bank (of a river, lake, chasm, etc.);
2) ridge, bank (hann settist undir bakka í hrísrunni);
3) a mound on which the target is set up; setja spán í bakka, to set up a target;
4) bank of clouds above the horizon;
5) back of a knife or other cutting instrument, opp. to egg.
a, m. [Engl. and Germ. bank]
1. a bank of a river, water, chasm, etc.; árbakki, sjávarbakki, marbakki, flæðarbakki, Gísl. 54; síkisbakki, gjárbakki; út eptir áinni ef Hákon stæði á bakkanum, Fms. vi. 282, ix. 405, Nj. 158, 224: Tempsar b., banks of the Thames, Fms. v. (in a verse).
2. an eminence, ridge, bank; gengu þeir á land ok kómu undir bakka einn, Dropl. 5; hann settist undir b. í hrísrunni, Bjarn. 15; cp. skotbakki, butts on which the target is placed; setja spán í bakka, to put up a target, Fms. ii. 271.
β. heavy clouds in the horizon.
3. [= bak], the back of a knife, sword, or the like, opp. to edge; blað skilr bakka ok egg, Jónas, Grett. 110 new Ed.
COMPDS: bakkafullr, bakkakólfr, bakkastokkar.
(-rs), m.
1) baking;
2) baked bread esp. communion bread;
3) poultice, fomentation;
4) warming, rubbing (of the body).
rs, m. baking, Fms. ix. 530: baked bread, pund b., B. K. 89, esp. wafer, Bs. ii. 15: a poultice, fomentation, i. 786: warming, heating, ii. 10.
COMPDS: bakstrbrauð, bakstrbuðkr, bakstreldr, bakstrhús, bakstrjárn, bakstrkona, bakstrmunnlaug, bakstrsveinn.
n. baked bread.
n. baked bread, B. K. 89.
m. a box in which the communion bread was kept.
m. a box in which wafers were kept, Pm. 5.
m.
1) = bakeldr;
2) fire for making bread (gera þeir bakstrelda stóra til brauðs).
v. bakeldr.
n. bakehouse.
n. a bake-house, Fms. ix. 531.
n. an iron plate for baking communion bread.
n. an iron plate for baking sacramental wafers, Vm. 15, 37.
f. female baker.
u, f. a female baker, N. G. L. iii. 15.
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f. a vessel in which wafers were kept, Dipl. iii. 4.
m. baker-boy.
m. a baker boy, N. G. L. iii. 15.
m. the larboard side of a ship, port, opp. to stjórnborði.
a, m. (bakborð, m., Jb. 407 A), [Dutch baakbord], the larboard side of a ship, opp. to stjórnborði, Fb. i. 22, Jb. l. c., Fms. vii. 12, Orkn. 8.
(see brjóta), v. to violate, = brjóta á bak.
braut, to violate, transgress, B. K. 108.
m. pl. the crew on the larboard side opp. to ‘stjórnbyrðingar’.
m. pl. the crew on the larboard side, opp. to stjórn-byrðingar, Fms. viii. 224.
f. a burden to carry on the back.
f. a burden to carry on the back, Ísl. ii. 364.
m. a fire at which to bake (warm and rub) the body and limbs (sitja við bakelda).
and bakstreldr, m. an evening fire to bake the body and limbs at (v. baka); sitja við bakelda, Fs. 4, Orkn. 112, 74, Korm. 236, Grett. 91: metaph., bændr skulu eiga ván bakelda, they shall get it hot enough, Fms. viii. 201; göra e-m illan bakeld, 383, ix. 410. bakelda-hrif, n. pl. rubbing the back at a b., Grett. l. c. A. As the evening bakeldar are not mentioned in the Sturl., it may be that bathing had put them out of use because of the scarcity of fuel.
n.
1) falling backwards, esp. in pl., róa bakföllum, knýja árar með stórum bakföllum, to take long pulls with the oars;
2) attack in the rear, = bakslag; veita e-m ~, to attack in the rear.
n. falling backwards, Fas. iii. 569: esp. in pl. in the phrase, róa bakföllum, to take a long pull with the oars, i. 215: milit. attack from behind = bakslag, Fms. viii. 115, ix. 405.
f. mounting, on horseback.
f. mounting on horseback, Grett. 91 A.
(að), v. to drive back, annul, make void.
að, [ferill], prop. to step backwards; þat (viz. the word ave) sýnir öfgað, bakferlað (read backwards) nafnit Eva, 655 xxvii. 18, to break, annul; b. ofbeldi e-s, Stj. 233; at b. þat allt er Domitianus hafði boðit, 623. 13; rjúfa ok b., to break and make void, Sturl. i. 171 C.
m. the hind part, backside.
m. the hind part, Stj. 253, Fs. 48.
n. pl. the flesh on the btick of cattle.
n. pl. the flesh on the back of cattle, Grett. 91.
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ð, reflex, to turn one’s back upon, abandon, Eg. 20, v. l.
m. a foe attacking in the rear.
m., milit. a foe attacking in the rear, Sturl. iii. 66, Karl. 164.
n. tapestry.
n. tapestry, Hkr. iii. 437.
f. the back-strip of a hide.
u, f. the dark stripe along the back of cattle, Grett. 91, Eg. 149, v. l.
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(and bakmáll), adj. backbiting, Hom. 34, 656 B. 1.
f. backbiting, slander.
f. and bakmæli, n. backbiting, Hom. 86; liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 145.
f. anus, a nickname.
f. anus, a cognom., Fms. vii. 21.
a. having a sore back (of a horse).
adj. a horse with a sore back, Lv. 58.
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n., medic. exania, Fél. ix.
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a, m. a back flap, a cognom., Bjarn. 12.
f. the hind part of a shirt.
u, f. the back flap of a skirt, Fms. vii. 21.
n. attack in the rear, = bakfall 2.
n. a back-stroke, attack in rear, Fms. viii. 399.
f. attack in the rear, = bakfall 2.
u, f. and bakslettr, m., Al. 27, 44; acc. pl. bakslettu, 90: milit. an attack in rear, Fms. viii. 319, ix. 357: drawback, at rétta þann bakslett, Al. l. c.
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d, to spurn or kick against; N. T. of 1540 (Acts ix. 5) προς κέντρα λακτίζειν is rendered by b. móti broddunum.
m. the hind part of a cloak.
m. the back part of a cloak. Fas. ii. 343.
m. pain in the back.
m., medic. a pain in the back, lumbago, Nj. 130, Fél. ix.
(t), v.
1) to turn away from, disregard (við e-t or við e-m);
2) to flee before one (~ við sínum úvinum).
ð and t, dep., b. við e-m, to turn the back to, set at defiance, Stj. 362, 431, 449, Eg. 20.
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u, f. a horse block.
n.
1) fire;
slá ~ = drepa eld;
2) flame, blaze;
gera ~, to make a blaze;
3) pyre, funeral pile;
bera e-n á ~, to carry to the pyre;
stíga á ~, to mount the pyre.
n. vagina, in poems of the 15th century.
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d and að, to drudge, live hard, (cant word.)
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and bad forms baldrsskinn (the skin of Balder!) and baldskin [from Baldak, i. e. Bagdad], a baldaquin, canopy, Bs. i. 713, 803, Sturl. iii. 306, Fms. x. 87, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 52, 97, 117, Ám. 44, Hb. 544, 22.
COMPDS: baldrskinnshökull, baldrskinnskápa.
a. untractable, unruly.
adj. [A. S. beald], untractable, unruly, Grett. 90 A, Fms. xi. 445; cp. bellinn, ballr, ofbeldi.
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rs, m. [A. S. baldor, princeps, seems to be a different root from the Goth. balþs, A. S. bald, which answers to the Icel. ball- or bald- without r], prop. = Lat. princeps, the best, foremost; in compds as mann-baldr, her-baldr, fólk-baldr.
β. meton. the god Balder, because of his noble disposition, Edda. Baldrs-brá, f. Balder’s eye-brow, botan. cotida foetida, Ivar Aasen ballebraa and baldurbraa, pyrethrum inodorum, Edda 15; the B. is there called the fairest and whitest of all flowers (allra grasa hvítast). Perhaps the eye-bright or euphrasy,,—the Icel. Baldrs-brá, if we remember rightly, resembles the Engl. ‘ox-eye’ or ‘dog-daisy.’
(að), v. refl. to crowd to together in a confused throng.
and ballrast, að, dep. [cp. Germ. poltern; Ivar Aasen baldra, Ihre ballra = strepere], to make a clatter; þeir sneru hestunum ok böldruðust sem þeir væri úráðnir hvárt þeir skyldi ríða, Sturl. iii. 279: adding saman, þeir böllruðust saman, Ingv. 34.
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m. (for. word), a belt, baldrick, Lex. Poët.
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m., literally a surplice of b., Ám. 87.
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u, f. a cape of b., Ám. 15.
m. grassy bank.
a, m. a soft grassy bank, esp. if sloping down to the shore, Grett. 116 A.
a. dangerous, dire;
böll ráð, fatal schemes;
ballir draumar, bad, ill-boding dreams;
böll þrá, heavy grief.
adj. [Goth. balþs, audax, may be supposed from Jornandes, ob audaciam virtutis baltha, id est audax, nomen inter suos acceperat, 109; Ulf. renders παρρησία by balþis, f., and balþjan is audere; in Icel. the lþ (lth) becomes ll; A. S. beald, audax; Engl. bold]:—bard, stubborn: only used in poetry, and not in quite a good sense, as an epithet of a giant, Hým. 17; böll ráð, telling, fatal schemes, Hom. 27 ; ballir draumar, bad, deadly dreams, Vtkv. I; ballr dólgr, Haustl.; böll þrá, heavy grief, Ls. 39, etc., vide Lex. Poët. [So old German names, Bald, Leo-pold, etc.]
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a, m. the name of a bear, Lex. Poët.
m. poet., ‘bold rider’, hero (Freyr er beztr allra ballriða).
a, m. the great rider, bold rider, Ls. 37.
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m. (now always n.), a balsam, Bs. i. 143, (for. word.)
(að), v. to kill, with dat.
að, [bani; Gr. root φένω], to kill, with dat., ef griðungr banar manni, Grág. ii. 122, Rb. 370, Fms. iii. 124; b. sér sjálfr, to commit suicide, Ver. 40; metaph., Hom. 17.
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n. blood shed in death, Stj. 432.
m. day of death.
m. the day of death, Fas. i. 52.
m. baneful drought, poison.
m. a baneful potion, poison, Fms. i. 18.
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n. = banadagr (freq.), Fas. i. 160.
n. death-blow (fá ~; varð þat hans ~).
n. a death-blow, mortal wound, Nj. 8, Eg. 193.
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u, f. vertebra colli, atlas (in animals).
n. stabbing to death.
n. stabbing to death, Sturl. iii. 62.
m. killer, slayer.
m. a slayer, Fms. i. 215.
n.
1) tidings of one’s death (segja ~ e-s);
bera ~ af e-m, to slay one in fight;
2) death;
þiggja ~ af e-m, to be killed by one;
kenna e-m ~, to charge with slaying one.
n. death, in the phrase, bera b. af e-m, to put one to death, slay in fight, Edda 42; betra þykir mér frændi at þiggja b. af þér en veita þér þat, Ld. 222, Bs. i. 106; kenna e-m b., to charge one with slaying one, N. G. L. i. 306.
n. planning a person’s death;
ráða or veita e-m ~, to bring about one’s death.
n. pl. the planning a person’s death, a law term, Grág. ii. 116; eigi réð ek honum b., Nj. 21; slá banaráðum við e-n, Ld. 218.
n. death-wound, a mortal wound.
n. a mortal wound, Nj. 9, Eg. 258.
n. mortal shot.
n. a mortal shot, Jb. 324.
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f. death-sickness, the last sickness, Jb. 192, Ísl. ii. 38, Gullþ. II, Bs. i. 426. bana-spjót, n. pl. in the poët. phrase, berast banaspjótum eptir, to be deadly enemies, Glúm. 354, Hkr. iii. 76.
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f. the death-bed.
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f. a deed worthy of death, Fms. i. 199.
n. mortal attack (veita e-m ~).
n. a mortal attack, Fas. i. 406.
f. a knoll that causes one’s death;
hníga við banaþúfu, to die;
drepa fótum við banaþúfu, to stumble against or over a fatal knoll.
u, f., in the phrase, drepa fótum í banaþúfu, to stumble against a fatal mound, Anal. 179, Hdl. 28.
n.
1) the act of binding or settling, opp. to lausn;
fig., lausn ok ~ allra vandamála, the decision in all difficult cases;
2) band, cord (mjótt ~);
3) in pl.:
a) bonds, fetters (hafa e-n í böndum);
b) bond, confederacy (ganga í bönd ok eið);
c) poet., the gods, cf. höpt;
blóta bönd, to worship the gods;
at mun banda, at the will of the gods.
n. pl. bönd, [binda; Ulf. bandi, f. δεσμός; O. H. G. pfand, whence the mod. Dan. pant; N. H. G. band; Engl. band and bond; Dan. baand.]
I. prop. in sing. any kind of band; mjótt band, a thin cord, Edda 20, Grág. ii. 119.
β. a yarn of wool, v. bandvetlingar.
γ. metaph. a bond, obligation; lausn ok b. allra vandamála, Fms. v. 248, Bs. i. 689.
II. in pl. also,
1. bonds, fetters, Lat. vincula; í böndum, in vinculis, Bs. i. 190, Fms. ii. 87, 625. 95: theol., synda bönd, 656 A; líkams bönd, Blas. 40.
2. a bond, confederacy; ganga í bönd ok eið, to enter into a bond and oath, Band. 22; cp. hjónaband, marriage; handaband, a shaking of hands, etc.
3. poët. the gods, cp. hapt; of providence ruling and uniting the world, Hkm. 10; banda vé, the temples, Hkr. i. 204; at mun banda, at the will of the gods, 210; vera manu bönd í landi, the gods (i. e. lares tutelares) are present in the land, Bs. i. 10; gram reki bönd af löndum, Eg. …
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(að), v. to make a sign by waving the hand;
~ á móti fénu, to drive away the sheep;
with dat., ~ höndum; to wave the hands.
að, [cp. Ulf, bandvian = σημαίνειν and bandva, vexillum; Germ. banner; is probably alien to binda], to make a sign with the hand, esp. in the phrase, b. móti, to drive back sheep or flocks, Háv. 41, Fas. ii. 124, v. l. The chief MSS., however, spell bannaði; the word is at present freq., but only in the above phrase, or gener. to remonstrate slightly against as by waving the hand; v. benda.
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m. vincula Petri, the 1st of August, Fms. vi. 222.
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m. pl. confederates, Band. 5, and many other modern compds.
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n. (mod.) the United States.
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n. the late German Bund, etc.
(-ja), m. prisoner.
ja, m. a prisoner, Stj. 200, Fms. vi. 16, 623. 25.
m. a kind of glove.
m. a knitted woollen glove, Fms. iii. 176; and band-vöttr, id., a horse’s name, Gísl. 19.
n. hammering.
n. hammering, Sturl. iii. 256; mod. also banga, að, [Scot. and North. E. to bang], to hammer.
a. knowing how to use the hammer.
adj. knowing a little how to use the hammer, Sturl. ii. 195.
m.
1) death;
fá (bíða, hafa, taka) bana, to die;
ráða sér bana, to commit suicide;
leiða e-n til bana, to cause one’s death (of an illness);
kominn at bana, sinking fast;
2) that which causes death, bane; slayer (fjögurra manna ~).
a, m. [Ulf. banja = πληγή; A. S. bana; Engl. bane; O. H. G. bano; v. ben below]. I. bane, death, natural or violent (properly violent); Egill tók sótt þá er hann leiddi til bana, Eg. 767; lostinn öru til bana, Fms. i. 118; kominn at bana, sinking fast, of a sick person, vii. 166. II. a bane, and so = bana-maðr, a slayer; fjögurra manna b., Nj. 8, Grág. ii. 88, Ld. 326; pl., N. G. L. i. 163: the phrase, verða e-m at bana, to slay one, may refer to I. or II: poët. fire is called bani viðar, the bane of wood, and bani Hálfs, the bane of king Half, Ýt. 6; the winter is bani orma, the bane of worms, etc., Lex. Poët.
COMPDS: banablóð, banadagr, banadrykkr, banadægr, banahögg, banakringla, banalag, banamaðr, banaorð, banaráð, banasár, banaskot, banasótt, banasæng, banasök, banatilræði, banaþúfa.
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n. = banaráð, Str. 14.
n.
1) excommunication, anathema, interdict;
hit meira b, the greater exc.;
hit minna ~ (the lesser exc.) þat sem forboð er kallat á norrœnu;
2) prohibition, opp. to lof (hlýða boði ok ~i e-s);
leggja ~ fyrir e-t, to prohibit.
n. [cp. Ulf. bandva; Hel. bann, mandatum; Engl. ban; Germ. bann; A. S. geban; mid. Lat. bannum], prob. of foreign origin:
1. eccles. excommunication, interdict; minna b. (excommunicatio minor), þat sem forboð er kallat á Norrænu, K. Á. 226 (App.); meira b. (excommunicatio major), Ann. A. D. 1255; England í banni, id. A. D. 1208; Bs., H. E. several times.
2. in secular sense, prohibition of trade or intercourse; leggja b. fyrir mjöl eðr vöru, N. G. L. i. 204, 103; cp. farbann, forbidding ships to set sail.
3. gener. a protest, prohibition, in phrases, boð ok b., Gþl. 76; lof né b., Eg. 349; leggja b. fyrir, to prohibit, Ísl. ii. 265.
4. = bannan, a curse, swearing. The notion of jurisdiction common in Germany (v. Grimm) is unknown in the Scandin. idioms; yet the Laufás’ Edda, Ed. A. M. i. 586, v. l. 14, has bann as one of the names of the earth, cp. the O. H. G. banz, regio. The passage Gísl. 16, náttlangt né lengra banni, is an απ. λεγ. and probably corrupt, = á lengr or the like; lengra banni might, however, be equivalent to lengra meli, bann here denoting spatium temporis, a while. …
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(að), v.
1) to forbid, prohibit (~ e-m e-t or with infin.);
2) to curse (~ e-m);
refl. ~st um, to swear (to do a thing).
að, [A. S. bannan = jubere; Germ. bannen; mid. Lat. bannire], to forbid, hinder, prohibit (freq.); b. e-m e-t, or with infin., Fms. i. 254, Nj. 157, Ld. 256, Orkn. 4; b. fiskiför, Grág. ii. 350, N. G. L. i. 117.
2. to curse, [Scot. ban], with dat., Stj. 37: with acc., Hom. 31, Stj. 199, Post. 656 A, ii. 12: reflex., bannast um, to swear, Sturl. ii. 126, Fms. viii. 174.
3. = banda, to stop, drive back; hann sá tröll við ána, þat b. honum, ok vildi taka hann, Fas. ii. 124.
f. curse, imprecation.
f. swearing, Bs. ii. 134. bannanar-orð, n. id., Stj. 153.
n. sentence of excommunication.
n. a sentence of excommunication, H. E. i. 465.
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and -áfelli, n. the condemnation of excommunication, H. E. ii. 70.
m. = bannsatkvæði.
m. a ban-doom, sentence of excommunication, H. E. ii. 74.
n. a case liable to excommunication.
n. a case liable to excommunication, H. E. i. 254.
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u, f. the punishment of excommunication, H. E. i. 477.
n. spear of excommunication.
n. a spear of excommunication, H. E. ii. 77.
n. an act liable to excommunication.
n. an act liable to excommunication, H. E. i. 390.
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u, f. a bull of excommunication, Anecd. 8. bann-færa, ð, to place under ban, K. Á. 134, Sturl. ii. 3. bann-setja, tt, id., K. Á. 64, Sturl. ii. 3, H. E. i. 471; part. pass, under ban, accursed, Fas. iii. 423, Stj. 417.
f. excomunication.
f. an excommunication, Sturl. ii. 3. bannsetningar-sverð, n. the sword of excommunication, H. E.
(see syngja), v. to pronounce an anathema against.
söng, to pronounce the ban of excommunication, Fms. ix. 486.
f. = banaorð.
n. = banaorð, Fms. x. 400, Bret. 76.
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f., medic. prognosis mortis, Fcl. ix.
a. mortal, deadly.
adj. mortal, deadly, Bret. 56, Edda 154.
a.
1) = banvænligr (banvænt sár);
2) deadly sick; ok er dró at því at hann var ~, when all hope of life was gone.
adj. deadly, Eg. 34.
2. medic. deadly sick, just before death; ok er dró at því at hann (the sick) var b., when all hope of life was gone, Eg. 126, Fms. i. 86; snerist um allt sárit svá at Grettir görðist b., Grett. 153.
f. pl.
1) hand-barrow, stretcher (Þ. var borinn í börum um fjallit);
2) funeral bier carried by horses (mœddust hestarnir undir börunum).
mod. börur, f. pl. [A. S. bär; Hel. bara; Engl. bier and barrow; Lat. feretrum], a hand-bier; borinn í börum um fjallit, Fms. vii. 9, Bs. i. 352: sometimes to be carried on horseback (by two horses), báru þeir Guðmund í börum suðr til Hvítár, … bararnar hrutu ofan, Bs. i. 508 (Sturl. ii. 49 C spells barir): esp. the funeral bier, hearse, to be carried on horseback, lagði þegar kistuna í bunar barar, 655 xxii, Fms. x. 149; mæddust hestarnir undir börunum, Finnb. 322, cp. líkbörur; now also liggja á nátrjám (nátré) in like sense. The sing. in D. N. i. no. 70 is perh. a bad reading.
m. warrior.
m. a warrior, Þiðr. 67.
a. given to fighting.
adj. troublesome, Barl. 137.
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m. (for. word), a barber, N. G. L. iii. no. 15.
n. delay of battle.
n. delay of battle, Al. 24.
f. love of combat.
f. eagerness to give battle, Al. 24.
a. eager for combat.
adj. eager for battle, Stj. 230.
m. god of battle.
n. n god of battle, Mars, Al. 33.
f. goddess of battle.
u, f. a goddess of battle, Bellona, Al. 41.
adv. without battle.
n. adj. without battle, Al. 14.
f. art of war.
f. the art of war, Stj. 45, Al. 4.
f. the close of a battle.
f. the close of a battle, Al. 5.
m. warrior.
m. a warrior, Fms. vi. 56, Stj. 456.
n. a time fixedfor a battle.
n. and bardaga-stefna, u, f. a term, fixed meeting for a fight, Al. 54, Fms. ix. 488.
n.
1) beard (rare);
2) brim, of a hat or helmet;
3) the beak or armed prow of ships (of war), stem; róa fyrir ~ e-m (= róa fyrir stafn e-m), to thwart one.
n. [identical in etymology but not in sense to Lat. barba, Engl. beard, Germ. bart; the Scandin. dialects all call the beard skegg; Swed. skägg; Dan. skjæg; barð in the sense of barba is quite alien from the Scandin. idioms; the passages, Edda 109 (skegg heitir barð) and höggva börðum í gras, Íd. 12, a poem of the end of the 13th century, are isolated instances: bart in Dan. is a mod. word]:—Lat. ora, margo:
α. a brim of a helmet or hat (hjálmbarð, hattbarð), Fas. iii. 341.
β. the verge, edge of a hill (holtbarð, túnbarð, brekkubarð, hólbarð, etc.), freq. in local names of farms in Icel.
γ. the wing or side fin of some fishes, e. g. whales, cp. barðhvalr; of flat fishes, raja pastinaca (skötubarð).
δ. the beak or armed prow of ships, esp. ships’ of war, [cp. A. S. barda, a beaked ship]; so barded, of a horse in armour; hence Barði or Járnbarði is the name of a sort of ram in olden times, e. g. the famous Járnbarði (Iron Ram) of carl Eric, described, Fms. ii. 310; cp. also Fb. i. 280: the stem, Gr. …
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f. a kind of axe.
u, f. a kind of axe (barbata), Edda (Gl.)
I) m. a sort of ship, ‘ram’.
II) from berja.
a, m. a ship, a sort of ram, v. above, Fms. ii. 310, Edda (Gl.)
β. a sort of fish (Germ. bartfisch), Edda (Gl.)
γ. a shield, Edda (Gl.)
m. a sort of whale.
m. a sort of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.)
a. with a great barð 3.
adj. with a great barð (δ.), epithet of a ship, Hkr. iii. 268.
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að, to bark, tan.
n. Adam’s apple.
n. Adam’s apple, 65. 1. 382.
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n. epiglottis.
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n. glottis.
I)
m. windpipe, weazand.
II)
m. a sort of small boat, launch.
1. a, m. [Gr. φάρυγξ; alien from the South-Teut. idioms?], the windpipe, weazand. Eg. 508, Fas. i. 131, Fms. i. 217, vii. 191, Nj. 156: metaph. the stem of a boat; cp. háls, sviri.
COMPDS: barkakýli, barkalok, barkaop.
2. a, m., mid. Lat. barca, a sort of small ship (for. word), Fms. vii. 82. barka-bazi, a, m., a cognom., Sturl.
a. without bark (börkr).
adj. without bark (börkr), Lex. Poët.
n. barley, = bygg.
n. (for. word), barley, Edda (Gl.); the Icel. common word is bygg, Dan. byg, Swed. bjugg.
m. poet., brother.
a, m., poët. a brother, prop. frater geminus, not qs. αδελφός, vide the following word, Lex. Pout.
m. brim, rim (of a vessel or a steel cap).
m. [Gr. φορμός; cp. Ulf. barms = κόλπος and στηθος; O. H. G. param; Hel. barm; A. S. barm; all in the sense of gremium: this sense, however, is entirely unknown to old Icel. writers, who only apply the word in like sense as barð, namely, Engl. brim; Lat. ora]:—a brim:
α. the brim of a vessel (fötubarmr, pottbarmr, etc.), Bs. ii. 173; hence barma-fullr, adj. or fullr á barma, full to the brim; the rim of a bell, Pm. 106.
β. also the edge of a brook or well (lækjarbarmr, brunnbarmr): a chasm (gjárbarmr).
γ. the border of the shore; eybarmr, ora insulae, Hervar. S. (in a verse); víkrbarmr; also used in many local names of farms in Icel.
δ. the wing of anything; lyptingarbarmr, the gunwale of the stern; kastalabarmr (wing of a castle), Orkn. (in a verse); barmr hvarma, the edge of the eye-lids, Lex. Poët.
ε. the flaps of a thing; reif hann allan í sundr ok kastaði börmunum á eldinn, Fms. iv. 339 (rare if not an απ. λεγ.)
ζ. the notion of gremium, bosom, only appears after the Reformation, and even then rare; …
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adj. with fine sides, epithet of a ship, Lex. Poët.
n. a rope for hauling the nets ashore.
n. a rope for contracting the nets during fishing, Ivar Aasen barma, Gþl. 427.
n.
1) bairn, child; vera með ~i, to be with child; ganga með ~i, to go with child; ~s hafandi or hafandi at ~i, with child, pregnant; frá blautu ~i, from one’s tender years;
2) = mannsbarn; hvert ~, every man, every living soul.
n. pl. börn, [Ulf. barn; O. H. G. parn; A. S. bearn; Scot. and North. E. bairn; cp. bera and Lat. parère]:—a bairn, child, baby. This word, which in olden time was common to all the Teut. idioms, was lost in Germany as early as the 13th century (Grimm, s. v.); in the South of England it went out of use at an early time, and was replaced by ‘child;’ even the Ormulum uses barn only four times, else always ‘child.’ In North. E. bairu is still a household word, and freq. in popular Scottish writers, Burns, Walter Scott, etc. In the whole of Scandinavia it is in full and exclusive use; the Germ. ‘kind’ is in Icel. entirely unknown in this sense, v. the funny story Ísl. Þjóð. ii. 535; (‘kind’ in common Icel. means a sheep.) In Danish barn is the only word which, like the Icel., changes the radical vowel in pl. into ö (börn). Proverbs referring to barn; barnið vex en brókin ekki; þetta verðr aldri barn í brók; bráð er barnslundin (barnæskan); nema börn hvað á bæ er títt; allir hafa börnin verið; því læra börnin málið að það er fyrir þeim hatt; tvisvar verðr gamall maðrinn barn; bragð er at þá barnið finnr; snemma taka börn til meina; Guð gefr björg með barni, cp. …
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(að), v. to get with child.
að, to get with child, Nj. 98: metaph. in the phrase, að barna söguna, to interrupt a tale while being told.
n. pl. grandchildren.
n. pl. grand-children, Grág. i. 185.
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m. Holy Innocents’ Day, Dec. 28, N. G. L. i. 377.
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f. procreation of children, v. barneign.
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n. the phrase, ekki b., no task for children, Þórð. 97 (1860).
n. child’s play.
n. child’s play, El. I.
m. children’s friend.
m. child’s friend, nickname of an old pirate; hann var víkingr mikill, hann lét eigi henda börn á spjótsoddum sem þá var víkingum títt, því var hann b. kallaðr, he was a great pirate, but he did not spit babies as pirates then used to do, wherefore he was called b., Landn. 308; in mod. usage, one who has many children, mesti b.
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u, f. fathering a child upon one (kenna e-m barn), N. G. L. i. 410: mod. training children in a school.
m. child’s play.
m. a child’s play, Grett. 107 A, vide barnleikr.
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u, f., now
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f. argilla apyra, also called Pétrs mold, argilla St. Petri, Eggert Itin. p. 125.
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a, m., botan. sphagnum cymbi folium, Hjalt.
n. childish temper; hafa ekki ~, to be no baby.
n. in the phrase, hafa ekki b., to be no baby, Fs. 138.
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n. a childish play, Fas. i. 88 paper MS.; spil is a Germ. for. word.
n. childish trifles, gewgaws.
n. childish trifles, gewgaws, Ld. 122.
m. the section of law concerning infants.
m. the section of law concerning infants, baptism, etc., in the Icel. Jus. Eccl., K. Þ. K. 8.
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n. pl. a reward, fee for b., N. G. L. i. 91.
m. thrashing, see ‘lama~’.
m. [berja], thrashing, v. lamabarning: now, ‘thrashing the water,’ i. e. hard pulling against wind and tide.
m. (time of) childhood (nýkominn af ~i).
m. childhood. Eg. 118, Fms. ii. 267.
n., in the phrase, frá (or af) blautu ~i, from childhood.
n. in the phrase, frá blautu b., v. above, Al. 71.
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f. pl. in the phrase, deyja af barnsförum, to die in childbed.
a. f. pregnant.
adj. pregnant, Pr. 185,—a rude phrase; Icel. now say, kálffull kýr, but not barnsfull kona.
f. the after-birth, = eptirburðr.
u, f., medic. secundinae, a baby’s caul, Björn.
m. the crying of a baby.
m. the cry of a baby, Fms. x. 218.
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part. pregnant, Jb. 114.
f. child’s cap.
u, f. a baby’s cap, D. N.
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n. a baby’s corpse, Hkr. iii. 184.
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n. babble, El. 15.
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f. infant baptism, N. G. L. i. 131 (Norse).
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f. = jóðsótt, the pains of childbirth, Bs. i. 327.
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n. and barns-útburðr, m. exposure of infants, N. G. L. i. 303.
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n. child’s work, Fms. ix. 35.
m. = barnsaldr.
m. childhood, Hkr. ii. 35.
pp. native; ~ á Íslandi, a native of lceland.
part. native, Bs. i. 808.
a. with child, pregnant.
a, m. pregnant, with child, N. G. L. i. 317.
m. childbirth.
ar, m. childbearing, childbirth, Grág. i. 375.
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f. capable of bearing children, opp. úbyrja, Grág. i. 323, Stj. 89: pregnant, Grág. i. 294.
m. childhood.
m. childhood, Stj. 195, 25, 655 xxx. 21.
f.
1) getting or having children;
2) children, family (furðu illa ~ gat Loki).
f. getting children, Stj. 196: metaph. children, furðu illa b. gat Loki, Edda 20; vera or b., to be past childbearing.
f. childhood, = barnœska.
u, f. [Goth. barniski], childhood, Hom. 122.
m. a childs alleged father.
m. a child’s alleged father, H. E. ii. 111. barna-móðir was in popish times the name for a priest’s concubine.
n. fostering of a child (a kind of adoption in olden times); bjóða e-m ~, to offer to do this for another man.
n. ‘bairn-fostering,’ a kind of adoption in olden times; at bjóða e-m b., to offer b. to another man, is a standing custom in the Sagas; men of wealth, but of low birth, in order to get security for their property, offered barnfóstr to noblemen, as in Ld. ch. 16 and ch. 28, Hænsa Þór. S. (Ísl. ii. 125), Harð. S. ch. 9 (Ísl. ii. 23); or it was done as a matter of policy, it being regarded as a homage to be the foster-father of another man’s son; því at sá er mælt at sá sé útignari sem öðrum fóstrar barn, Fms. i. 16; ok er sá kallaðr æ minni maðr, er öðrum fóstrar barn, Ld. 108; thus Jon Loptsson offered b. to the young Snorri, in order to soothe the wounded pride of his father Sturla, Sturl. i. 106; Ari Frodi was fostered by Hall í Haukadal, Íb.; Njal offered to adopt as a son the young Hoskuld, in order to atone for the slaying of his father, Nj. ch. 95; cp. also the interesting story of the kings Harold and Athelstan and the young Hacon, Fms. i. l. c.: as a matter of friendship, Ld. 144, Bs. i. 73, 74, Sturl. i. 223, Ld. 25, and many other instances.
COMPD: barnfóstrlaun.
f. foster-mother.
u, f. a foster-mother of a child, Mar.; now a nurse.
m. foster-father.
a, m. a foster-father, Eg. 401, Ísl. ii. 144.
f. pay for the maintenance of a child.
u, f. (now in Icel. meðgjöf), pay for the maintenance of a child, N. G. L. I 30.
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adj. part. native, Bs. i. 80; borinn ok b., born and bred.
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n. nativity; eiga b., to be a native, Fr.
m.
1) procreation of children;
2) pregnancy (hón hafði fengit barngetnað af þeirra samvistu).
m. the procreation of children, Grág. i. 349, Greg. 29: pregnancy, Stj. 514.
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adj. eager for bairns, Gsp.
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adj. fond of children.
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f. pl. lulling sounds, nursery rhymes, Fas. ii. 234.
a. childless.
adj. childless. Eg. 318, Grág. i. 185, Landn. 1. 304, Hkr. i. 99.
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m. pl. child’s play; leika barnleikum, of play-fellows, Bs. i. 417, 473, Fms. vi. 403, Sturl. i. 62.
n. childlessness.
n. the being childless, Stj. 428, Mar. 656.
a. childish, childlike.
adj. childish, Sks. 153.
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m. the bearer of a baby to be christened; þar á at ala líkmenn ok barnmenn, Vm. 77.
f. childs cloak.
u, f. a child’s cloak, Sturl. iii. 278.
f. christening of an infant.
f. the christening of infants, K. Þ. K. 14. barnskírnar-orð, n. pl. formula in b., 655 xi.
f. childbed.
f. childbed, H. E. i. 492.
a. glad as a child.
adj. glad as a child, Hym. 2.
a. very young, youthful.
adj. very young, youthful, Fms. ii. 98, Mirm. 31.
m., see úmagi.
a, m. an orphan child, Grug. i. 305.
f., see úmegð.
f. minority, Grug. 1. 305.
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n. childishness, Fél. 12. 56, transl. of Iliad ix. 491.
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u, f. childhood, Eg. 116, Grág. ii. 392, Fms. i. 4, x. 273; bráð er b., the youth is impatient, a proverb, cp. Am. 75.
n.
1) acicular leaves, needles of the fir or pine (wrongly applied by Snorri, who speaks of the ‘~’ of the ash);
2) barley.
adj. ready (paratus), Jd. 13: strong, vigorous, Lex. Pout.
n.
1) acicular leaves, needles of the fir or pine (wrongly applied by Snorri, who speaks of the ‘~’ of the ash);
2) barley.
n. [Norse and Swed. barr means the needles of the fir or pine, opp. to ‘lauf’ or leaves of the ash, eon; cp. barlind, taxus baccaia, and barskógr, ‘needle-wood,’ i. e. fir-wood, Ivar Aasen].
I. the needles or spines of a fir-tree; the word is wrongly applied by Snorri, Edda II, who speaks of the ‘barr’ of an ash;—Icel. has no trees. In Hm. 50 (Norse poem ?) it is correctly used of a pine, hrörnar þöll er stendr þorpi á, hlýrat henni börkr ne b., Hkv. Hjörv. 16, Edda 11.
II. = barley, [Scot. and North. E. bear, A. S. bere, is four-rowed barley, a coarse kind; bigg in North. E. and Scot. is six-rowed barley, also a coarse kind: cp. ‘the Bigg-market,’ a street in Newcastle-upon-Tyne: barlog, sweet wort, made of barley, Ivar Aasen]; bygg heitir með mönnum, en barr með goðum, men call it ‘bygg,’ but gods ‘bear,’ which shews that barr sounded foreign, and that bygg was the common word, Alvm. 33; Edda (Gl.) 231 has b. under sáðsheiti, v. Lex. Poët. Common phrases in Icel., as bera ekki sitt barr, of one who will never again bear leaves or flourish, metaph. …
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a, m. a grove, Skm. 39.
a. poet., barley-haired (of the earth).
adj. barley-haired, poët. epithet of the earth, Lex. Poët.
(pl. ~ar), m. baron.
in. [for. word, mid. Lat. baro; A. S. beornas], a baron; heita þeir hersar eðr lendir menn í Danskri tungu, greifar í Saxlandi, en barónar í Englandi, Edda 93, Thom., Art.; the title was introduced into Norway by king Magnus, A. D. 1277, vide Ann. s. a. Gþl. 512. barúna-nafn, n. the title of b., Ann. l. c.
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u, f. a barony, Thom. 36.
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adj. part. high-shouldered, with sharp prominent shoulder bones, Fms. vii. 321.
f.
1) contest, fighting;
2) fight, battle.
u, f. [North. E. barett obsolete], gener. a fight, contest:
α. a row, Gþl. 176.
β. a fight, battle, Fas. i. 26.
γ. now freq., esp. = strife, contest.
COMPDS: baráttumaðr, baráttusamr.
m.
1) beating, thrashing;
2) fight, battle (heyja, eiga bardaga við e-n);
3) calamity, scourge.
a, m., prop. a ‘battle day,’ cp. eindagi, máldagi, skildagi:
1. a law term, a beating, flogging, thrashing; ef maðr lystr mann þrjú högg eðr þrim fleiri, þat heitir b. fullr, N. G. L. i. 73, Grág. ii. 155, Post. 656 B, Blas. 42.
2. a fight, battle (very freq.) = orrosta, Eg. 745, Nj. 45, etc.: metaph. a calamity, scourge (theol.), Sks. 112, 328, Fms. v. 214, Bs. i. 70.
COMPDS: bardagafrest, bardagafýst, bardagagjarn, bardagaguð, bardagagyðja, bardagalaust, bardagalist, bardagalykt, bardagamaðr, bardagastef.
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n. a club, (common word.)
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adj. from Barra, one of the Hebrides, Grett.
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m. wailing, complaining, v. lómr.
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adj. high-shafted, of an axe; breiðöx b., Bs. i. 658.
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m. needle-wood.
m.
1) thrashing, flogging;
2) in pl., fight, row.
f. thrashing, flogging, Bs. i. 792, Grág. i. 456: pl. fight, row, Íb. 12, Grág. ii. 114.
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m. the wood of the fir, D. N. (Fr.) iii. 473.
n. beating storm, violent blasts (~ ok regn mikit).
n. a beating storm, Sturl. iii. 127.
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m. [for. word], basin xylinum, a tree, Edda (Gl.) ii. 256.
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f. pl. an απ. λεγ. in a verse in Hervar. S. (Ed. 1847), p. 56; bauð ek þér bróðir basmir óskerðar, fé ok fjöld meiðma; a dub. word, cp. Germ. besem, Engl. besom; mod. Germ. besen, North Germ. besemer, Dan. bismer (Icel. reizla), which are all connected. Ivar Aasen records a Norse word basm or basma; the Norse basm means twenty threads of the warp (basm here means loom?):—the Ed. in Fas. i. 207 gives a wrong spelling óskir tvær (qs. óskertar), and skips the word basrnir.
m. bear, = bersi.
a, m. a bear, Lex. Poët.
n.
1) bast, the inner bark of the lime-tree (bleikr sem ~);
2) cord or string of bast (sá, þeir á ~ bauga dregna).
n.; besti (Vkv. 12) seems to be a dat. masc. from böstr; in Germ. the word is freq. used masc.; the passage l. c. is perh. to be restored thus—þeir er af létu besti (tiliae) byr sima (annulos), who did pull the rings from the cord? (cp. v. 8); [Engl., A. S., and Germ. bast]:—bast, the inner bark of the lime-tree; bast at binda, Rm. 9; bast né band, Gþl. 386, N. G. L. i. 59; sá þeir á bast bauga dregna, Vkv. 7.
(að), v. to bind with a rope of bast (ú~ðr ok úbundinn).
að, to bind into a parcel, D. N. ii. 560 (Fr.), Fms. v. 301.
m. bastard.
m. bastard, appears for the first time as the cognom. of William the Conqueror. The etymon is dubious; Grimm suggests a Scandinavian origin; but this is very doubtful; the word never occurs in Scandinavian writers before the time of William, sounds very like a foreign word, is rarely used, and hardly understood by common people in Icel.; neither does it occur in A. S. nor O. H. G.; so that Adam of Bremen says, iste Willelmus quem Franci bastardum vocant; whence the word seems to come from some southern source; cp. the Játv. S. (Ed. 1852), and Fl. iii. 463 sqq.; the MS. Holm, spells bastarðr, the Fb. basthardr.
2. name of a sword, Fms. vii. 297, referring to A. D. 1163.
3. a kind of cloth, in deeds of the 14th and 15th centuries, Vm. 46, 136, D. N. ii. 165; cp. the remarks on bæsingr, p. 92, col. 1 at bottom.
m. bastrope-maker.
a, m. a bastbinder, D. N. ii. 246.
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n. turmoil; bastla, að, to turmoil.
a. pale as bast (= bleikr sem ~).
adj. pale as bast, Fms. vii. 269, v. 1.
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u, f. a cord of bast, Eg. 579.
f. rope or cord of bast.
f. a tie or cord of bast, Eg. 579, v. l.
a. = bastbleikr.
adj. = bastbleikr, Karl. 167.
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f., prob. a false reading, Fas. ii. 177, v. l. bátöx.
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að, to better, John xvi. 7.
m. improvement, advantage.
a, m. improvement, advantage, Fs. 155, Grett. 113 A, Fas. ii. 247, Grág. (Kb.) i. 160. bata-ván, f. hope of convalescence, recovery of health, cp. Grág. I. e.; cp. also ábati, gain.
(að), v.
1) to improve, get better;
2) impers., e-m ~r, one recovers (after sickness); the disease is added in gen. (e-m ~r síns meins, sjúkleika).
að, [v. bati; Ulf. gabatnan], to improve, get better, Nj. 52, Grág. i. 206.
2. impers. medic. term; e-m batnar, one recovers, Fms. iv. 369, v. 22; the disease is added in gen., e-m b. síns meins, sjúkleika, sóttar, Bs. i. 343, Hkr. ii. 312, Eb. 280: at present also with nom.: proverb, batnanda manni er bezt að lifa.
(gen. -ar), m. improvement (berja e-n til batnaðar).
ar, m. improvement, 623. 15, Hom. 50, 134, Hkr. 11. 178: convalescence, Grág. ii. 45.
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f. id., Lex. Poët.
n. fragments of rings (given in payment).
n. pl. cut off pieces of baugr, bad money, Band. 12.
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m. = bauggildismaðr, N. G. L. i. 81, 82, 186.
n. enumeration of ‘rings’ (baugar), the section of law dealing with weregilds.
n. the section of law about weregild, Grág. ii. 171–188:
β. fixing of the weregild, Grág. i. 158.
(-s, -ar), m.
1) ring, armlet (of gold or silver) worn on the wrist, esp. the sacred ring (stallahringr) on the altar in heathen temples, cf. baugeiðr;
2) in olden times, before minted gold or silver came into use, such rings were commonly used as a medium of payment; hence ‘~’ simply means money;
3) fine of varying amount for manslaughter, weregild;
4) gaff-hook?
5) in the phrase, eiga (kost) á baugi, to have a (single) chance left; ef sá væri á. baugi, if there were no other chance; þú munt eiga slíkan á baugi brátt, thou wilt soon have the very same chance or lot (viz. death);
6) the painted circle on a round shield.
m. [the root bjúg—baug—bog; A. S. beág; O. H. G. pouc = armilla; lost in N. H. G. and in Engl.]
I. a ring, armlet, esp. in olden times to be worn on the wrist plain, without stones:
α. the sacred temple ring (stallahringr) on the altar in heathen temples; all oaths were’ to be made by laying the hand upon the temple ring; at sacrificial banquets it was to be dipped in the blood, and was to be worn by the priest at all meetings. The ring was either of gold or silver, open (mótlaus), its weight varying between two, three, and twenty ounces (the last is the reading of Eb. new Ed. p. 6, v. 1., the classical passages in the Sagas are—Eb. l. c. (and cp. 44), Glúm. 388, Landn. (Hb.) 258, Þórð. S. 94 (Ed. 1860); cp. also the note at the end of the new Ed. of Eb., referring to an interesting essay of the Norse Prof. Holmboe upon the matter, Christiania, A. D. 1864.
β. baugr is at present in Icel. used of a spiral ring without a stone (e. g. a wedding ring); the third finger is called baugfingr, transl. from Lat. digitus annuli, for the wearing of wedding rings is not in use in Icel. (unless as a Dan. imitation). Icel. …
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f. personal sacredness, (one’s death to be atoned for by a weregild); þræll á b. á sér ef hann fylgir drottni sínum til þings …, N. G. L. i. 70.
f. supplemental payment to the baugr (baugþak, þveiti).
f. a law term, compensation (v. baugr II.), Grág. ii. 173.
m. ‘ring-breaker’, free-handed man.
a, m. a ring-breaker, Hkv.
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pl. -endr, part. a law term, those who have to pay the baugr (II.); opp. to baugþiggendr, the receivers, Grág. ii. 172.
m. the oath upon the sacred temple ring.
m. the oath upon the sacred temple ring in heathen times; b. Óðinn hygg ek at unnit hafi, hvat skal hans trygðum trúa, Hm. 110; cp. the phrase, vinna eið at baugi, v. baugr below; the baugeiðr of heathen times answers to the Christian bókeiðr and vinna eið at bók, to swear, laying the hand upon the Gospel.
n.
1) the ‘weregild’ to be paid to the ‘agnates’ of the slain, opp. to nefgildi, the same amount to be paid to the ‘cognates’;
2) agnatic relationship.
n. a law term, the ‘weregild’ to be paid to the ‘agnates’ of the slain; opp. to nefgildi, the same amount to be paid to the ‘cognates;’ defined, Grág. (Bt.) ii. 176, N. G. L. i. 186: metaph. agnatic relationship, vera ór b. eðr nefgildi, lifa í b. etc., to be an agnate or a cognate, id. bauggildis-menn, in. pl. agnates who are bound to pay and receive the bauggildi, Grág. ii. 180.
m. see bauggildismaðr.
m. = bauggildismaðr, cp. nefgildingr, Grág. ii. 178.
a. payable, fit to pay as bauggildi (~ eyrir, bauggilt fé).
adj. payable, fit to pay as bauggildi, N. G. L. i. 176.
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f. a law term, an official inspection (in Norway) to measure the breadth of the highway, defined, Gþl. 412–414.
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jar, f. pl. ir, a law term, an only daughter entitled to receive and pay weregild, in default of heirs male. The Norse law defines thus, ef hon er einberni, ok til arfs komin, þar til er hón sezt á brúðstól, … up to her wedding day, N. G. L. i. 184, 92: the Icel. law does not limit the right to her marrying; sú er kona ein er bæði skal baugi bæta ok baug taka, ef hon er einberni, en sú kona heitir b., en hon er dóttir hins dauða, Grág. ii. 183.
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n. the ‘ring-seat,’ i. e. the hand, Höfuðl.
pp. adorned with rings.
part. ring-wearing, of a lady, Hkv.
n. ‘ring-covering’, supplemtal payment to be added to the baugr 3; at ~i, fig., in addition, to boot.
n. [þekja baug], a law term, ‘baug-covering,’ i. e. the supplemental payment to be added in due proportion to the amount of weregild (baugr), defined, Grág. ii. 171, 172; hence ‘at baugþaki’ metaph. means in addition, to boot; þá kom at honum síðan at b. brotfallit, he was taken with fits of epilepsy to boot, Bs. i. 336.
(-endr), m. receiver of weregild.
pl. -endr, part. a receiver of weregild.
(að), v. to dig, to rummage.
að, [Swed. böka], prop. to dig, to rummage; hann b. til fiskanna, viz. in order to steal them, Grett. 137; aldri skal ek í belginn bauka, says the giant in the tale, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 458.
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n. pl. herbs kept in a box, Str.
f. cow.
að, to low.
f. cow.
u, f. a cow, Bs. i. 635.
COMPDS: baulufall, baulufótr, baula.
n. the carcass of a slaughtered cow.
n. the carcase of a slaughtered cow, Bs. i. 593.
m. cow’s foot, a nickname.
m. cow’s foot, cognom., Sturl. iii, 71; mod.
(pl. -ir), f. bean.
f. [A. S. beân, cp. Lat. faba], a bean, Gþl. 544, Rb. 394. bauna-lögr, m. bean-broth, Karl. 452.
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f. the fore fins of a shark, Björn.
v. beat, chase? (svá bautu vér björnuna).
the remnant of an obsolete strong verb analogous to hlaupa—hljóp, [A. S. beâtan; Engl. beat; Germ. botzen, pulsare], to hunt, beat; bautu, 1st pers. pl. pres. indic., Fms. v. 83 (Ó. H. 1853 spells bavtu); svá bavtu vér björnuna, so do we beat (chase) the bears, Gs. 13: part. pass. bautinn, beaten, slain, Lex. Poët. s. v. sverðbautinn; Farbauti, beater of ships, is the name of the giant father of Loki; hylbauti, beater of the waves, a ship, Edda (Gl.); cp. Swed. bauter, strings for catching birds, Ihre.
m. stone monunent, memorial stone (reisa, setja bautastein).
Eg. 94.; Snorri (Hkr.) constantly uses the pl. form, but bautaðarsteinn, Fagrsk. 19, and bautarsteinn, Hm. 72; m. the stone monuments of the olden age, esp. in Sweden and Denmark; the Hávamál l. c. (sjaldan bautarsteinar standa brautu nær, nema reisi niðr at nið) tells us that these stones used to be placed along the high roads, like the sepulchral monuments of old Rome; cp. the standing phrase on the Swedish-Runic stones—hér skal standa steinn ‘nær brautu;’ or, má eigi ‘brautar-kuml’ (a road monument) betra verða; the high roads of old Sweden seem to have been lined with these monumental stones; even at the present time, after the destruction of many centuries, the Swedish-Runic stones (of the nth and 12th centuries) are counted by thousands. A great collection was made and drawings executed during the 17th century (Buræus, etc.), but only published A. D. 1750, under the name of Bautil. The etymology of this word is much contested; some render it by ‘stones of the slain’ (bauta, to slay), but this is contradicted by the passage in Hm. l. c. and by the inscriptions themselves. The bauta stones were simply monuments erected by the piety of kindred and friends without any respect to sex or manner of death, either in war, on sea, or through sickness; …
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m. a stamping steed, Lex. Poët.
(báðar, bæði, gen. beggja), a. both (~ tveir).
adj. pron. dual, gen. beggja, neut. bæði; rarely báði, gen. báðra, sometimes occur in MSS. of the 14th century, but both of them are Norse forms, [Goth. bai, baioþs; A. S. ba; Engl. both; Germ. beide; cp. also Gr. αμφω, Lat. ambo]:—both, Nj. 82, Sturl. iii. 314, Eg. 257, Grág. i. 368, N. G. L. i. 33, Ísl. ii. 348, Fms. x. 118, etc. etc.
m. poet., adversary.
a, m. (not bagi), an adversary, Stor. 23, Lex. Poët.
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n. pl. distress, difficulties.
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adv. (-ligr, adj.), adversely, Vígl. 30.
I)
a. uneasy, awkward (verðr honum nú bág höndin); bágt var mjök um matbjargir, provisions were very scarce.
II)
m. contest, resistance, in such phrases as, brjóta bág við e-n, to contend against, offer resistance to; fór í bág með þeim, a conflict arose between them; they quarrelled.
1. adj. uneasy; honum verðr bag höndin, Fas. iii. 370: eiga bágt is now in Icel. to be poor, bard up: bag-staddr, adj. distressed.
2. m. [cp. Hel. bâgan = contendere, and Icel. bægja below], contest, strife, in such phrases as, fara í bag, to come athwart; for í bag með þeim, they came a cross, Bjarn. 28; í bága (pl.), Bs. i. 622; brjóta bag við e-m, to make a struggle against, Al. 49; Páll postuli braut þar helzt bag við ávalt er öðrum þótti torveldast, Post. 656 C. 24, Fms. viii. 42; koma í bága við, to come intostrife or collision with.
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adj. ill-disposed, bad-tempered, Lex. Poët.
a. difficult to deal with, opp. to auðráðr.
adj. difficult to deal with, Fms. ii. II.
a. difficult to drive (of geese).
adj. difficult to drive, of geese, Grett. 90.
n. beacon, signal.
n. for. word [A. S. bêcn; O. H. G. pauhan], a beacon, v; sigrbákn: bákn now means a big, monstrous thing.
(að), v. to beckon, make signals (þeir báknuðu vápnunum til þeirra Hákonar).
að, [A. S. bêcnan], to beckon; þeir báknuðu vápnunum til þeirra Hákonar, Fms. vii. 276, xi. 366.
n.
1) fire;
slá ~ = drepa eld;
2) flame, blaze;
gera ~, to make a blaze;
3) pyre, funeral pile;
bera e-n á ~, to carry to the pyre;
stíga á ~, to mount the pyre.
n. [old Scot. bale, i. e. a beacon-fagot, Lay of Last Minstrel 3. 27 note].
I. a flame, Nj. 199, Ld. 100, Stj. 45 (freq.)
II. Lat. rogus, a pyre, funeral pile; hlaða b., rogum struere, Eb. 314, 264; Fms. v. 328, esp. for burning dead bodies; a funeral pile in the old heathendom, til brands eðr báls, an old law term, ad urnam, N. G. L. i. 50: the phrase, vega e-n á bal, or, bera á bal, to carry to the pyre, Vkv. 14, cp. Vþm. 54, Fas. i. (Hervar. S.) 487; graphical description of those funerals, vide Edda 37, 38 (Baldrsbrenna), Fas. i. (Völs. S.) 204; cp. 333, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 27; cp. also the funeral of the mythical king Sigurd Ring, recorded by Arngrim Lærde in his Supplementum ad Compendium Hist. Norv. MS. (composed A. D. 1597), probably taken from a lost leaf of Skjöldunga Saga (Sögubrot), and mentioned by Munch, Norske Folks Hist. i. 274: mod. of a foaming wind, wrath, etc.—bálviðri, n. and balhvass, bálreiðr, adj., etc.
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n. the breaking a fence, crib, Gpl. 350, 391.
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n. a sort of metre (from a pr. name Balkr), Edda (Ht.) 142.
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a, m., v. the following word.
m.
1) partition, balk (~ um þveran hellinn);
2) section in a code of laws;
3) body, group, host.
(or better balkr, bölkr), old form b́lkr, Grág., dat. bælki, N. G. L. i. 399, acc. pl. b́lku or bálku, Lex. Poët. [A. S. bälc], a balk, partition [cp. naval bulk-heads]; b. um þveran hellinn, of a cross wall, Fms. iii. 217, Fas. ii. 333, Grett. 140; sá studdi höndunum á bálkinn, of a balk of wood across the door, Orkn. 112.
β. a low wall in a stall or house, N. G. L. i. 399,
2. metaph. a law term, a section in a code of law; þjófa bálkr, Kristindóms b., etc., criminal, ecclesiastical law …, Grág., Jb.; enn fyrsti bölkr bókar þessarrar er um Kristindóms hald várt, N. G. L. i. 3; hér hefr kaupa-bolk, 20; landzleigu bolkr, 37; hér hefr upp erfða-bolk, 48; hér hefr upp þjófa bólk, 82; hér hefr upp útgerðar-bolk, 96; hefir hverr hlutr þá bolku í sér, 126; í hinum fyrra bælkinum, 424 (420, 421). Balkr as a law term is much older than any written code, and does not originally denote ‘a section of a code,’ but rather a ‘body, collection of laws,’ cp. frænd-balkr, ætt-balkr; but later it was a section of a written code, cp. Schlyter in the Glossary, s. v. balker.
γ. a body, a host, in compds as frændbálkr, ættbálkr, herbálkr; …
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f. funeral.
f. a funeral, Edda 37.
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f. id., Edda (Ub.) 288 (Ed. 1852).
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adj. gleaming-white, of waves.
I)
f. wave, billow; vant er at sigla milli skers ok báru, between Scylla and Charybdis.
II)
(að), v. to fall and rise in waves (vatnit hrœrðist mjök ok báraði).
u, f. [berja?], a wave, billow, v. alda; as a rule bára denotes the smaller waves caused by the wind (on the surface of larger billows), alda the rollers or swell, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 186, Fms. x. 324 (of a breaker = boði), Gkv. 1. 7: the proverb, sigla milli skers ok báru, cp. inter Scyllam et Charybdin, Fms. ii. 268, Fb. iii. 402; sjaldan er ein báran stök, there is seldom a single billow: of misfortune, cp. Aesch. Prom. 1015 κακων τρικυμία, cp. also Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 660.
β. metaph. of undulations or rough stripes on the surface of a thing, e. g. the crust of a cheese, Fs. 146; a scull, cp. Eg. 769: báruskel, f. cardia testa cordata pectinata, a shell, Eggert Itin. p. 1010.
COMPDS: bárufall, báruskel, báruskot, bárustormr, bárustórr.
n. heavy sea.
n. a swell at sea, Al. 50.
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f., v. above.
n. swell.
n. waves from a fresh breeze, wrinkling the surface of the sea, Hkr. i. 59.
m. storm with heavy sea.
m. an unruly sea, Stj. 89.
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adj. the waves running high, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 72; vide mót-bára, objection.
a. undulated, wavy (haussinn var allr ~ útan sem hörpuskel).
adj. waved, of a skull, Eg. 769.
(að), v. to drive into a stall, with dat. = bæsa.
að, = bæsa, to drive cattle into a stall, Gísl. 104.
m. boose or stall in a cowhouse (binda kú í bás).
m. [Ulf. Bansts = αποθήκη; A. S. bós; Engl. provincial boose; Germ. banse], a boose or stall in a cowhouse; kýr á bási, binda kú á bás, etc., Bjarn. 32, Bs. 5. 171; a cow and a bás go together, e. g. in the nursery rhyme lulling children to sleep; sou, sofi… selr í sjá… kyr á bási, köttr í búri…, cp. the Engl. in the cow’s boose, Bosworth s. v.; bás, bás is an interj. exclam. for driving cows into stall: also used in Icel. of basins formed in rocks, e. g. at the foot of a waterfall; in local names, Básar, Básendar, etc.: the phrase, hafa sér markaðan bás, to have one’s course of life marked out, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 538; einginn veit sér ætlaðan bás í örlaganna solli, no one knows what boose is kept for him in the turmoil of the fates, Grönd. 194; vide bjarnbáss.
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u, f. (for. word), bassoon, Fas. ii. 511.
f. a flagstone separating two stalls in a cowhouse.
u, f. a stone wall between two stalls in a cowhouse, Grett. 112.
(-s, -ar), m. boat; sjá fyrir báti sínum, to go one’s own course, to mind one’s own business.
m. [a Scandin. and Low Germ. word used in A. S., Engl., Dutch, but alien to O. H. G. and middle H. G.; even Luther (v. Grimm s. v.) never uses the word; it was later introduced into mod. High Germ., but has a foreign sound there, (Engl. t answers to High Germ. z); the word is in Germ. borrowed from Dutch or English]:—a boat, either a small open fishing vessel or a ship-boat. In Icel. only small boats are called so, those of two or four oars; an eight-oared boat is a ‘ship,’ Eg. 121, 373, Eb. 142, Nj. 122, Jb. 398, Bs. 1. 422, 423: in phrases, ausa bát sinn, Fms. vii. 331; sjá fyrir báti sínum, to go one’s own course, to mind one’s own business, Sturl. iii. 247: alliteration, eiga bygð í báti, metaph., Bs. i. 422.
COMPDS: bátsborð, bátsfarmr.
n. the side of a boat.
n. the side of a boat, Sturl. i. 119.
m. boat’s freight.
m. a boat’s freight, Ann. 1342.
f. a rope by which a boat is made fast.
f. a rope by which a boat is made fast, Jb. 398, 655 xvii.
a. having no boat.
adj. and bátleysi, n. being without a boat, Eb. 142, Jb. 399.
m. boatman.
m. a boatman, Hkr. iii. 128, Fms. vi. 320.
m. boat’s prow.
m. a boat’s prow, Fms. viii. 223.
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a, m. a little bed, (mod.)
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n. a bed in a garden, (mod. and rare, cp. reitr.)
f. poet., bed-fellow, wife.
u, f., poët. a wife, bed-fellow, Lex. Poët.
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u, f. a feather-bed, Vm. 177.
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n. a bolster case, Dipl. 4.
(-jar, -ir), m. bolster, bedding; ganga á beð e-m, to go to bed with one, to marry.
jar, m. pl. ir, [Ulf. badi; Hel. bed; A. S. bedd; Engl. bed; Germ. bett], a bed; in Icel. sæng is the common word, beðr poët. and rare; in the N. T. κράββατον is always rendered by sæng (tak sæng þína og gakk, Mark ii. 9); beðr is used in alliterative phrases, e. g. beðr eðr blaeja, Jb. 28; í beðjum eðr bólstrum, N. G. L. i. 351; deila beð ok blíðu, φιλότητι και ευνη, Od. v. 126; and mostly in the sense of bolster; saxit nam í beðinum staðar, Ld. 140, Gísl. 114: the sea-shore is poët. called sævar-beðir (sofa ek né mátta’k sævarbeðjum á, Edda 16 (in a verse); hvíl-beðr, a resting bed, Akv. 30; rísa upp við beð, to lift the body against the pillow, Bkv. 2. 23: the conjugal bed, bjóða á beð, Ls. 52; sitja á beð, Gh. 19; ganga á beð e-m, to marry, 14: pl., sofa á beðjum, Hm. 96, 100: metaph. a swelling sea, lauðr var lagt í beði (acc. pl.), Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse); cp. skýbólstrar, ‘bolster-clouds,’ heavy piles of cloud.
COMPDS: beðjardýna, beðjarver.
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m. a bed-covering, Dipl. iii. 4.
n. pl. bed-talk.
n. pl. a curtain lecture, Hm. 85.
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u, f. = beðja, Lex. Poët.
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u, f. [bagr], a bungle; sem b. hjá fögru smíði, hence the name Rimbegla, Rb. (pref.)
(-dda, -ddr), v. to ask, beg, request;
~ e-n e-s, or ~ e-m (for one) e-s;
~ e-s af e-m, to ask a thing of or from a person;
~ e-n máls, orða, to address one;
with acc., ~ lögbeiðing, to make a lawful request;
refl., ~st, to request on one’s own behalf (~ laga, griða).
dd, [cp. A. S. beade; Old Engl. bead-roll, bidding-prayer, bedes-man; biðja, bað, beðið, Lat. orare, and bíða, beið, beðit, Lat. expectare.]
I. to ask, beg, with the notion of right; almost as a law term, to request [but biðja, orare]; b. e-n e-s, or b. e-m (for one) e-s; beiða griða Baldri, Edda 36, Gs. verse 2; beiða sér bjargkviðar búa sína fimm, Grág. i. 113, 275; b. sonar bóta, Nj. 21; b. e-s af e-m, Fms. i. 47: with acc., in the law term, b. lögbeiðing, to make a lawful request, Grág. (freq.); ef hann vill eigi eið vinna þá er hann er beiddr (requested) þá verðr hann sekr um þat tólf mörkurn, þá er hann beiddr (requested) er hann er beðinn (asked), K. Þ. K. 146: adding út, b. e-s út, to request the payment of a right, etc., Gþl. 375; b. til e-s, to request, 656 B.
β. reflex., beiðast, to request on one’s own behalf; b. laga, Ld. 76; fars, Grág. i. 90; griða, Fms. viii. 423, x. 172, Nj. 10, 76, Eg. 239, Fms. i. 11: in active sense, Land. 293; beiðast út réttar sins, to claim as one’s right, Gþl. 187: with infin., Grág. i. 489: with ‘at’ and a subj. …
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f. request, demand.
and beiðning (Mar. Fr.), f. request, demand, El. II: waiting, Fms. viii. 151 (dub. reading).
f. request, demand.
f. a request, demand, Fms. i. 208; pl., 655 iii. 4; holds b., carnal lust, Hom. 17, 25 (Lat. petulantia).
f. request, demand.
u, f. a request, demand, Sturl. iii. 231, Sks. 772. beiðslu-maðr, m. a person asking, Sks. 776, Anecd. 88.
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or beygr, m. fear; hafa b. af e-m (freq.):—beiguðr, m. an athlete, one who inspires fear (?), Edda.
m. pl. poet., men, heroes.
m. pl. [etym. uncertain], poët. men, heroes, the followers of king Beimi, according to Edda 109; it is more likely that it is a relation to Engl. beam, beaming, and means illustrious, Lex. Poët.
n.
1) bone; láta með beini ganga, to deal blows to the very bone, give no quarter; hafa ~ í hendi, to be well off;
2) leg, = fótleggr;
3) pl. mortal remains; bera bein or beinin, to be buried (hér mun ek ~ bera á Íslandi).
n. a word common to the Teut. idioms and peculiar to them; [the Goth. word is not on record, as Luke xxiv. 39 and John xix. 36 are lost in Ulf.; A. S. bân; Engl. bone; Germ. bein; Swed.-Dan. ben (been). Sansk., Gr., Lat., and the Slav. languages agree in a totally different root; Sansk. asthi; Gr. οστέον; Lat. os; the Slav. branch all with an initial c, cp. the Lat. costa. Vide Grimm (s. v.), who suggests a relation to Gr. βαίνω; but the native Icel. words beinn, rectus, and beina, promovere, are more likely roots; the original sense might thus be crus, Gr. σκέλος, but Lat. os the secondary one]:—a bone.
I. spec. the leg from the knee to the foot; freq. in Swed. and Dan., but very rare and nearly obsolete in Icel., where leggr is the common word; hosa strengd at beini, Eg. 602, Fms. x. 331; kálfar á beinum fram, N. G. L. i. 339.
II. gener. = Lat. os, a bone, but originally the bones with marrow (Germ. knochen), as may be inferred from the passages, þá er mergund ef b. er í sundr til mergjar, þat er mergr er í, Grág. ii. 11, i. 442, Fms. vii. …
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(-da, -dr), v.
1) to stretch out, put into motion;
~ flug, to stretch the wings for flight;
~ skrið sinn, to creep, of a serpent;
~ raustina, to raise the voice, speak aloud;
2) to further, promote;
~ för (ferð) e-s, to help one forwards;
~ at or til með e-m, to lend one help, to assist one;
~ e-u til e-s, to contribute to a thing;
~ at e-u, to lend a hand to;
~ fyrir e-m, to support, entertain.
d.
I. to stretch out, to put into motion; b. flug, of birds, to stretch the wings for flight, Edda 13, Orkn. 28; b. skrið, of a serpent, Stj. 98; b. raust, to lift up the voice, speak loud, Gísl. 57.
II. metaph. to promote, forward; b. for (ferð) e-s, to help one forwards, Fms. vi. 63, Grág. i. 343, Bret. 38; b. til með e-m, to lend one help; ek vil b. til með þér bænum mínum, I will assist thee in my prayers, Bs. i. 472; b. e-u til e-s, to contribute to a thing; þessu vil ek b. til brennu þinnar, Fb. i. 355; b. at með e-m, to help, assist one; hlauptú hér út, ok mun ek b. at með þér, Nj. 201; b. at e-u, to lend a hand to, Bjarn. 64; b. fyrir e-m, to entertain, of alms or hospitable treatment (whence beini); b. fyrir fátækum, Post. 656
f. accommodation, comfort for guests.
f. accommodation, comfort for guests; þar var mörgu við slegit til b., 625. 96; sagði at honum þætti þat mest b. at eldr væri kveyktr fyrir honurn, Fas. i. 230; bar var jafnan nýtt mjöl haft til beinabótar, Sturl. i. 23.
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f. a skeleton;
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m. a promoter, H. E. ii. 93.
n. spoiling the comfort of guests.
n. spoiling of the comfort of the guests, Bs. i. 313, Sturl. i. 22.
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n. water in which relics have been washed, Bs. ii. 173. Fél. ix. records many medic. terms;
a. in need of hospitable treatment.
adj. ind. in need of hospitable treatment, Fas. iii. 373.
m.
1) help, benifit;
2) esp. hospitable entertainment, hospitality (vinna, veita e-m beina); ganga um beina, to wait upon the guests.
m. help, but exclusively used of hospitable entertainment, kind treatment, hospitality; vinna, veita, e-m beina, Eb. 268; þykir yðr eigi sá b. beztr, at yðr sé borð sett ok gefinu náttverðr ok síðan fari þér at sofa, Eg. 548; ofgörr er beininn, too much trouble taken, too much attendance, Lv. 38 (Ed. badly ‘beinan’); höfðu þar blíðan beina, Fms. ii. 248, iv. 336; mikit er nú um beina þinn, what hospitable treatment! Ísl. ii. 155, Bjarn. 53–55, Fas. i. 79: ganga um beina, to wait upon the guests, in old times (as at present in Icel.) an honourable task; in great banquets the lady or daughter of the house, assisted by servants, did this office; Þórhildr (the daughter) gékk um beina, ok báru þær Bergþóra (the mother) mat á borð, Nj. 50, cp. Lv. l. c., Fms. xi. 52; Hít (the hospitable giantess) gékk um b., Bárð. 174; Þiðrandi (the son of the house) gékk um beina, Fms. ii. 194;—but it is added, ‘because he was humble and meek,’ for it was not regarded as fit work for a man; cp. þá er konur gengu um b. um dagverð, Sturl. i. 132.
COMPDS: beinabót, beinamaðr, beinaspell, beinaþurfi.
I)
a.
1) straight; bein rás, straight course; beinstr vegr, the straightest (shortest) way;
2) hospitable (bóndi var ~ við þá); gera beint við e-n, to treat one kindly.
II)
a. -legged (ber~, bare-legged; digr~, thick-legged).
III)
m. a kind of tree, ebony?.
1. adj., compar. beinni, superl. beinstr or beinastr.
I. Gr. ορθος, Lat. rectits, opp. to wry or curved, in a straight line; b. rás, a straight course, Sks. 217; beinstr vegr, the straigbtest, shortest way, Fms. ix. 361, Bs. ii. 132 (very freq.): ueut. beint, beinast, used as adv. straight; sem beinst á þá, Eg. 386; svá beint, straight on, 742: just, þat kom mér beint (just) i hug, Fms. vi. 213, 369, 371; b. sextigi skipa, precisely sixty ships, xi. 114; mi beint, just now, iv. 327; var hann þá beint í undlati, just breathed his last, vi. 230.
2. metaph. hospitable; Dagstyggr tok við honum forkunnar vel, ok var við hana hinn beinasti, Sturl. ii. 125; varla náðu þeir at stíga af baki, svá var bóndi beinn við þá, Ísl. ii. 155; Björn var allbeinn við hann um kveldit, Fms. ii. 84; var kerling hin beinasta í öllu, Fas. iii. 394: also as epithet of the inn or house, þar er svá beint (such hospitality), at varla þykkja þeir hafa komit í beinna stað, … in a more hospitable botise, i. 77; sváfu af þá nótt, ok vóru þeir í allbeinum stað, Eb. 268.
II. …
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u, f. necrosis, caries ossium;
(see brjóta), v. to break one’s bones.
braut, to break one’s bones, Bárð. 167.
n. fracture of a bone.
n. fractura ossium, the fracture of bone, Lv. 68, Grág. ii. 17;
a., beinfast sár, a wound to the bone.
adj., b. sár, a wound to the bone, Sturl. ii. 222, 655 xi.
m. a kind of fish.
m., v. beitfiskr.
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n. a law term, compensation for a lesion of bone, N. G. L. i. 172.
pp. grown fast to the bone.
part. healed (of a bone fracture), Fas. ii. 295.
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m. squalus maximus.
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u, f. periosteum.
n. a blow injuring the bone (svöðusár ok eigi ~).
n. a blow injuring the bone, opp. to svöðu sár, Sturl. i. 13.
f. joint-bone.
u, f. a joint bone, Bs. ii. 82.
m. cross of bone.
n. a cross of bone, Magn. 512.
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f. rachitis:
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u, f. osteocopus;
a. boneless, without bones.
adj. without bone, Fas. i. 251.
adv. straight, directly.
adv. directly, Fas. iii. 444.
m. hospitable treatment, hospitality, = beini 2.
a, m. hospitable treatment, Lv. 5, Eg. 577, Fas. i. 77.
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adv. in a straight line, directly, (mod.)
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m., medic. ‘bone-jack,’ an abnormal growth, by which the under part of the thorax (the lower ribs) is attached to the spine; as a cognom., Fas. iii. 326; cp. Bjorn s. v.
f. straight shooting, marksmanship.
n. a straight-shooting, good shot, Fms. vii. 120, v. 337, viii. 140, v. I.
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adj. straight-shooting, a good shot, Fms. ii. 320.
a. big-boned (maðr mikill ok ~).
adj. big-boned, Sturl. i. 8.
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m. a sprinkle (stökkull) of bone, Am. 105.
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m. sarcostosis;
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part. straight-grown, tall and slim.
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m. a wedge of bone, A. A. 270.
m. pl. pain in the legs.
m. pl. lassitudo febrilis dolorosa universalis, Gísl. 48, cp. Fél. ix. As a poët. circumlocution, the stone is foldar bein, bone of the earth; sævarbein, bone of the sea, Hlt., Edda (Ht.) 19, 23; cp. the Gr. myth of Deucalion.
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v. bein.
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n. and beinviðr, m. ebony, Sks. 90, Bser. 16; Lat. ilex.
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m. salix arbuscula, Hjalt.
m. bone-growth, size of bones (lítill beinvöxtum).
m. bone-growth, bonyness; lítill (mikill) beinvöxtum, of small (big) frame, Bs. i. 328.
I)
f. bitterness, sourness.
II)
(að), v. to embitter.
and beiskja, u, f. bitterness, harshness, sourness, Sks. 532 B.
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a, m., Lat. acerbus, a nickname, Sturl.
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to grow bitter, Thom.
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a, and beiskleikr, s, m. bitterness, harshness, sourness; Marat, þat er b., Stj. 290, Rb. 336 of sulphur: metaph. acrimony, b. i brjósti, Post. 656 C; hjartans b.; bitr b., Stj. 51, 421, Sks. 730 B, Magn. 502, Bs. i. 743.
adv. bitterly (gráta ~).
adv., esp. in the phrase, grata b., to weep bitterly, Fms. x. 367, Th. 6, the Icel. transl. of Luke xxii. 62; grenja (to howl) b., Fms. x. 256: bitterly, grimly, bera sik b. her í móti, Stj. 143.
a. bitterish.
adj. bitter.
a.
1) bitter, acrid (~ drykkr);
2) exasperated, angry (hón varð beisk við);
3) painful, sore (~ bruni).
adj. [Dan. beedsk; Swed. besk; it is always spelt with s (not z) in the MSS., and cannot therefore well be traced to bíta, qs. beitskr; for the etymology see p. 728, col. 2 (letter Z); the word originally, we believe, was opp. to þjarfr, q. v.]:—bitter, sour, acrid; salt vatn ok b., Stj. 93; beiskar súrur, bitter herbs, 279. Exod. xii. 8; b. drykkr; amara, þat er b. at vóru máli, 421, 625. 70, Sks. 539: metaph. bitter, Th. 6: exasperated, grim, angry, smalamaðr sagði Hallgerði vígit; hon varð beisk við, Nj. 60, Al. 122.
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n. a bridle, freq. in old vellum MSS. spelt beils, Fs. 128, 62, Fms. x. 86, xi. 256 C; with z, beizl or mod. beizli, Sks. 84, 87 new Ed., N. G. L. ii. 115, Grett. 122, Fms. viii. 52, v. 1., Fas. ii. 508; beisl (wilh s), Karl. 4, Grág. i. 439 (Kb. and Sb.), Stj. 206, Nj. 33, Fms. x. 86, Flov. 26, etc. The word is not to be derived from bíta; this may with certainty be inferred from comparison with the other Teut. idioms, and even in the Roman tongues we find r after the first letter: A. S. bridle and bridels; O. H. G. brittill; Dutch bridel; Engl. bridle; these forms seem to point to the Lat. frenum; the Scandin. idioms seem to have elided the r; Swed. betsel; Dan. bidsel; Icel. beils and beisl or beizl; many words referring to horse taming and racing are not genuine Scandinavian, but of foreign extraction; so is söðull, saddle, derived from A. S. saðol, Lat. sedile.
COMPDS: beislál, beislhringr, beisltamr, beisltaumar.
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að, to bridle, Stj. 206.
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f. bridle-rein, Flov.
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m. bridle-ring, Fs. 62.
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adj. bridle-less, unbridled. Thom.
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adj. used to the bridle, Grág. i. 439.
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m. pl. bridle-reins, Fms. xi. 256, Sturl. iii. 314; cp. bitull.
I)
f. pasturage, pasture.
II)
f. a plate of metal mounted on the brim (of a thing).
III)
n. poet., ship.
IV)
from bíta.
1. n.
I. pasturage, Grág. ii. 224, 263, 286; á beit, grazing: [in England the rector of a parish is said to have ‘the bite’ of the churchyard.]
COMPDS: beitarland, beitarmaðr, beitartollr.
II. poët. a ship, Lex. Poët.
2. f. a plate of metal mounted on the brim, e. g. of a drinking horn, the carved metal plate on an old-fashioned saddle, Fms. iii. 190; skálir með gyltum beitum, B. K. 84, Bs. ii. 244; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. 6. 28 (Germani urorum cornua) a labris argento circumcludunt.
I)
f. bait, esp. for fish.
II)
(-tta, -ttr), v.
1) to ‘cause to bite’, graze, with the animals in dat. (~ nautum), the pasture in acc. (~ haga, land, engi);
absol. to pasture cattle (~ í skógi);
~ upp land, to exhaust by grazing;
~ upp (to consume) engjum ok heyjum;
2) to handle, use a weapon (~ sverði);
3) to hunt or chase (with dogs or hawks);
~ e-n hundum, to set dogs on one;
4) fig., ~ e-n brögðum, úlögum, illu, to deal cunningly, unlawfully, badly with one;
recipr., við höfum opt brögðum beizt, schemed against each other;
5) to harness (a horse, &c.) to a vehicle (~ hest fyrir vagn);
beittu enn blakka mar, saddle thy black steed;
fig., ~ e-n fyrir e-t, to put one at the head of;
refl., ~st fyrir e-t or e-u, to lead the cause;
6) to furnish (a vehicle) with horses (vagn at ~);
7) to steer or sail near the wind, to cruise (~ þeir í brot, frá landinu);
fengu þeir beitt fyrir Skotland, they weathered S.
u, f. bait, Bs. ii. 179, Hým. 17, Edda 38; now esp. for fish, and used in many compds, e. g. beitu-fjara, u, f. the shore where shell-fish for bait are gathered; beitu-lauss, adj.; beitu-leysi, n., etc.
I)
f. bait, esp. for fish.
II)
(-tta, -ttr), v.
1) to ‘cause to bite’, graze, with the animals in dat. (~ nautum), the pasture in acc. (~ haga, land, engi);
absol. to pasture cattle (~ í skógi);
~ upp land, to exhaust by grazing;
~ upp (to consume) engjum ok heyjum;
2) to handle, use a weapon (~ sverði);
3) to hunt or chase (with dogs or hawks);
~ e-n hundum, to set dogs on one;
4) fig., ~ e-n brögðum, úlögum, illu, to deal cunningly, unlawfully, badly with one;
recipr., við höfum opt brögðum beizt, schemed against each other;
5) to harness (a horse, &c.) to a vehicle (~ hest fyrir vagn);
beittu enn blakka mar, saddle thy black steed;
fig., ~ e-n fyrir e-t, to put one at the head of;
refl., ~st fyrir e-t or e-u, to lead the cause;
6) to furnish (a vehicle) with horses (vagn at ~);
7) to steer or sail near the wind, to cruise (~ þeir í brot, frá landinu);
fengu þeir beitt fyrir Skotland, they weathered S.
tt, [v. bita, beit, mordere], prop. mordere facere.
I. to graze, feed sheep and cattle; the animals in dat., b. svínum, Grág. ii. 231; nautum, Eg. 721: the pasture in acc., b. haga, Grág. ii. 224, 225; engi, 228; afrétt, 302, 329; land, 329, Eg. 721: absol., Grág. ii. 249: with ‘í’ and dat., b. í skógi, 299: ‘í’ with acc., b. svínum í land annars manns, 231: b. upp land (acc.), to spoil the pasture by grazing, lay it bare; beittust þá upp allar engjar, Eg. 712: with dat., b. upp (to consume) engjum ok heyjum, Fms. vi. 104.
II. to handle, manage a (cutting) instrument; with dat., b. skutli, a harpoon, Fbr. 144; sverði, a sword, Fms. viii. 96, xi. 270; vápnum, 289.
III. a nautical term, to cruise, prop. to let the ship ‘bite’ the wind; undu þeir segl sin ok beittu út at Njcirvasundum allfagran byr, Orkn. 356; beita þeir í brott frá landinu, Ld. 76; fengu þeir beitt fyrir Skotland, they sailed round, weathered S., Eg. 405; beittu þá sem þverast austr fyrir landit, 161; b. undir veðrit, to tack, Vb. i. 511; b. í haf út, Orkn. 402: metaph., varð jafnan þeirra hlutr betri, er til hans hnigu, en hinna, er frá beittu, who steered away from him, Fms. …
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n. a pasture land.
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m. owner of a pasture, Grág. ii. 286, Jb. 245.
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m. a toll or fee for pasturage.
I)
n. pasturage.
II)
n. heather (~ tekr við bitsóttum).
1. n. pasturage, Fbr. 65 (1852).
2. n., botan. erica vulgaris, heather, ling, commonly beiti-lyng, Hm. 140.
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m. (v. góibeitill), botan. equisetum arvense, mare’s tail, Hjalt.
f.
1) grazing;
2) sailing by the wind (cf. þrá-~).
f. grazing, Grág. ii. 224, Gullþ. 19, Landn. 289, Ld. 148. beitinga-mál, n. a lawsuit about right of grazing or pasturage, Landn. 287, (Ed. betting, badly.)
m. sail-yard.
m., naut. term, a sail-yard, Fms. ii. 230, iii. 26, Hkr. i. 159.
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m. a tract of pasturage, Grág. ii. 227, 246.
a. sharp, keen (of cutting instruments).
adj. sharp, cutting (= bitr), of cutting instruments, Eg. 746 (freq.)
m. fish to be caught with bait? (al. beinfiskr).
m. fish to be caught with bait, in the phrase, bíta mætti b. ef at borði væri dreginn, Fbr. í So, Gísl. 135 reads beinfiskr, no doubt wrongly: the proverb denotes a fine game, one played with slight trouble.
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part. mounted with a metal rim, B. K. 84, D. N. i. 537 (of a book).
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m., cognom., Fms. viii, 327.
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f. the pride of a bench, a bride, cognom., Landn.
f. ‘bench-gift’ (a gift which the bridegroom offered to the bride at the wedding festival).
f. ‘bench-gift,’ an old custom to offer a gift to the bride whilst she sate on the bride’s bench at the wedding festival, Ld. 188, cp. Fms. ii. 133, and in many passages in Fritzner from D. N. it seems to be synonymous with línfé (lín, a veil), as the bride’s face on the wedding day was veiled; ganga und líni is a poët. phrase used of the bride on the bridal bench, yet Fms. x. 313, línfé eða b.
f. water-mill.
f. a water-mill, B. K. 45 (Norse).
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f. the bed of a beck, Stj. MS. col. 138.
(t), v. refl. to strive to get a thing (~ til e-s); ~ til við e-n, to pick a quarrel with one.
ð and t, dep. to envy one, in the phrase, b. til við e-n, to seek a quarrel with, Grett. 127; the metaphor from guests (beggars) elbowing one another off the benches, cp. Hm. 31.
m. bench-fellow.
m. a bench-fellow, Fms. ii. 48.
I)
(gen. -s or -jar, pl. -ir), m. bench; œðri ~, the upper bench (along the north side of the hall, looking towards the sun); úœðri ~, the lower (inferior) bench (along the southern side); breiða, strá bekki, to cover, strew the benches (in preparation for a feast or wedding).
II)
(gen. -s or -jar, pl. -ir), m. beck, brook (poet.).
1. jar, m. pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, dat. jum, [A. S. benc; Engl. bench, bank; Germ. bank; Dan. bænk; Icel. per assimil. kk; the Span. banco is of Teut. origin]
1. a bench, esp. of the long benches in an old hall used instead of chairs; the north side of a hall (that looking towards the sun) was called æðri bekkr, the upper bench (Gl. 337, Ld. 294); the southern side úæðri bekkr, the lower (inferior) bench, Nj. 32, Eg. 547, Fms. iv. 439, xi. 70, Glúm. 336, Ld. l. c.; thus sitja á enn æðra or úæðra bekk is a standing phrase: the placing of the benches differed in Icel. and Norway, and in each country at various times; as regards the Icel. custom vide Nj. ch. 34, Sturl. i. 20, 21, the banquet at Reykhólar, A. D. 1120, ii. 182, the nuptials at Flugumýri, Lv. ch. 13, Ld. ch. 68, Gunnl. S. ch. 11, Ísl. ii. 250, cp. Nj. 220: á báða bekki, on both sides of the ball, Ísl. ii. 348, cp. Gísl. 41 (in a verse), etc.: as to foreign (Norse) customs, vide esp. Fagrsk. ch. 216, cp. Fms. vi. 390, xi. (Jómsv. S.) 70, Glúm. ch. 6, Orkn. ch. 70, Sturl. ii. 126; see more minutely under the words skáli, öndvegi, pallr, etc. …
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n. covering of a bench.
n. the covering of a bench, Fms. vii. 307, Js. 78.
m. adorner (ornament) of the bench (poet.).
m. (cp. bekkjarbót), the pride of the bench, epithet to Bragi, Ls. 15.
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f., poët. the people seated in a hall, Gísl. (in a verse).
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n. the wainscoted walls of a hall, Em. 1.
m. ram; brjóta bekrann, to break one’s neck (rare).
a, m. a ram, Lex. Poët.; in prose in the form, brjóta bekkrann, to break the ram’s neck, Grett. 149: now also bekra, að, to bleat, Dan. bræge (rare).
(-ða, -ðr), v. to inflate, puff out (~ hvápta, augun).
ð, [Hel. belgan, irâ inflari], to inflate, puff out, Fms. iii. 201, Anal. 200; b. augun, to goggle, Bárð. 171: to drink as a cow.
(gen. -s or -jar, pl. -ir), m.
1) the skin (of a quadruped) taken off whole (cf. kálfs~, katt~, hafr~, otr~);
2) skin-bag, skin-case (draga belg á or yfir hofuð e-m);
3) bellows (smiðju-~).
jar, m. pl. ir, [Lat. follis; Ulf. balgs = ασκός; A. S. bälg; Dutch balg; Engl. belly]:—the skin, taken off whole (of a quadruped; hamr is the skin of a bird, hams that of a snake), nauts-belgr, katt-belgr,otrs-belgr, melrakka-belgr, hafr-belgr, Grág. i. 500, 501, Fas. ii. 516 (of a bear), Edda 73 (otter): they were used as bags, in which to carry flour (mjölbelgr), butter (smjörbelgr), liquids (vínbelgr), curds (skyrbelgr), herbs (jafnabelgr), or the like, (bulgos Galli sacculos scorteos appellant, Festus); í laupum eða belgjum, Gþl. 492, cp. Grett. 107, and the funny taunt in Fms. xi. 157—verið get ek hafa nökkura þá er þaðan munu hafa borið raufóttara belginn (i. e. more of scars and wounds) en svá sem þú hefir borit, því at mér þykir sjá bezt til fallinn at geyma í hveitimjöl, the rebuke of a lady to her sweetheart on his having fled out of battle with whole skin fit to keep flour in it, cp. also Nj.141.
2. bellows (smiðju-belgr), Edda 70, Þiðr. 91.
3. the curved part of a letter of the alphabet, Skálda 177.
II. metaph., letibelgr, a lazy fellow, Fél. 12. 53: …
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u, f. a ‘wallet-bearer,’ a beggar, wretch, in swearing; vándar belgberur, wretches! Nj. 142, v. 1., or a monster, v. the following word.
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part. a monster child, without any trace of face, N. G. L. i. 339.
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1. a, m. belly, a cognom., Fas. i. 347: botan. legumen.
2. n. dat. bellowing; með beli ok öskri, Fas. iii. 413.
(að), v. to bellow (~ sem naut).
að, to bellow, Vápn. 21, Hkr. i. 319, Eb. 320.
f. bellowing, lowing.
f. bellowing, lowing, Grett. 112, Bær. 19.
I)
(bell, ball, —), v. to hit, hurt, with dat. (ball þér nú?); ekki má ófeigum ~, one not fated to die is proof against all shots.
II)
(-da, -t), v. to dare, venture, with dat.; (hverr mun hafa þessu bellt?); to deal in, display (~ svikum, lygi, gleði).
d, [A. S. bealdjan; Hel. beldjan], to deal with one in a certain way, esp. of unfair dealing; with dat., hvar viti menn slíku bellt við konungmann, who did ever see a king thus dealt with, Eg. 415; hvat skal ek göra við biskup, er slíku hefir bellt, … who has dared to deal thus, Orkn. 252; hver … mun hafa þessu bellt, at brjóta guð várn Bal, Stj. 391. Judges vi. 99; but more freq. in poetry, bella svikum, to deal in treason, Hallfreð; lygi, Þkv. 10; bragði, Am. 55; b. glaumi, gleði, to be in high spirits, Gkv. 2. 29; cp. mod. bralla, að, brellur, f. pl. tricks.
I)
(bell, ball, —), v. to hit, hurt, with dat. (ball þér nú?); ekki má ófeigum ~, one not fated to die is proof against all shots.
II)
(-da, -t), v. to dare, venture, with dat.; (hverr mun hafa þessu bellt?); to deal in, display (~ svikum, lygi, gleði).
ball, a defect. strong verb [cp. Lat. pello, Gr. πάλλω,], to hit, hurt, tell upon; with dat., ekki má ófeigum bella, i. e. one not fated to die is proof against all shots, Ísl. ii. 305; tólf berserkjum, þeim er þeir ætluðu, at ekki mundi b., Fas. iii. 140, 149; ok ætluðu sér ekki b. mundu, Ver. 10; ball þér nú, Bófi (did it strike thee?) … Ball víst, sagði hann, ok ball hvergi meir en þú hugðir, Eb. 240; þykir nú sem þeim muni ekki b., Sturl. iii. 237.
a. tricky, trickish.
(mod. brellinn), adj. trickish, Grett. 22 new Ed.
n. knavish trick.
n. knavish dealing, a trick, Grett. 91, Þorst. hv. 46.
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f. trickishness, Finnb. 294.
m. a close struggle.
m. a game, two boxers tied together with one girdle, also in use in Sweden: hence a close struggle, Fms. viii. 181.
n. belt (cf. gjörð, lindi).
n. [Lat. balteus; Engl. belt]
1. a belt, esp. a belt of metal (silver) or embroidered, esp. belonging to a woman, Ld. 284, Sturl. iii. 189, Nj. 2, 24: belonging to a man, with a knife fastened to it, Fs. 101, Fms. iv. 27; kníf ok belti ok vóru þat góðir gripir, Gísl. 54, Fms. ix. 25, Fb. ii. 8, Nj. 91; as a naut. term, Edda (Gl.)
COMPDS: beltadráttr, beltispúss, beltisstaðr.
2. Belti, Mare Balticum, is derived from the Lithuanian baltas = albus.
3. astron. a zone, himinbelti, hitabelli, kuldabelti.
m. a pouch attached to the belt.
m. a belt-pocket, Gullþ. 47, Sturl. l. c., Art. 70.
m. waist.
m. the belt-waist, Gísl. 71, Fms. iv. 56. In poetry the sea is called the belt of islands or of the earth.
I)
(-jar, -jar), f.
1) mortal wound (ben, ef at bana verðr);
2) small bleeding wound; also of the wound produced by letting blood.
II)
n. wound = ben, f.
jar, f. pl. jar (neut., N. G. L. i. 387; stór ben, acc. pl. n., Gísl. (in a verse), v. bani above.
I. a wound; as a law term, esp. a mortal wound (cp. bani); thus defined, skal ILLEGIBLE lýsa, en ben ef at bana verðr, Grág. ii. 18, 29, 70; benjar á hinum dauða manni, 28; svá skal nefna vátta at sárum sem at benjum, 30; and in the compds, benja-lýsing, f. a sort of coroner’s inquest upon a slain man, Grág. ii. 29; benja-váttr, m. a sort of coroner’s jury, defined in Grág. ii. 28—þeir eigu at bera, hve margar benjar eru, they have to give a verdict how many mortal wounds there are; en búakviðr (the jury) hverir sannir eru at; benja-vætti, n. the verdict of a benjaváttr, Grág. id.
II. yet commonly ‘ben’ means a small bleeding wound; þeirri blóðgri ben, er Otkell veitti mér áverka, Nj. 87, Sd. 139, Fs. 144, in the last passage, however, of a mortal wound. It is now medic. the wound produced by letting blood. In old poetry it is used in a great many compds.
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f. = ben, N. G. L. i. 159, 166.
I)
(-nda, -ndr), v. to beckon, make a size with the head or hand (~ e-m til sín, at fylgja sér);
with acc., ~ e-t fyrir, to forebode, betoken.
II)
(-nda, -ndr), v. to bend (~ sverð um kné sér);
~ boga, to bend a bow;
~ höfuðit, to bow the head;
refl., ~st á um e-t, to dispute, contest about.
III)
f. band, tie (cf. höfuð~).
1. u, f. a bundle, Gþl. 492: now metaph. entanglement.
2. a bond, tie, v. höfuðbenda: naut. term, a stay.
2. d, laler t, [Goth. bandvian], to beckon, give a sign with the hands or eyes: with dat., hann bendi þeim at fylgja sér, Hom. 113, K. Þ. K. 37, Orkn. 426: metaph. to forebode, betoken, Hom. 137, Skálda 170, Stj. 101: with acc. of the thing, Akv. 8.
3. d, mod. t, [band], Lat. curvare, to bend; b. sverð um kné sér, Fms. x. 213; benda boga, to bend a bow, Grág. ii. 21, Fas. ii. 88, 330; b. upp, Nj. 107; benda hlífar, Rm. 39; prob. = Lat. flectere, nectere, to join, as in mod. usage, b. tunnu, to hoop a tub: recipr., bendast á um e-t, to strive, contest about, Fms. viii. 391, v. l.: metaph. to give away, Al. 44.
n. cord.
n. a cord, Fms. iii. 209.
m. small cord, string.
m., dimin. a small cord, string, Edda 231.
2. a sort of seed, Edda (Gl.)
f.
1) sign, token; gera e-m ~, to make a sign to one;
2) foreboding, betokenig (víst eru þetta ~ar stórra bardaga).
f., Lat. nutus, a sign, token, Rb. 348, Fms. i. 10; boð ok b., Stj. 36: foreboding, betokening, Fms. vii. 195, Ld. 260.
(að), v. to wound mortally (bróður minn hefr þú ~ðan).
að, to wound mortally, Fm. 25.
n. pl. bent state of a bow;
taka boga af ~um, to unbend it.
n. a bow in a bent state; taka boga af benzlum, to unbend a bow, Str. 44.
a. free from wounds.
adj. free from wounds, N. G. L. i. 357.
m. poet. ‘wound-flame’, sword.
a, m. ‘wound-flame,’ a sword, Hkv.
n. ‘wound-drops’.
n. an απ. λεγ., Nj. 107 (cp. the verse, p. 118), bloody rain, a prodigy, foreboding, slaughter, plague, or like events, cp. Eb. ch. 51, Dl. verse 1.
(gen. pl. berja), n. berry.
n., gen. pl. berja, dat. jum, [Goth. basi; A. S. beria; Germ.beere; cp. also the A. S. basu]:—a berry, almost always in pl., Grág. ii. 347; lesa ber, to gather berries, Jb. 310, Bs. i. 135:—distinguished, vinber, the vine-berry, grape; esp. of Icel. sorts, bláber, the bleaberry, bilberry, whortleberry; aðalbláber, Vaccinium myrtillus; krækiber, empetrum; einirber, juniperus; hrútaber, rubus saxatilis; jarðarber, strawberry; sortuber or mulningr, arbutus, Hjalt.
COMPDS: berjahrat, berjamór, berjavín.
I)
(ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.
I.
1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);
~ (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;
~ (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;
~ e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;
2) to wear (~ klæði, vápn, kórónu);
~ œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;
3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré ~ aldin, epli);
4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;
kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;
absol., ván at hón mundi ~, that the cow would calve;
the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;
verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;
þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;
borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;
Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;
borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;
5) ~ e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;
~ e-n ráðum, to overrule one;
~ e-n málum, to bear one down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit;
~ e-n sök, to charge one with a fault;
~ e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer; …
að, [berr, nudus], to make bare, Lat. nudare; hon beraði líkam sinn, Bret. 22: impers., berar hálsinn (acc.), the neck became bare, Bs. i. 624.
I)
(ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.
I.
1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);
~ (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;
~ (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;
~ e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;
2) to wear (~ klæði, vápn, kórónu);
~ œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;
3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré ~ aldin, epli);
4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;
kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;
absol., ván at hón mundi ~, that the cow would calve;
the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;
verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;
þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;
borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;
Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;
borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;
5) ~ e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;
~ e-n ráðum, to overrule one;
~ e-n málum, to bear one down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit;
~ e-n sök, to charge one with a fault;
~ e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer; …
1. u, f.
I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root ‘ber’ remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn.
II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg.
2. bar, báru, borit, pres. berr,—poët. forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. φέρειν; Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ. gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære].
A. Lat. ferre, portare:
I. prop. with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. …
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n. = berfé, N. G. L. i. 70, 225.
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m. pl. a minorite, bare-footed friar, Ann. 1265.
n.
1) rock, boulder;
2) cliff, precipice (framan í ~i).
n. [Ulf. bairga = η ορεινή; A. S. biorh; Germ. berg; Dan. bjærg; Swed. berg; cp. bjarg and borg, in Swed. and Dan. berg means a mountain gener., = Icel. fjall; in Icel. berg is a special name]:—a rock, elevated rocky ground, as in lögberg; vaðberg, a rock on the shore where the angler stands; móberg, a clay soil, saxum terrestri-arenaceum fuscum, Eggert Itin.; þursaberg is a sort of whetstone, cp. Edda 58; and heinberg, hone-stone, id.; silfrberg, silver-ore, Stj.; á bergi, on a rock or rocky platform.
β. a rock, boulder; varð b. eitt undir höfði honum, Flov. 31.
γ. a precipice = björg; framan í bergi, Fms. vii. 81, Eg. 581, Hkr. i. 151; meitilberg.
a. inviting to taste.
adj. inviting to taste, Sks. 528.
f. tasting, taste.
(bergning, Eluc. 20), f. tasting, taste, Stj. 292, Hom. 53, Magn. 486, Eluc. 54.
a. = bergiligr.
adj. = bergiligr, Sks. 528.
m. a bit to taste, small bit.
a, m. a bit to taste, Sturl. ii. 132.
(-ða, -ðr), v. to taste, with dat.; þárgunna vildi øngum mat ~, Th. would taste no food; ~ ölvi, to taste (drink) ale; ~ dauða, to taste death; also ~ á e-u (enn höfum við eigi á dauða bergt).
ð, [A. S. beorgan; Lat. gustare], to taste; with dat., Þórgunna vildi öngum mat b., Th. would taste no food, Eb. 262; b. ölvi, Ls. 9; þeir bergðu engu nema snjó, Fms. viii. 52, 303, Stj. 268, Andr. 70; b. Guðs holdi ok blóði, in the holy supper, 655 xviii; b. dauða, to taste death, Post. 656 C, Fb. i. 323; fá margir sjúkir menn heilsu, er b., that drink, Fms. i. 232, iii. 12, Hom. 82; b. á e-u, Stj. 39, Fas. i. 246; b. af, Sks. 106, Blas. 43; cp. bjarga, bjargast við e-t, e. g. Eb. 244, Eg. 204, Clem. 26, Fs. 174.
m. rock-dweller, giant.
a, m. a berg-dweller, i. e. a giant, Landn. 271, Barð. 164.
m. pl. = bergbúar.
m. pl. the Danes, (inhabitants) of rocks, giants, Hým. 17.
m. rocky precipice.
m. a rocky projection, Hom. 117.
f. the side of a berg, mountain slope.
f. the side or slope of a b., Fms. viii. 57, = Icel. fjallshlíð.
n. a quarrying tool.
n. a quarry, Þjal. 8; cp. berhögg.
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n. an echo, also called dvergmál. berg-mála, að, to echo.
f. fissure in a rock, = bjargrifa.
u, f. a fissure in a rock, Symb. 56.
m. hill-giant.
a, m. [ep. berga-troll in the Norse tales], a hill-giant, Hkr. i. 229; hrímþursar ok bergrisar, Edda 10, 15; hon (Gerðr) var b. ættar, 22; mikit fólk hrímþursa ok bergrisar, 38, Gs. 9, 23.
f. rift in a rocky hill, = bjargskora.
f. pl. ar, [cp. Scot. scaur], a chasm in a rocky hill, Hkv. 2. 20, Fms. vii. 202, Stj. 450. 1 Sam. xiii. 6.
f. a rocky projection.
f. [from snös = a projection, Gullþ. 50, ch. 4, not nös, nasus], a rocky projection. Eg. 389, Gullþ. 8, l. c., Fas. i. 156 spelt bergnös, Sæm. 131.
m. rock-toll, paid for catching fowl thereon.
m. a rock-toll, paid for catching fowl thereon, Sturl. iii. 225.
m. a watch or lookout for rocks and cliffs (halda bergvörð).
m. a watch, look-out for rocks and cliffs; halda b., Jb. 407.
m. vessel, barrel for fluids (mjöðrinn var borinn í berlum).
m. a barrel for fluids (for. word), Stj. 367.
(ber; barða, börðum; barðr, bariðr), v.
1) to beat, strike, smite (~ e-n);
hár svá fagrt sem barit gull, as beaten gold;
~ korn af hálmi, to thresh;
~ húð af e-m, to scourge severely;
~ e-n grjóti, to stone (= grýta);
~ e-n illyrðum, ávítum, to abuse, reproach one;
~ á e-m, to attack one with blows, give one a thrashing;
~ á hurð, dyrr, at hurðu, at dyrum, to knock, rap at a door;
~ sér á brjóst, to smite one’s breast (in repentance);
~ til e-s = ~ á e-m;
~ e-n til e-s, to drive one with blows to do a thing (verða barðr til bœkr);
2) with dat., ~ grjóti í andlit e-m, to throw stones in one’s face;
~ saman vápnum, skjöldum, to dash weapons, shields against each other;
~ (to neglect, slight) guðs boðum;
~ e-u niðr (opp. to ljósta e-u upp), to hush up;
3) intrans., hjarta hans barði (beat, throbbed) undir síðunni;
4) impers., skýjagrjóti barði í augu þeim, hailstones dashed in their eyes;
þeim barði saman, they dashed against each other;
5) refl., ~st.
barði, pres. berr; sup. bart, barzt, O. H. L. 24, Bret. 48, 64, Fms. viii. 214, 215, xi. 16, and later barit, barizt; part. fem. barið, Am. 84; barðr, fem. börð, Sturl. iii. 154; mod. barinn; either form may now be used: [Lat. ferio. The word is not found in Ulf., and seems to be unknown in Germ. and Engl.; it is lost in mod. Dan.]
I. act. to strike, beat, smite, with acc., Fms. vii. 227, Eg. 582: as a punishment, b. húð af e-m, to scourge one, N. G. L. i. 85: to thrash to death, 341; b. grjóti, to stone, of witches, Am. 84, Ld. 152, Eb. 98, Gísl. 34: to castigate, b. til batnaðar, Hkr. ii. 178; cp. the sayings, einginn verðr óbarinn biskup, and, vera barðr til bækr, Bs. i. 410; b. steinum í andlit e-m, to throw stones in one’s face, 623. 31; b. e-u saman vápnum, sverðum, skjöldum, knefum, to dash weapons … against each other, Fms. vii. 204; b. gull, to beat gold, x. 206; sem barit gull, like beaten gold, Ísl. ii. 206; b. korn, to thresh corn, Magn. 520: metaph. to chide, scold, b. e-n illyrðum, ávítum, Nj. 64, Hom. 35:—with ‘á’, ‘at’, to knock, rap, strike, b. á hurð, á dyrr (or at dyrum), to rap, knock at a door, Th. …
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n. the stone in a berry.
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m. baccetum; fara á b., to go a-black-berrying.
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n. berry-wine (cp. Engl. gooseberry-, elderberry-wine), Bs. i. 135.
(-ta, -t), v. to boast, brag.
t, to bark, bluster; with dat., b. yfir e-u, AI. 24; er oss hefir lengi í sumar berkt, Hkr. iii. 386; hefir þú stórt berkt við oss, Fms. xi. 87, [cp. barki, digrbarkliga.]
m. pole (~ digr þrettán alna langr).
m. [from Swed. bärling, a pole, bar], a pole; b. þrettán álna langr, Fms. iii. 227, απ. λεγ., l. c., [cp. berling, in Engl. carpentry, the cross rafter of a roof.]
f. childhood (hann var þá í bernsku).
u, f. [barn], childhood, childishness; proverb, bráðgeð er bernskan, Fms. vi. 220; vera í b., Nj. 30, Fms. vii. 199, Sks. 596.
COMPDS: bernskubragð, bernskumaðr.
a. childish.
adj. (-liga, adv.), childish, Fms. v. 245, Sks. 553, 153, Magn. 434.
a. childish, childlike.
adj. [Ulf. barnisks], childish, Fms. i. 22, vii. 237, ix. 249, Hom. 50.
n. childish trick.
n. a boyish trick, Grett. 92, Sturl. iii. 124.
m. childish person, youth.
m. a youth, childish person, Hkr. ii. 156.
a.
1) bare, naked (lík bert ok blóðugt); undir berum himni, in the open air; hvíla á berri jörðu, on the bare ground;
2) open, clear, manifest; segja e-t berum orðum, in plain words verða berr at e-u, to be convicted of a thing; gøra e-t bert, to make known; gøra sik beran í e-u, to reveal, show one’s mind in a thng; vóru berastir í því þrændir, the Th. were most undisguised in it.
adj. [A. S. bär; Engl. bare; Germ. bar; Slav. bos; Litt. bosus; the Goth word is not on record, but was prob. sounded basus; the radical form is b-s, not b-r, and it is consequently different from Lat. -perio (in aperio), or bera, ferre, v. Grimm s. v.];:—Lat. nudus, bare, naked; albrynjaðr svá at ekki var bert nema augun, Fms. vii. 45; beran vápnastað, Nj. 9; undir berum himni, under the bare sky, in open air, sub dio, Karl. 544; á beru svæði, in open field; ber sverð, naked swords, Fms. i. 266; ríða berum hestum = berbakt, Dl. ii.
2. metaph. naked, unprotected, Grág. ii. 8; berr er hverr á baki nema sér bróður eigi (a proverb), Nj. 265.
β. uncovered, open, clear, manifest; segja með berum orðum, in clear words, Stj. 447; verða berr at e-u, to be convicted of a thing, 656 A, 25; berar jartegnir, Fms. ii. 221; góran sik beran at e-u, to shew openly, mostly in a bad sense, xi. 55; vóru berastir í því Þrændir, the Th. were most undisguised in it, Hkr. ii. 57; göra bert, to make known, lay bare, Fms. i. …
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m., see bessi.
a, m. a bear, Grett. 101 A, Fas. ii. 517, Sd. 165, Finnb. 246: the phrase, at taka sér bersa-leyfi, to take bear’s leave, i. e. to ask nobody (cp. ‘to take French leave’): freq. as a nom. pr., and hence in Icel. local names.
adv. bare-backed, without saddle (ríða ~).
n. adj., ríða b., to ride bare-back, i. e. without saddle, Glúm. 362.
a. barelegged.
adj. bare-legged, Fms. vii. 63, Harbl. 5.
a. wearing a coat of mail with no garment over it.
part. without coat of mail, Sd. 146, Bs. i. 541.
a. having clear dreams as to the future.
now berdreyminn, adj. [draumr], having ‘bare’ (i. e. clear, true) dreams as to the future, v. Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 91, Ísl. ii. 91, Fb. iii. 447, Gísl. 41.
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n. a female animal, opp. to graðfé, Grág. i. 426, Jb. 431.
n. bear-skin (cf. bera).
n.
1. [ber = björn and fjall, fell = pellis], a bear-skin, Vkv. 10 (2).
2. [berr, nudus, and fjall, fell = mons], a bare fell or rocky hill, (now freq.)
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adj. bare-footed, bare-legged, Bs. i. 83, Hkr. ii. 259, Fms. vii. 63, x. 331.
COMPD: berfættubræðr.
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adj. hardy as a bear, Akv.
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adj. bare-handed.
a. indecl. bare-headed.
berhöfða or berhöfðaðr, adj. bare-headed, Stat. 299.
n. in the phrase, ganga í (or á) ~ við e-n, to enter into open fight with; Jóan gekk á ~ at banna allar þær úhœfur, interdicted these abuses boldly and openly.
n. [berr, nudus, or rather = berghögg, metaph. for a quarry], in the phrase, ganga á (í) b. við e-n, metaph. to make open fight, deal rudely with, Fms. xi. 248, Ld. 142; Jóann gekk á b. at banna, St. John interdicted openly, 625. 93, in all those passages ‘á:’ in mod. usage ‘í,’ so Greg. 80, Sturl. ii. 61, Þorst. Síðu-H. 7.
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n. a she-beast, Fms. xi. 94.
a. wearing the kirtle only, without cloak or mantle.
adj. without cloak, wearing the kyrtill only, Fms. ii. 29.
a. bare-legged.
and berleggr, adj. bare-legged, Fms. vii. 63, x. 415.
a. open, manifest, clear.
adj. and berliga, adv.
I. [berr, nudus], open, manifest, Hom. 134; adv. openly, Fms. iv. 234, ix. 447, Ísl. ii. 317; compar., Clem. 46.
II. [berr, bacca], fruitful, Stj. 15.
a. outspoken.
and bermáll, adj. bare-spoken, outspoken, Fms. x. 420.
f. outspokenness, frankness.
f. bare-speech, freedom of speech, Fms. vi. 178.
n. pl. outspokenness, frankness.
n. pl. = bermælgi, Fms. ix. 333, Hkr. iii. 77.
a. = bermálugr.
part. = bermálugr, Fms. xi. 53, Hkr. iii. 97.
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adj. = bermáll.
(-s, -ir), m. ‘bear-sark’, berserker, a wild warrior of the heathen age.
s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much contested; some—upon the authority of Snorri, hans menn fóru ‘brynjulausir,’ Hkr. i. 11—derive it from ‘berr’ (bare) and ‘serkr’ [cp. sark, Scot. for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because ‘serkr’ is a subst. not an adj.: others derive it from ‘berr’ (Germ. bär = ursus), which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjálfi, Bjarnhéðinn, Úlfhéðinn, (héðinn, pellis,)—‘pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur,’ Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 22: even the old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of 10th century), a dialogue between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies, Úlfhéðnar heita, they are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; þeir berserkir er Úlfhéðnar vóru kallaðir, þeir höfðu vargstakka (coats of wild beasts) fyrir brynjur, Fs. 17]:—a ‘bear-sark,’ ‘bear-coat,’ i. e. a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age; …
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adj. bare of shield, i. e. without a shield, Nj. 97.
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n. an open field.
a. guilty of open sin (~ maðr).
adj. (theol.), a sinner, publicans and ‘sinners,’ Greg. 33, Post. 656, H. E. i. 585.
f. outspokenness, freedom of speech.
f. [bersögull, adj.], a free, frank speech; hence bersöglis-vísur, f. pl., name of a poem by Sighvat, Fms. vi. 38 sq.
n. pl. = bermæli, bersögli.
n. pl. plain-speaking, Fms. vii. 161.
adv. compar.,
1) better;
~ þœtti mér, I would rather;
vánu ~, better than expected;
hafa ~, to get the better of it;
2) more;
leggit fram ~ hit mikla skipit, bring further forward;
þrjú hundruð ok þrír tigir ok sex ~, to boot;
ef hann orkar (or má) ~, if he can do more;
ekki máttu sumir inenn ~ en fá staðizt, they were just able to keep up against him;
svá hár, at engi annarra tók ~ en í öxl honum, reached higher than to his shoulder.
adv., compar. to vel; and BEZT, elder form bazt, superl., better, best:
1. compar., er betr er, luckily, happily, Fms. ix. 409, Ld. 22; b. þætti mér, I would rather, Nj. 17; vánu betr, Lat. spe melius, Fms. ii. 101; b. úgört, better not to do, Ld. 59; hafa b., to get the better of it, Fb. i. 174: adding gen., þess b., er …, so much the better …, Sks. 426: denoting quantity, more, leggit fram b. hit mikla skipit, advance it farther, better on, Fms. ii. 307; engi maðr tók b. en í öxl honum, v. 67; b. en tuttugu menn, ix. 339; þrjú hundruð ok þrír tigir ok sex b., to boot, Rb. 88; ekki máttu sumir menn b. en fá staðist, i. e. they could do no more, were just able to keep up against him, Fms. xi. 136; ef hann orkar b., if he can do more, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 128; nú má hann b., but if he is able to do more…, id. 2. superl., bazt búið, best equipped, Fas. ii. 523; with a gen., bezt allra manna, Eg. 34; manna bezt, Nj. 147; kvenna bezt hærð, Landn. 151; bazt at báðir væri, cp. Germ. am besten, am liebsten, soonest, Eg. 256.
(að), v. to better, improve (~ líf sitt);
refl. to become better;
impers., þeir sögðu, at konungi ~ðist mjök, that the king felt, much better.
að, to better, improve, Ld. 106; betrask, to become better, Fms. iii. 160: impers., ef eigi betraðist um, Rd. 277; þeir sögðu, at konungi betraðist mjök, that the king was much better, Fms. ix. 215.
f. bettering, improvement.
f. a bettering, improving, esp. in theol., Fms. vi. 217, Stj. 158: alliter., böt ok betran.
a. compar., better;
þeim þótti betra at, they thought it better to.
betra, compar., and BEZTR, baztr, batztr, the superl. to ‘góðr,’ which serves as the posit.:—in the compar. the primitive a becomes e; thus old poets of the beginning of the 11th century, as Sighvat, rhyme betri—setrs; the old form batri however occurs, 655 xx. 4: in the superl. the a was kept till the end of the 12th century. Sighvat rhymes, last—bazti; old vellum MSS. now and then still spell with a (bazt, baztr …), Glúm. 371, Heið. S. Ísl. ii. 324, Grág. ii. 165, 252, Fms. xi. 214, 220, Hm. 13, 26, 47, Hkv. Hjörv. 39, Lb. 12, Pd. 11, Ýt. 27, 625. 42, Fms. x. (Ágrip) 418; baþztra (baztra), gen. pl., 398, 401 (but betþt, 385); bazta (acc.), Eluc. 36: sing. fem. and neut. pl. bözt, with a changed vowel, bözt heill, n. pl., Skv. 2. 19; böztu (böþtu), pl., Fms. x. 401, 403, 415: it is spelt with z, tz (in Ágrip even þt), or zt, in mod. spelling often s, as in mod. Engl., and pronounced at present as an s, [Goth. batizo, superl. batisto; A. S. batra and betsta, besta; Engl. better and best; Germ. besser and beste]:—better, best; meira ok betra, Nj. …
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m. a man better than his father, = feðrbetrungr.
m. a man better than his father, Fms. vi. 286.
(-ða, -ðr), v. to bend, bow (~ hálsinn fyrir e-m); ~ e-m krók, to make it awkward for one.
ð, [baugr], to bend, bow, Fms. ii. 108, iii. 210, x. 174: metaph., b. e-m krók, to make it crooked for one, the metaphor taken from a game or from wrestling, Ld. 40.
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u, f. to dint, of plate, metal, etc., Sturl. ii. 221.
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n. beech-wood; beykir, m. a cooper, v. buðkr.
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u, f. a hump, Lat. gibbus, swelling, Björn, cp. Snót 98.
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and beysta, t, [old Dan. börste; Swed. bösta], to bruise, beat; b. korn, to thresh, Fms. xi. 272; the alliterated phrases, berja ok b., to flog, Hom. 119; b. ok bíta, Grág. ii. 118; b. bakföllum, to pull hard, beat the waves with the oars, Am. 35.
n. ham, gammon of bacon.
n. [Swed. böste], a ham, gammon of bacon, Þiðr. 222.
m. fescue-grass (?), cf. gói~.
1. m., v. góibeytill, equisetum hiemale, a cognom., Landn.
2. m. a bite, morsel, = bitlingr, Völsa þ.
(older baztr), a. superl. (see betri) best;
~ bóndi, an excellent farmer;
er mér hefir ~ verit, best (kindest) towards me;
with gen., meðan bezt er sumars, during the best part of the summer.
baztr, bezt, bazt, v. betri and betr.
f. the Bible; also ‘biflía’.
and old form BIBLA, u, f. the Bible, Ann. (Hb.) 10.
n. pl. waiting, delay; góðr í bíðum, patient.
n. pl. [A. S. bid], a biding, waiting, delay; skömm bið, Al. 118: patience, mikit megu biðin (a proverb), 119, 623. 60; vera góðr í biðum, to be patient and forbearing, Bs. i. 141; liggja á bið (biðum?), to bide the events, Fms. x. 407: in mod. usage fem. sing., lífið manns hart fram hleypr, hefir það enga bið, Hallgr.
(bíð; beið, biðum; beðit), v.
1) to abide, wait for, with gen., bíð þú mín hér, wait for me here;
þeir biðu byrjar, they waited for favourable wind;
~ sinnar stundar, to bide one’s time;
~ e-s ór stað (þaðan, héðan), to stand waiting in the same place (there, here);
var eigi langt at ~, at (it was not long before) sannaðist saga ábóta míns;
2) to suffer, undergo, sustain, with acc.;
~ bana (dauða, hel), skaða, to suffer death, loss;
~ ámæli, to be blamed;
~ ósigr, to be defeated;
~ enga ró, to feel no peace, be uneasy;
~ bót (bœtr) e-s, to recover, overcome;
3) e-t bíðr e-s, is in store for one, awaits one (fagnaðu, vin minn, því at þín bíðr eilífr fagnaðr);
4) impers., e-t (acc.) bíðr, there is, there is to be had, with a preceeding negative; hvárki bíðr þar báru né vinds blæ, there is felt neither wave nor breath of air;
varla beið brauð eðr fœðu, was scarcely to be had.
1. að, to bide a bit, Stj. 298, Bs. ii. 123: with gen. (= bíða), ok biðuðu þeirra, Fagrsk. 138, Nj. (Lat.) 110 note k, 135 note o.
2. u, f. a big chest; the phrase, þylja e-ð í belg eða biðu, Bs. ii. 425.
f. delay, biding.
f. = bið, H. E. ii. 80.
(pl. biðlar), m. wooer, suitor.
m., dat. biðli, pl. biðlar, a wooer, suitor, Fms. ii. 8.
(bið; bað, báðum; beðinn), v.
1) to ask, beg a thing of one (~ e-n e-s);
with infin., to beg one to do a thing;
inn bið þú hann ganga, ask him to step in;
with the infin. sign ‘at’, to beg leave;
biðr hann at fara norðr á Hálogaland, asked for furlough to go to H.;
with ‘at’ and a subj. (~ viljum vér, at þú sér í liðsbóninni með oss);
~ e-s, to beg for a thing (~ miskunnar, matar);
~ e-m e-s, to beg for a thing on behalf of one;
~ e-m lífs, griða, to beg for one’s life, to sue for quarter for another;
~ sér ölmusu, to ask for alms;
~ (sér) konu, to ask in marriage;
~ fyrir e-m, to intercede (pray) for one;
2) to pray to God (~ til guðs);
~ bœn sína (bœnar sinnar, bœn sinni), to say one’s prayer;
3) refl., ~st fyrir, to say one’s prayers;
~st undan, to excuse oneself (from doing a thing).
bað, báðu, beðit; pres. bið; imperat. bið and biddu; poët. forms with suff. neg. 1st pers. pres. biðkat ek, Gísl. (in a verse): [Ulf. bidian = αιτειν, ερωταν; A. S. biddian; Old Engl. bid, bede (in bedes-man), and ‘to bid one’s beads;’ Germ. bitten, beten; cp. Lat. petere]:—to beg; with gen. of the thing, dat. of the person; or in old writers with infin. without the particle ‘at;’ or ‘at’ with a subj.:
α. with infin., Jarl bað þá drepa hann, … bað hann gefa Hallfreði grið, Fms. iii. 25; hann bað alla bíða, Nj. 196; bað þá heila hittast, Eg. 22, Fms. vii. 351; Skapti bað Gizur (acc.) sitja, Nj. 226; Flosi bað alla menn koma, Nj. 196, Hdl. 2; inn bið þú hann ganga, Skm. 16, Ls. 16; b. e-n vera heilan, valere jubere, Gm. 3, Hkv. 1, 2: still so in the Ór. 65 (biðr ek Ólaf bjarga mér) of the end of the 14th century; mod. usage prefers to add the ‘at,’ yet Hallgrímr uses both, e. g. hann bað Pétr með hryggri lund, hjá sér vaka um eina stund, Pass. 4. 6; but, Guð bið eg nú að gefa mér náð, id.
β. with ‘at’ and a subj., b. viljum vér þik, at þú sér, Nj. 226, Jb. 17: without ‘at,’ Pass. 6. 13, 3. …
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a. patient.
adj. forbearing, Fb. ii. 261.
n. a matter that can wait.
n. a thing that can bide, as to which there is no hurry, Grett. 150.
m. = biðan, biðvangr.
and biðvangr, m. a biding, delay, Fms. ix. 259, v. l.
(að), v. to wait, stay, tarry (= biða).
að, to wait, Mork. 48, Ósv. S. 32, and in mod. usage.
f. forbearance, patience.
(and biðlyndi, Hom. 26. transl. of Lat. longanimitas), f. forbearance, patience, Hom. 97, Stj. 52, Pass. 8. 13, 15, 15. 13.
COMPDS: biðlundargóðr, biðlundarmál.
f. time passed in waiting delay, respite.
f. (biðstóll, Bs. i. 292 is prob. a false reading), biding a bit, Bs. i. 292, 704, Fms. viii. 151, Thom. 104.
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u, f. a sound, a voice, Edda (Gl.)
(ð and að), v. refl.
1) to shake, tremble (allr Ása salr undir bifðist);
2) to be moved; vagninn ~ hvergi, cannot be moved.
ð, mod. að, dep. [Gr. φεβ-, φόβος, cp. Lat. paveo, febris; A. S. beofan; Germ. beben], to shake, to tremble:
1. in old writers only dep., bifðisk, Þkv. 13, Hkv. 23, Þd. 17; bifaðist, Gísl. 60, Grett. 114: to fear, en þó bifast aldri hjartað, Al. 80.
2. in mod. usage also act. to move, of something very heavy, with dat., e. g. eg gat ekki bifað því, I could not move it.
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m., in the compd úbifr, m. dislike, in the phrase, e-m er ú. að e-u, one feels a dislike to.
COMPD: bifrstaup.
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u, f. [A. S. beber, befer], a beaver (?), a cognom., Fms.
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n. a cup, Eb. (in a verse).
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(byðuk-, Safn i. 95), u, f. leontodon taraxacum, Hjalt. 254.
f. poet., mythical name of the rainbow.
f., the poët. mythical name of the rainbow, Edda 8, (via tremula); but Gm. 44 and Fm. 15 read bilröst.
n. pitch (svartr sem ~; ~i svartari).
n. [Lat. pix; Gr. πίσσα; A. S. pic; Engl. pitch; Germ. pech; a for. word], pitch, Stj. 46; svartr sem b., Nj. 195, Orkn. 350, Rb. 352.
COMPD: biksvartr.
(að), v. to pitch.
að, to pitch, Stj. 58, Ver. 8.
m. large drinking cup, beaker (cf. ‘sáttar-~’).
m. [Hel. bicere; Engl. beaker; Scot. bicker; Germ. becher; Dan. bæger, cp. Gr. βίκος; Ital. bicchiere], a beaker, large drinking cup, Dipl. v. 18: botan. perianthium, Hjalt.
I)
f. bitch (= grey, tík).
II)
(-ta, -tr), v. to plunge into water;
hann bikkti sér út af borðinu, hann bikkti í sjóinn, he plunged overboard.
ð, t, [bikka, to roll, Ivar Aasen], to plunge into water; hann bikði í sjóinn, he plunged overboard, Fms. x. 329; bikti sér út af borðinu, ii. 183; cp. Lapp. puokljet = to plunge.
I)
f. bitch (= grey, tík).
II)
(-ta, -tr), v. to plunge into water;
hann bikkti sér út af borðinu, hann bikkti í sjóinn, he plunged overboard.
u, f. a bitch; þann graut gaf hann blauðum hundum ok mælti, þat er makligt at bikkjur eti Þór, Fms. ii. 163: as an abusive term, Fs. 54, Fas. i. 39; so in mod. Icel. a bad horse is called.
COMPDS: bikkjuhvelpr, bikkjusonr, bikkjustakkr.
m. bitch’s whelp.
m. a bitch’s whelp, Fms. ix. 513.
m. son of a bitch.
m. son of a b., Fas. iii. 607.
m. skin of a bitch.
m. the skin of a b., Fas. iii. 417: all of these used as terms of abuse.
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adj. black as pitch.
n.
1) an open space left (~ er þarna);
2) moment;
þat bil, that very moment;
í því bili, at the same moment, just then.
n., temp. a moment, twinkling of an eye; í því bili, Nj. 115; þat bil, that very moment, Stj. 149, 157, Fms. i. 45.
β. loc., Lat. intervallum, an open space left; b. er þarna, Fas. ii. 67; orðin standa eiga þétt (namely in writing), en þó bil á milli, an Icel. rhyme.
γ. the poetical compds such as biltrauðr, bilstyggr, bilgrönduðr …, (all of them epithets of a hero, fearless, dauntless,) point to an obsolete sense of the word, failure, fear, giving way, or the like; cp. bilbugr, bilgjarn, and the verb bila; cp. also tímabil, a period; millibil, distance; dagmálabil, hádegisbil, nónbil, etc., nine o’clock, full day-time, noon-time, etc.
II. fem. pr. name of a goddess, Lex. Poët.
(að), v.
1) to give way, break, crack;
þá er skipit hljóp af stokkunum, þá bilaði í skarar nökkurar, some of the seams gave way;
2) with dat., flestum bilar áræðit, most people lose heart;
with infin., Þórr vill fyrir engan mun ~ at koma til einvígis, Th. will by no means fail to meet;
3) impers., hug ok áræði mun mik aldregi ~, I shall never be wanting in courage and pluck.
að, pres. bil (instead of bilar), Fas. ii. 76 (in a verse), to fail; Þórr vill fyrir engan mun bila at koma til einvígis, Th. will not fail to meet, Edda 57; Þorsteinn kvað pat eigi mundu at bila, Th. said that it should not fail, he should not fail in doing so, Lv. 33: with dat., flestum bilar áræðit, a proverb, Fms. ii. 31 (Ld. 170), Rd. 260.
2. impers., e-n bilar (acc.), Finnb. 338 (in mod. usage impers. throughout), to break, crack, þá er skipit hljóp af stokkunum, þá bilaði í skarir nokkurar, Fms. viii. 196; reiði b., Grág. ii. 295; b. at e-u, id., Gþl. 369; bil sterka arma, my strong arms fail, Fas. ii. l. c.
a. n., only in the phrase, e-m verðr ~, one is startled, alarmed;
Þór (dat.) varð ~ einu sinni (for once Thor’s heart failed him) at slá hann með hamrinum.
prob. an old n. part. from bila; only used in the phrase, e-m verðr bilt, to be amazed, astonished; en þá er sagt, at Þór (dat.) varð bilt einu sinni at slá hann, the first time that Thor’s heart failed him, Edda 29; varð þeim bilt, Korm. 40, Nj. 169.
m. failing of heart, giving way;
láta engan bilbug á sér sjá, to show no sign of fear, stand firm.
(bilsbugr, Fas. iii. 150), m. failing of heart; in the phrase, láta engan bilbug á sér sjá (finna), to stand firm, shew no sign of fear, Fms. viii. 412, Grett. 124, Fas. iii. 150, Karl. 233; fá b. á e-m, to throw one back, Karl. 80.
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adj. a nickname of Odin, of unsteady eyes, Edda (Gl.)
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adj., occurs only in the compd úbilgjarn, overbearing.
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f. via tremula, the rainbow, v. bifröst.
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m. the heavenly abode of Thor, from the flashing of light, Edda.
a. n., in the phrase, e-m er ~, one feels uneasy (kerling fær ekki sofnat um nóttina, svá var henni ~).
(now proncd. bumbult), n. adj., only in the phrase, e-m verðr b., to feel uneasy, Gísl. 33, of a witch (freq., but regarded as a slang word), mér er hálf bumbult …
(bind; batt, bundum; bundinn), v.
1) to bind, tie, fasten, tie up;
~ hest, hund, to tie up a horse, dog;
~ skó, þvengi, to tie shoes, thongs;
~ stein við háls e-m, to fasten a stone to one’s neck;
~ fyrir augu e-m, to blindfold one;
2) to bind in parcels, to pack up (~ varning til skips);
~ hey á hest, to truss hay on a horse’s back;
~ korn, to tie up sheaves of corn;
~ klyf, to tie up a pack;
3) ~ e-t um e-t, to bind round;
hann batt silkiræmu um fót sér, he bound a strip of silk round his leg;
~ um e-t, to put a bandage on;
batt Yngvildr um fót honum, bound up his (wounded) leg;
~ um sár, to bind up a wound;
fig., hefir margr hlotit um sárt at ~ fyrir mér, many a man has had wounds to tie up by my means (i. e. inflicted by me);
þykkir mér bezt um heilt at ~, to bind a sound limb, to keep safe and sound;
~ sár = ~ um sár;
~ hönd e-s, to bind his hand;
4) to make, form, contract, enter into (~ samfélag, vináttu, tengdir, hjúskap);
~ sætt ok frið, to make a reconciliation and peace;
~ ráð, to resolve;
absol. with infin., to fix, engage (bundu þeir Þórir at hittast á ákveðnum stáð); …
batt, 2nd pers. bazt, pl. bundu, bundit; pres. bind; 3rd pers. reflex. bizt; imperat. bind, bind þú; 2nd pers. bittú, bitt þú, Fm. 40; battú, Bret. 32; bitzt, Post. 154: [Goth., A. S., Hel. bindan; Engl. bind; Germ. binden; Swed. binda, 2nd pers. bandt; in Icel. by assimilation batt; bant, however, Hb. 20, 32 (1865)]:—to bind:
I. prop. to bind in fetters, (cp. bönd, vincula; bandingi, prisoner), Hom. 119, Fms. xi. 146, Gþl. 179:
1. to tie, fasten, tie up, b. hest, Nj. 83; naut, Ld. 98, Bs. i. 171; b. hund, Grág. ii. 119; b. við e-t, to fasten to; b. stein við háls e-m, 655 xxviii; b. blæju við stöng, Fms. ix. 358; b. skó, þvengi, to tie the shoes, Nj. 143, Þorst. St. 53, Orkn. 430: to bind in parcels, to pack up, b. varning, Fms. iii. 91, ix. 241 (a pun); b. hey, to truss hay for carting, Nj. 74; klyf, Grett. 123; b. at, til, to bind round a sack, parcel, Fms. i. 10; to bind a book, (band, bindi, volume, are mod. phrases), Dipl. i. 5, 9, ii. 13.
β. medic. to bind wounds, to bind up, b. sár, Eg. 33, Bs. i. 639, Fms. …
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f. = bindendi.
and bindendi, f. (now neut., Thom. 68), abstinence, Stj. 147, 625. 186, Fms. i. 226, Hom. 17.
COMPDS: bindendistími, bindandislíf, bindandismaðr.
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n. a life of b., Stj. 147, 655 xiii.
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m. an ascetic, Bs. ii. 146; mod. a teetotaler.
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a, m. a time of abstinence.
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n. a sheaf, = bundin, N. G. L. i. 330; mod. a volume, (cp. Germ. band.)
m. bed, bolster (statt upp úr binginum).
m. a bed, bolster, Korm. (in a verse), prop. a heap of corn or the like, (Scot. bing,) Nj. 153; vide Lex. Poët.
f. pl. stores, provisions.
f. pl. stores, provisions, Sturl. ii. 225, Fær. 53, Fas. ii. 423.
a. serviceable, useful.
adj. well provided, Bs. i. 355.
(-ða, -ðr), v., ~ e-n at e-u, to furnish, provide one with a thing (nú vil ek ~ bú þitt at málnytuísumar).
ð, to furnish, provide; skal ek víst b. hann at nökkuru, Nj. 73; segir Sigurðr, at hann mun b. þá með nökkuru móti, Fær. 237; hann birgði þá ok um búfé, Ld. 144; nú vil ek b. bú þitt at málnytu í sumar, Hrafn. 9. [In the Edd. sometimes wrongly spelt with y, as it is quite different from byrgja, to enclose.]
a. well-furnished, provided (at e-u) with a thing- (~ at kosti).
adj. [O. H. G. birig, fertilis; unbirig, sterilis: sometimes in Edd. wrongly spelt byrgr: this form however occurs Bs. i. 868, MS. the end of the 15th century]:—provided, well furnished; b. at kosti, Grett. 127 A, Sd. 170; viltú selja mér augun? Þá er ek verr b. eptir, Fas. iii. 384.
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n. collect. = björk, birch, in COMPDS: birkiraptr, birkiviðr.
a. birchen;
only in ‘~ viðr’ = birkiviðr.
adj. [Ivar Aasen birkjen], dry like bark; brenna sem birkinn við, Gkv. 2. 12.
m. birch-rafter.
m. a rafter of birch-wood, Ísl. ii. 153.
m. birch-wood.
m. birch-wood, Grág. ii. 355.
I)
(-ta, -tr), v. to bark, strip off the bark from a tree (~ við).
II)
f. birch-juice.
1. t, to bark, strip; b. við, Jb. 235, Stj. 177; cp. Gkv. 2. 12, birkinn viðr (= birki viðr?), Fms. viii. 33; b. hest, to flay a horse.
2. u, f. [Ivar Aasen byrkja], the sap of a young birch, sap, got by boring a hole in the bark and sucking; þeir átu safa ok sugu birkju við, they chewed the sprouts and sucked birch sap with it, Fms. viii. 33.
f. she-bear, = bera.
u, f. a she-bear, Stj. 530, Fs. 26, Magn. 476: astron., Rb. 468; b. er vér köllum vagn, 1812. 16. birnu-gætir, m. the name of one of the constellations, 1812. 18.
I)
(-rta, -rtr), v.
1) to brighten, light up, illuminate;
var birt allt hlýrit (the bow of the vessel was made bright) bæði hvítum steini ok rauðum;
stjörnur ~ náttina, light up the night;
~ blinda, to make the blind see;
~ hjörtu vár, to enlighten our hearts;
~ rœðu, to elucidate, make it clearer;
impers., veðrit (acc.) birtir, it clears up;
þokunni (dat.) birtir, the fog lifts;
2) to reveal, manifest, show (skjótt mun ek ~ mitt skaplyndi);
with dat., ~ ást sinni, to manifest one’s love;
refl., ~st, to appear (birtist þá skaði þeirra);
dagrinn birtist, the day dawns;
~st e-m, to appear to one.
II)
f.
1) brightness, fair complexion;
2) = birti.
t, [Ulf. bairhtian], to illuminate, brighten, Stj. 15; b. sýn, 655 xxx; b. blinda, id.
2. impers., þokunni birtir af, the fog lifted, Hrafn. 6: to brighten with gilding or colouring, a ship, þá var birt allt hlýrit, cp. hlýrbjartr and hlýrbirt skip, Fms. iv. 277.
3. metaph. to enlighten; birta hjörtu vár, Hom. 67, Rb. 390: to make illustrious, Skálda 204.
β. to reveal, manifest, Fms. iv. 132, viii. 101: with dat., birti hann ́st sinni, x. 418.
γ. reflex, to appear; birtist þá skaði þeirra, Fms. vii. 189, v. 344, Stj. 198, Ann. 1243; b. e-m, Fms. i. 142.
n. brightness, light.
f. and mod. birta, u, f. [Goth. bairhti], brightness, light, the old form birti is used Luke ii. 9, in the N. T. of 1540, and the Bible of 1584, and still kept in the 11th Ed. of Vidal. (1829); otherwise birta, Pass. 8. 19, 41. 10; birta also occurs Stj. 81, Fb. i. 122; but otherwise birti in old writers; birti ok fegrð, Fms. v. 344, x. 347; birti ægis, the gold, Edda 69; tunglsins birti, Stj. 26, Fms. i. 77.
f.
1) brightness;
2) revelation; ~ar tíð, the Epiphany.
f.
1. brightness, Sks. 26, 656 A: metaph. manifestation, revelation, Th. 76, Stj. 378, Barl. 199: vision, 655 xxxii.
2. day-break.
COMPD: birtingartíð.
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f. time of revelation, Hom. 63.
m. a kind of fish, sea-trout (?).
m. a fish, trutta albicolor, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms. vii. 157: pl. illustrious men, Eg. (in a verse).
(-s, -ar), m.
1) bishop;
2) the Jewish high-priest.
m., in very old MSS. spelt with y and o (byskop), but commonly in the MSS. contracted ‘bp̅,’ so that the spelling is doubtful; but biscop (with i) occurs Bs. i. 356, byscop in the old fragm. i. 391–394; biskup is the common form in the Edd. and at present, vide Bs. i. ii, Sturl. S., Íb. [Gr. επίσκοπος; A. S. biscop; Engl. bishop; Germ. bischof]:—a bishop. Icel. had two sees, one at Skalholt, erected A. D. 1056; the other at Hólar, in the North, erected A. D. 1106. They were united at the end of the last century, and the see removed to Reykjavik. Biographies of ten of the bishops of the 11th to the 14th century are contained in the Bs., published 1858, and of the later bishops in the Biskupa Annálar (from A. D. 1606), published in Safn til Sögu Íslands, vol. i. and Bs. ii, and cp. farther the Biskupaæfi, by the Icel. historian Jón Halldórsson (died A. D. 1736), and the Hist. Eccl. (H. E.). by Finn Jonsson (Finnus Johannæus, son of the above-mentioned Jón Halldórsson). During two hundred years of the commonwealth till the middle of the 13th century, the bishops of Skalholt and Hólar were elected by the people or by the magnates, usually (at least the bishops of Skalholt) in parliament and in the lögrétta (the legislative council), vide the Hungrv. …
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(að), v. to confirm (~ börn), = ferma.
að, to confirm, Hom. 99; biskup er skyldr at b. börn, K. Þ. K. 62; Guðmundr biskup biskupaði hann tvævetran, Sturl. iii. 122; tók Glúmr skírn ok var biskupaðr í banasótt af Kol biskupi, Glúm. 397: now in Icel. called að ferma or staðfesta or even kristna börn.
f. confirmation, = ferming.
f. confirmation; ferming er sumir kalla b., K. Á. 20, ch. 3.
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m. episcopal apparel, Sturl. i. 221.
m., biskupamót, n. synod of bishops.
m. a synod of bishops, Fms. x. 7.
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m. the section in the Icel. Jus Eccl. referring to the bishops, K. Þ. K. 60.
n. council of bishops.
n. a council of bishops, Bs. i. 713, H. E. i. 456.
a. episcopal; biskupligt embætti, the office of bishop.
adj. episcopal; b. embætti, Stj. 556, Sks. 781, 655 xxxii. (not fit for a bishop.)
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n. a lawsuit relating to the bishop, H. E. ii. 185.
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m. a well consecrated by bishop Gudmund, else called Gvendarbrunnar, Bs.
n. bishop’s larder.
n. a ‘bishop’s-bower,’ chamber for a bishop, Sturl. ii. 66.
m.
1) dignity or rank of a bishop;
2) the period during which a bishop holds office, episcopate (í biskupsdómi e-s);
3) episcopal see, bishopric.
m. a diocese, Fms. vii. 173, xi. 229, Íb. 16, Pr. 107: episcopate, Fms. i. 118.
f. bishop’s daughter.
f. a bishop’s daughter, Sturl. i. 207.
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n. an episcopal see, Sturl. i. 204, iii. 124: the episcopal office, 23, Bs. i. 66, etc.
n. bishop-elect.
n. bishop-elect, Bs. i, cp. ii. 339.
m. relative of a bishop.
m. a relative of a bishop, Sturl. ii. 222.
m. bishop’s manor.
m. a bishop’s manor, Fms. ix. 47.
f. bishop’s apartments.
f. the duty of entertaining the bishop on his visitation, Vm. 23.
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n. pl. the election of a bishop, Bs. i. 476.
f. election of a bishop.
f. id., Sturl. i. 33, Fms. viii. 118, v. l.
a. without a bishop (landit er biskupslaust).
adj. without a bishop, Fb. iii. 445, Ann. 1210.
m. one in the service of a bishop.
m. one in the service of a bishop, Fms. ix. 317.
n. sign of a bishop.
n. the sign of a bishop; þá gerði Sabinus b. yfir dúkinum ok drakk svá öröggr (a false reading = kross-mark?), Greg. 50.
m. brother-in-law of a bishop.
m. a brother-in-law of a bishop, Fms. ix. 312, v. l.
f. a mass celebrated by a bishop.
u, f. a mass celebrated by a bishop, Bs. i. 131.
n. bishop’s mitre.
n. a bishop’s mitre, Sturl. ii. 32.
n. title of a bishop.
n. the title of a bishop, Fms. x. 11.
n. episcopal see, bishopric.
n. a bishopric, diocese, Ann. (Hb.) 19, Fms. xi. 229, Sturl. ii. 15.
f. a fine to be paid to the bishop.
f. a fine to be paid by a bishop, N. G. L. i. 350.
m. a duty to be paid to the bishop (in Norway).
m. a duty to be paid to the bishop in Norway, D. N. (Fr.)
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a bishop’s ship: the bishops had a special licence for trading; about this matter, vide the Arna b. S. Laur. S. in Bs. and some of the deeds in D. I.; the two sees in Icel. had each of them a ship engaged in trade, Fms. ix. 309, v. l.; vide a treatise by Maurer written in Icel., Ný Fél. xxii. 105 sqq.
m. bishop’s robes.
a, m. an episcopal ornament, Fms. ix. 38.
m. son of a bishop.
m. the son of a bishop, Sturl. i. 123, Fms. x. 17.
m. bishop’s staff, crosier.
m. a bishop’s staff, Bs. i. 143.
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u, f. a bishop’s study, Dipl. ii. 11.
m.
1) episcopal seat;
2) bishopric.
m. an episcopal seat, bishopric, Jb. 16, K. Á. 96, Fms. x. 409.
f.
1) = biskupsstjórn;
2) province of a bishop, diocese.
u, f. a diocese, episcopate, Fms. vii. 172.
f. dignity or rank of a bishop.
f. episcopal dignity, Bs. i. 62, 655 iii, Sks. 802, Sturl. i. 45.
f. the tithe to be paid to the bishop (in Iceland).
f. the tithe to be paid to the bishop in Iceland, v. the statute of A. D. 1096, D. I. i, Íb., K. Þ. K. 150 (ch. 39), K. Á. 96.
n. water consecrated by the bishop Guðmund.
n. water consecrated by bishop Gudmund, Bs. i. 535.
a. episcopal power.
n. episcopal power, Pr. 106.
f. consecration of a bishop.
u, f. the consecration of a bishop, Fms. viii. 297, Bs. i. 61.
n. a certain weight.
n. a sort of pound, N. G. L. iii. 166.
m. steel-yard (mælir ok pundari ok ~).
a, m. [for. word; Germ. besem, besen; Dan. bismer; v. Grimm s. v.], a steelyard, Gþl. 526, Dipl. iii. 4.
COMPD: bismarapund.
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u, f., Lat. byssus, a stuff, Bær. 21.
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adj. [Swed. bister], angry, knitting one’s brows, Sturl. iv. 82, v. l., cp. Bs. i. 750, Pass. 21. 1.
n.
1) bite (at tönnunum er bitsins ván);
2) sharpness, edge (of cutting instruments);
3) pasture = beit (Norse).
n. bite, Lat. morsus; at tönnunum er bitsins ván, Skálda 163: of cutting instruments, sax vænligt til bits, Fs. 6: of insects, mýbit, bite of gnats, Rd. 295; bit flugdýra, 655 xxx; dýrbit, a fox killing lambs, Bs. ii. 137.
β. pasture = beit, N. G. L. i. 246.
(bít; beit, bitum; bitinn), v.
1) to bite with the teeth (hundr bítr mann; E. beit skarð ór horninu);
~ gras, to graze, also absol. (naut bitu á velli);
~ af e-m eyrun, to bite his ears;
~ e-t í sundr, to bite asunder or through;
~ á vörrinni, kampinum, to bite the lip, the beard;
impers., of fish, to bite, take the bait (bítr vel á um daginn);
2) of sharp instruments, weapons; þeir er eigi bitu járn, those whom iron could not bite;
sverðit beit eigi, did not cut;
e-m bítr, one’s weapon (scythe) cuts well (allt bitu honum annan veg vápnin);
fig., beit þetta ráð, was effective;
3) of a ship, to go near the wind;
skip, er vér köllum ~ allra skipa bezt, the best sailer;
impers., beit þeim eigi fyrir Reykjanes, they could not clear or weather Reykjaness;
4) fig., to bite, sting, hurt (þik skulu allir eiðar ~, þeir er Helga hafðir unna);
sekt, sök bítr e-n, one is convicted or found guilty;
þau mál, sem sekt bítr, matters liable to punishment;
~ á e-n, to affect, make an impression on one;
þetta lét Kjartan á sik ~, K. took this to heart;
láta e-t eigi á sik ~, to be proof against, to be unaffected by a thing; …
að, to divide (a ship) with cross-beams (biti); skip þrennum bitum út bitað, Sturl. iii. 61.
β. to cut food, meat into bits.
m.
1) bit, mouthful; biðja bitum, to go begging;
2) eyetooth (upp eru komnir bitar ok jaxlar);
3) cross-beam, cross-girder.
a, m.
1. a bit, mouthful (cp. munnbiti); konungr át nökkura bita af hrosslifr, Fms. i. 37, Játv. 26, Rd. 283: in the phrase, biðja bitum, to go begging, Grág. i. 278.
2. an eye-tooth = jaxl, q. v., [Swed. betar]; eru vér ok svá gamlir, ok svá bitar upp komnir, i. e. we are no longer babies, have got our eye-teeth, Fms. viii. 325.
3. a crossbeam, girder in a house, Ld. 316, Gþl. 346: in a ship, Lat. transtrum, Fms. ix. 44, Sturl. iii. 61.
m. = bitull.
and bitull, m., dat. bitli, the bit of a bridle, Stj. 84, 397, Hkr. i. 27, Hkv. 2. 34, Akv. 30, Fms. iv. 75, Hkr. ii. 31.
m. bit, morsel; stela bitlingum, to steal trifles.
m. a bit, morsel; the proverb, víða koma Hallgerði bitlingar, cp. Nj. ch. 48; stela bitlingum, to steal trifles, Sturl. i. 61, v. l.; bera bitlinga frá borði, as a beggar, Fas. ii. (in a verse); ganga at bitlingum, to go a-begging, N. G. L. ii. 244.
(acc. bitran), a.
1) biting, snapping (~ naðra);
2) cutting, sharp (bitrt sverð);
3) painful, bitter (~ tregi).
rs, adj. biting, sharp, Korm. 80, Eg. 465, Fms. ii. 255.
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u, f. bitterness, a cognom., Landn.
a. sharp, keen (bitrligt sverð).
adj. sharp, Korm. 80, Fbr. 58: metaph., Ísl. ii. (in a verse).
m. the bit of a bridle.
m. a bit, of a bridle, Lex. Poët.
n. bone of contention (hafa ríki þessi lengi at öfund orðit ok ~um).
n., cp. Engl. bone of contention; hafa ríki þessi lengi at öfund orðit ok bitbeinum, Fær. 230.
f. disease (of cattle, sheep) from vermin.
f. contagious disease, poët., Ýt. 17.
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and bitryrði, n. pl. taunts, N. G. L. i. 223.
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m. a stone, Edda ii. 494.
(bíð; beið, biðum; beðit), v.
1) to abide, wait for, with gen., bíð þú mín hér, wait for me here;
þeir biðu byrjar, they waited for favourable wind;
~ sinnar stundar, to bide one’s time;
~ e-s ór stað (þaðan, héðan), to stand waiting in the same place (there, here);
var eigi langt at ~, at (it was not long before) sannaðist saga ábóta míns;
2) to suffer, undergo, sustain, with acc.;
~ bana (dauða, hel), skaða, to suffer death, loss;
~ ámæli, to be blamed;
~ ósigr, to be defeated;
~ enga ró, to feel no peace, be uneasy;
~ bót (bœtr) e-s, to recover, overcome;
3) e-t bíðr e-s, is in store for one, awaits one (fagnaðu, vin minn, því at þín bíðr eilífr fagnaðr);
4) impers., e-t (acc.) bíðr, there is, there is to be had, with a preceeding negative; hvárki bíðr þar báru né vinds blæ, there is felt neither wave nor breath of air;
varla beið brauð eðr fœðu, was scarcely to be had.
beið, biðu, beðit; pres. bíð; imperat. bíð, 2nd pers. bíðþú, bíddu, [Ulf. beidan; A. S. bidan; Engl. bide; O. H. G. bitan]:—to bide.
I. to bide, wait for: with gen., b. e-s, to wait for one, Eg. 274; skal slíkra manna at vísu vel b., such men are worth waiting for, i. e. they are not to be had at once, Fms. ii. 34; the phrase, bíða sinnar stundar, to bide one’s time: with héðan, þaðan, to wait, stand waiting, bíð þú héðan, unz ek kem, 656 C. 35; þaðan beið þengill, Hkv. 1. 22: also, b. e-s ór stað, Lex. Poët. The old writers constantly use a notion ‘a loco,’ þaðan, héðan, or stað, where the mod. usage is hér, þar, ‘in loco:’ absol., Fms. x. 37, Nj. 3.
II. to abide, suffer, undergo, Lat. pati; with acc., b. harm, Nj. 250; skaða, Grág. i. 459, 656 C; ámæli, to be blamed, Nj. 133; bana, dauða, hel, to abide death …, to die, Hm. 19, Fms. vi. 114; ósigr, to abide defeat, be defeated; svá skal böl bæta at bíða annat meira (a proverb), Fb. ii. 336, Al. 57: sometimes in a good sense, bíða elli, to last to a great age, 656 A; b. enga ró, to feel no peace, be uneasy, Eg. …
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f. biding, waiting, delay.
f. a biding, waiting, delay, Fms. ii. 216.
m. an instrument for letting blood, lancet (örit var sem bílds spor yæri, a scar as from a ~).
m., and bílda, u, f. an axe, Edda (Gl.); an instrument for bleeding: bíld-spor, n. a scar as from a b., Bs. i. 367.
2. a sheep witb spotted cheeks: bíld-óttr, adj. (sheep) spotted on the cheeks, Rd. 240.
f. a kind of arrow.
f. a blunt arrow, a bolt, Fms. ii. 320, x. 362.
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m. (for. word), a besant (Byzantius), a coin, El. 2.
(bít; beit, bitum; bitinn), v.
1) to bite with the teeth (hundr bítr mann; E. beit skarð ór horninu);
~ gras, to graze, also absol. (naut bitu á velli);
~ af e-m eyrun, to bite his ears;
~ e-t í sundr, to bite asunder or through;
~ á vörrinni, kampinum, to bite the lip, the beard;
impers., of fish, to bite, take the bait (bítr vel á um daginn);
2) of sharp instruments, weapons; þeir er eigi bitu járn, those whom iron could not bite;
sverðit beit eigi, did not cut;
e-m bítr, one’s weapon (scythe) cuts well (allt bitu honum annan veg vápnin);
fig., beit þetta ráð, was effective;
3) of a ship, to go near the wind;
skip, er vér köllum ~ allra skipa bezt, the best sailer;
impers., beit þeim eigi fyrir Reykjanes, they could not clear or weather Reykjaness;
4) fig., to bite, sting, hurt (þik skulu allir eiðar ~, þeir er Helga hafðir unna);
sekt, sök bítr e-n, one is convicted or found guilty;
þau mál, sem sekt bítr, matters liable to punishment;
~ á e-n, to affect, make an impression on one;
þetta lét Kjartan á sik ~, K. took this to heart;
láta e-t eigi á sik ~, to be proof against, to be unaffected by a thing; …
beit, bitu, bitið; pres. bít; imperat. bít, 2nd pers. bittú; poët. forms with the negative, beitat, Eg. (in a verse); subj. bítia, Hkv. 2. 31, [Ulf. beitan; Engl. bite; Germ. beizen]:—to bite, Lat. mordere:
I. properly,
1. with the teeth, Eg. 508, N. G. L. i. 351; b. menn (of a dog), Grág. ii. 119; b. skarð ór, Eg. 605: of a horse, N. G. L. i. 392: foxes killing sheep, Bs. ii. 138, N. G. L. ii. 34 (wolf):—to sting, of wasps, gnats, Landn. 146.
2. of grazing animals; b. gras, lauf, skóg, Grág. ii. 229, (hence beit, pasture); hvar hestar þínir bitu gras, Fs. 57: absol. to graze, Karl. 71.
3. of sharp instruments, weapons (vápnbitinn); engir vóru ósárir nema þeir er eigi bitu járn, except those whom iron could not bite, Eg. 33; sverðit beit ekki, did not cut, Nj. 45, Edda 7; ljárnir bíta, 48; fótrinn brotnaði en eigi beit, the sword did not cut but broke the leg, Bjarn. 66.
β. e-m bítr, one’s weapon (scythe) cuts well, bites; allt bitu honum annan veg vápnin, Eg. 93.
4. of a ship, to cruise; hér er skip … er vér köllum bíta (bite the wind) allra skipa bezt, the best sailer, Fs. …
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að, [Germ. befehlen], to recommend, command, Bs. i. 145 note 7, from paper MS., v. Introd. p. 48.
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n. [A. S. biliofa], luxury, Al. 17, 34, 45.
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stóð, [Goth. bistandan; Germ. beistehen], (for. word), to assist, Stj. MS. 227, col. 102.
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be-tala, að, to pay, (mod.); cp. Germ. bezahlen.
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and bíum, bíum, interj. lullaby!
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interj. fie! bía, to defile.
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part. wry, deformed, cp. bagr. bjag-leitr, adj. ugly, deformed, Fas. ii. 149.
f. bell (hann vígði klukkur ok bjöllur).
u, f. a bell, certainly an Engl. word imported into Icel. along with Christianity; bjöllu gætir, the keeper of the bell, is a nickname given by the heathen Icel. to a missionary, A. D. 998, Kristni S. (in a verse): hann vígði klukkur ok bjöllur, Bs. i. 65, Fms. i. 233: bjalla is now esp. used of small bells, e. g. on the horns of sheep, but klukka of a church bell; cp. dynbjalla, Grett.
n. benediction (from Irish beannacht).
n. an απ. λεγ.; þat var háttr hans ef hann (viz. Odin) sendi menn sína til orrostu eðr aðrar sendifarar, at hann lagði áðr hendr í höfuð þeim ok gaf þeim bjannak, trúðu þeir at þá mundi vel farast, Ýngl. S. ch. 11; it is commonly interpreted as benedictio, but it is no doubt the Scot. bannock, from Gael, banagh, an oat-cake; cp. Lat. panis. The whole passage in the Hkr. points to Christian rites and ideas brought into the pagan North, but which are here attributed to Odin, (cp. the breaking of bread and the Eucharist.)
n.
1) rock, boulder;
2) precipice, cliff (by the sea).
n. [Ulf. bairgahei = η ορεινή; A. S. beorg; Germ. berg; lost in Engl.], rocks, precipices:
1. neut. pl. björg, precipices (in a collect. sense), esp. on the sea-side, cp. flugabjörg, sjófarbjörg, hamrabjörg; precipices covered with gulls and sea fowls are called bjarg, e. g. Látrabjarg, Þórisbjörg, mostly in pl., Bs. ii. 111, Fms. 275, Orkn. 312.
2. sing. rock; bjargit hafði nýliga sprungit frá einum hellismunna, Fms. i. 230; vatn ór bjargi, water out of a rock, 655 xii, Nj. 264, Fas. ii. 29.
β. in sing. it chiefly means an immense stone (cp. heljarbjarg), a boulder; hann hefir fært þat bjarg í hellisdyrnar, at ekki má í hellinn komast, Fms. iii. 223; einn stein svá mikinn sem bjarg væri, Gísl. 31; hve stór björg (pl.) at sá hestr dró, Edda 26; at svá ungr maðr skyldi hefja svá stórt bjarg, Grett. 93.
I)
(berg; barg, burgum; borginn), v.
1) to help, save, with dat.;
nema Þ. byrgi honum, unless Th. helped him;
sá er öldum bergr, who saves mankind (viz. against the giants, i. e. Thor);
guðs son er öllum heimi barg, who saved the whole world;
impers., e-m er borgit, one is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger (brutu skip sitt ok týndu fé öllu, en mönnum varð borgit flestum);
~ skipshöfn, to rescue the shipwrecked;
~ skipi, to haul a ship out of the reach of the tide;
~ hval, to secure a dead whale (by dragging it ashore);
~ konum, to help labouring women (cf. bjargrúnar);
~ kúm, to attend cows calving;
~ nám, to render the last service to dead bodies (cf. nábjargir);
~ sök, máli, to succeed in winning a case, a suit;
2) refl., ~st, to keep up the heart, esp. against cold or hunger;
Oddr bargst vel á fjallinu (in a snow storm);
~st sjálfr, to gain one’s bread;
~st á sínar hendr, to support oneself with one’s own hands;
~st úti, to find one’s food (graze) in the field (of cattle);
Snorri góði fann, at nafni hans bargst lítt við ostinn, that he got on slowly with eating the cheese; …
barg, burgu, borgit; pres. bergr, pl. björgum; imperat. bjarg; pret. subj. byrga: in mod. use after the Reformation this verb is constantly used weak, bjarga, að, pres. bjargar, pret. bjargat; the only remnant of the old is the sup. borgit, etc. In Norway this weak form occurs very early, e. g. bjargar, servat, Hom. 17; in Icel. the weak seldom occurs before the 15th century; bjargaðist, Fs. 143, and bjargat (sup.) = borgit, Lv. 11, are probably due to these passages being left in paper MSS.; the weak bjargaði, however, occurs in a vellum MS. of the 15th century, Þorf. Karl. 388; 1st pers. pres. bjarga, Fms. xi. 150 (MS. 13th century) seems to be a Norse idiom, [Goth. bairgan; Hel. bergan; A. S. beargan; cp. birgr]:—to save, help; with dat., bergr hverjum sem eigi er feigr (a proverb), Sturl. iii. 220; sá er öldum bergr, who saves mankind, viz. against the giants, i. e. Thor, Hým. 22; nema Þorgeirr byrgi honum, Rd. 295: absol., Guð barg (by God’s grace) er konungrinn varð eigi sárr, Fms. v. 268: in theol. sense, vildu þeir eigi snúast til mín at ek byrga þeim, 656 C. 23, Hom. l. c.: impers., e-m er borgit, is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger, Fær. …
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adj. starving.
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n. = bjarg-leysi, Band. 15.
f. a situation which yields food and clothing.
f. serving for food and clothing, Hrafn. 6; cp. bjargræði (above).
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m. a well-to-do man.
m. a self-supporting person.
m. a hard-working man, Bs. i. 309.
m. pl. means enough for support.
m. pl. = bjargálnir, Mag. 160.
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f. pl. means enough for support.
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f. a rope or cord used to save men, Vm. 44.
a. a dexterous carpenter or smith for household work.
adj. a dexterous carpenter or smith for household work, Glúm. 355; cp. Sturl. ii. 195.
n. instrument for hewing steps in a rock.
n. = berghögg, hewing rocks to make a road, Bárð. 166.
m. verdict of acquital.
m. a law term, a verdict of acquittal given by five neighbours for the defendant, proving an alibi or the like, and produced during the trial; the b. seems to be, in its strict sense, synonymous with heimiliskviðr or heimiskviðr, q. v., cp. Grág, i. 60, 61, where it is defined; fimm búar skulu skilja um bjargkviðu alla, heimilis-búar þess manns er sóttr er, nema …, vide also 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, etc.
n. starvation, destitution.
n. starvation, destitution, Grág. i. 238, Gþl. 272, Band. 43.
n.
1) means of salvation;
2) advice given to an outlaw with intent to save his life.
n. pl. a law term, help or shelter given to an outlaw, in the phrase, úalandi, úráðandi öllum bjargráðum, Grág. ii. 162, etc., Nj. 40.
f. rift in a rock, = bergrifa.
u, f. a rift in a rock, Eg. 390, Stj. 450.
f. pl. runes for helping women in labour.
f. pl. runes for helping women in labour, Sdm. 9.
(rýgjar, -rýgir), f. midwife.
jar, f. pl. ir, a Norse law term, a female witness in a case of paternity, defined, N. G. L. i. 358.
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n. and bjargræðisvegir, m. pl. means for support.
f. rift in a rocky hill, = bergskor.
u, f. a scaur or scar on a hill, Anal. 177, Ann. 1403, Hkr. iii. 323.
f. = bergsnös.
f. = bergsnös, a crag. Fas. i. 324, Eg. 389, v. l.
adv. well enough.
adv. well enough, Fms. viii. 68, 126, v. l.
f. helping sprite, good genius.
f. (in mod. usage m.), [bjarg, mons, or bjarga, servare], a helping friendly sprite, a good genius, answering to the Christian good angel; according to the heathen belief, the country, esp. hills and mountains, were inhabited by such beings; in the northern creed the bjargvætter are generally a kind of giant of the gentler kind: in mod. usage, a supporter, helper in need; muntu verða mér hinn mesti (masc.) b., Fas. ii. 438, vellum MS. of 15th century; en mesta (fem.) b., Bárð. 168, new Ed. 12.
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adj. destitute of means to live.
n. the runic letter B.
n. the Runic letter B, Skálda, v. Introduction.
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in the word bjarkeyjar-réttr, m. town-law, used as opposed to landslög or landsréttr, county-law, Sks. 22; sökin veit til landslaga en eigi til bjarkeyjarréttar, Fms. vii. 130; vide N. G. L. i. 303–336. It is an illustration of this curious word, that the Danes at present call a justice ‘birkedommer,’ and the district ‘birk;’ cp. local names, as in Sweden,—in Birchâ civitate regiâ, Johann. Magnus 542 (Ed. 1554); civitas Birchensis, 556; in Birchâ civitate tum maxima, 541; in Norway, Bjarkey is one of the northern islands, whence the famous Norse family Bjarkeyingar took their name; v. Munch, the pref. to Norge’s Beskrivelse. Etym. uncertain; hedged in with birch (?).
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a, m. the beaming or radiance of light, not the light itself; sólar-bjarmi, dags-bjarmi; very freq. in mod. usage; no instances from old writers are on record; akin to brími, bjartr, etc.
II. pl. Bjarmar (and Bjarmaland n., bjarmskr adj.), name of a people or tribe of the Russian empire, the Perms of the present day; vide K. Alfred’s Orosius i. 1, 14 sq., Ó. H. ch. 122, Fas. ii. 511 sqq.
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adj. Permic (a Tchudic people), Hkr. i. (in a verse).
from björn, bear.
v. björn.
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m., botan. nartheticum, Hjalt. 166.
m. the hide, shape of a bear.
m. the hide, shape of a bear. Fas. i. 53.
n. a black bear’s lair.
n. a black bear’s lair, N. G. L. i. 35.
n. bear’s flesh.
n. the flesh of a bear, Fas. i. 54.
m. bear’s paw.
m. a bear’s paw, Rb. 382, Ver. 26.
n. meat of a slaughtered bear.
n. meat of a slaughtered bear, Fas. i. 54: botan., Ivar Aasen records bjonnabær, rubus caesius; bjonnakamb, osmunda spicans; bjonnmosa, polytrichum commune. For popular tales of the bear vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 608–611.
m. a pit for catching bears.
m. a pit for catching bears, Gþl. 457; used proverb., Hkr. i. 235.
n. bear.
and mod. bjarndýr, n. a bear, Fms. vi. 298, Nj. 35, Fs. 27, 148, 182.
f. brutal provocation.
f. the egging a bear on to figbt, a Norse law term, of a brutal provocation, N. G. L. i. 74.
m. bear-skin cloak.
m. a bear’s fell, bear-skin cloak, Vm. 91, Pm. 120, Jm. 28.
n. bear’s felll, bear’s skin.
n. id., Vm. 22, Ám. 81.
n. pl. reward for killing a bear.
n. pl. ‘bear-gild,’ reward for killing a bear, Fs. 150.
m. bear’s cub.
m. a young bear, Þórð. 17 (Ed. 1860).
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m. echinus terrestris urseus, Rb. 348, Hb. 29 (Ed. 1865).
f. = bjarnskinnsólpa.
u, f. an outer jacket of bear-skin, Korm. 114.
n. bearskin.
n. a bear-skin, B. K. 83, Ld. 114, Korm. 112.
f. bearskin.
u, f. a bear-skin, Edda (pref.) 151.
f. large knife for killing bears.
u, f. a large knife for killing bears, Eb. 298, Fas. iii. 546.
f. pl. bear-hunting (fara á ~).
f. pl. bear-hunting. N. G. L. i. 46.
m. bear’s warmth, the vital warmth of an ice-bear.
s, m. bear’s warmth, the vital warmth of an ice-bear; it was believed in Icel. (vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 610) that a child born on the hide of an ice-bear would be proof against frost and cold; people hardy against cold are therefore said ‘to have bear’s warmth’ (bjarnyl), vide Háv. 39.
a.
1) bright, shining (bjart ljós, sólskin);
2) illustrious (með björtum sigri).
adj. [Ulf. bairts = δηλος; A. S. beorht; Engl. bright; Hel. berht; in Icel. per metath. bjartr; cp. birti, etc.], bright; Lat. clarus is rendered by bjartr, Clar. 128; bjart ljós, Fms. i. 96; bjart tunglskin, Nj. 118; sólskin, Fms. ii. 300; veðr, i. 128: of hue, complexion, b. líkami, Hkr. iii. 179, Nj. 208; hönd, Bb. 3. 20.
2. metaph. illustrious; með b. sigri, Fms. x. 253; in a moral sense, Stj. 141.
a. bright-eyed.
and -eygðr, adj. bright-eyed, Fms. iv. 38, Bs. i. 66, Hkr. iii. 184, Ó. H. 245.
a. fair-haired.
adj. a fair-haired lady, Lex. Poët.
m. brightness.
m. brightness, Hom. 60, Rb. 336, Fms. i. 228, Magn. 468.
a. fair-complexioned.
adj. of bright countenance, bright-looking, Fms. v. 319.
adv. clearly, plainly.
adv. (and -ligr, adj.), clearly, Stj. 26.
a. light-coloured.
adj. = bjartleitr, Hkv. Hjörv. 27.
n. clear weather.
n. bright weather, Bárð. 175.
(or bjálbi), m. fur, skin, esp. in compds., hrein~, geit~.
bjálbi, a, m. a fur, skin, Fms. v. 207, 236; esp. in the cornpds hrein-bjálfi, geit-bjálbi, flug-bjiálbi, Haustl. 12. Etym. uncertain, perh. a Slav. word.
2. used as a pr. name, Landn.
m. balk, beam.
a, m. [Hel. balco; Swed. and Dan. bjelke; Germ. balke; prob. akin to bálkr], a balk, beam, Gþl. i. 346.
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að, (bjástr, n.), to drudge, work hard, (mod.)
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ad, to beat, knock; only in the metaph. phrase, það bjátar á, to strike against, of reverses, misfortune, (mod.)
(býð; bauð, buðum; boðinn), v.
1) to offer;
þeir höfðu boðit honum laun, they had offered him rewards;
Þ. bauð at gefa (offered to give) Gunnlaugi hestinn;
~ grið, to offer pardon;
~ e-t til lífs sér, as a ransom for one’s life;
~ e-t fram, to proffer, produce (~ fram vitni);
~ e-t upp, af hendi, to give up, leave off;
þá býðr hann upp hornit, gives up the horn, will not drink more;
~ e-t undan e-m, to offer to take a thing off one’s hands (er þá kostr at ~ undan þeim manni varðveizluna fjárins);
~ e-t við, to make a bid;
~ við tvenn verð, to bid double;
refl., ~st, to offer oneself, volunteer one’s service;
Þóroddr bauzt (offered himself) til þeirrar farar;
2) to do a thing to one, in a bad sense;
~ e-m ógn, to wage war against one;
~ e-m ójöfnuð, ofriki, to treat unfairly, oppress;
~ e-m ógn, to affright, terrify;
~ e-m rangt, to treat one unjustly;
3) to bid, invite (~ e-m til sín or heim);
~ mönnum til boðs, to bid guests to a banquet, wedding;
4) to bid, order;
sem lög buðu, as the law prescribed;
~ e-m erendi, to commit a thing to one’s charge; …
bauð, buðu, boðit; pres. byð; pret. subj. byða; pret. sing. with the suffixed negative, bauðat, Edda 90 (in a verse); the obsolete middle form buðumk, mibi obtulit, nobis obtulerunt, occurs in Egil Höfuðl. 2; [Ulf. biudan; A. S. biodan; Engl. bid; Germ. bieten; Swed. biuda; Dan. byde]:—Lat. offerre, proferre, with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing:
I. to bid, offer; þeir höfðu boðit honum laun, they had offered him rewards, Fms. i. 12; Þorsteinn bauð at gefa Gunnlaugi hestinn, Ísl. ii. 213; b. grið, to offer pardon, Fms. i. 181; þeir buðu at gefa upp borgina, ix. 41; bauð hann þeim, at göra alla bændr óðalborna, i. 20; býðr, at hann muni görast hans maðr, xi. 232; en ek býð þér þó, at synir mínir ríði með þér, Nj. 93; Írar buðu sik undir hans vald, Fms. x. 131.
2. reflex, to offer oneself, volunteer one’s service; buðusk honum þar menn til fylgðar, Fms. ix. 4; mun ek nú til þess bjóðask í sumar á þingi, Ld. 104, Sks. 510; þeim er þá býðsk, Grág. i. 284; Þóroddr bauðsk til þeirrar farar, Hkr. ii. 247; ef þú býðsk í því, Fms. xi. 121.
3. metaph., b. ófrið, ójöfnuð, rangindi, liðsmun, of ill usage, Ld. …
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m. [bjóða], poët. one who invites, Lex. Poët; cp. also compds such as við-bjóðr, disgust, from bjóða við.
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m.; as the word is used masc. in A. S. as well as in Ulf., we have in Haustl. 5 to alter breiðu bjóði into breiðum bjóði; [Ulf. biuds = τράπεζα; A. S. beôd; Hel. biod; O. H. G. biud.]
I. Lat. mensa, a table, Rm. 4, 28, 29, Haustl. l. c.
II. soil, ground, cp. the Fr. plateau; á Engla bjóð, on English ground, Höfuðl. 2; áðr Börs synir bjóðum um ypðu, Vsp. 4.
I)
m. beer (öl heitir með mönnum, en með Ásum ~).
II)
(-s, -ar), m.
1) triangular cut off piece of skin (bjórar þeir, er menn sníða ór skóm sínum fyrir tám eða hæl);
2) triangular strip of land, = geiri (~ lá ónuminn fyrir austan Fljót);
3) front wall, party wall; engi var ~inn milli húsanna, there was no partition between the houses;
4) a sort of tapestry of triangular shape (var stofan vel tjölduð ok settir upp bjórar).
III)
(-s, -ar), m. beaver, esp. the beaver’s skin (~ ok safali).
1. m. [O. H. G. pior or bior; Low Germ. and mod. Germ. bier; Fris. biar; A. S. bior; Engl. beer], no doubt a word of German extraction, öl (öldr), ale, being the familiar word used in prose:—bjór hardly ever occurs, vide however Hkr. iii. 447, Bk. 48, 89, 96 (Norse); and is a foreign word, as is indicated even by the expression in the Alvismál—öl heitir með mönnum, en með Ásum bjór, ale it is called by men, by gods beer: bjór however is very current in poetry, but the more popular poems, such as the Hávamál, only speak of öl or öldr, Hm. 11, 13, 65, 80, 132, 138.
2. m. [Lat. fiber; A. S. beofar], a beaver, esp. the beaver’s skin, Eg. 71, in the phrase, b. ok savali.
2. a triangular cut off piece of skin, [cp. provincial Swed. bjaur]; þat eru bjórar þeir er menn sníða ór skóm sínum fyrir tám eðr hael, Edda 42; still used in Icel. in that sense.
II. metaph. a small piece of land (an απ. λεγ. as it seems); bjór lá ónuminn fyrir austan Fljót, Landn. 284.
3. m., must be different from the preceding word, synonymous with brjóstþili, a wall in a house, a party wall, but also in the 13th and 14th centuries freq. …
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part. mixed with beer, El. 21.
a. cheerfull from beer drinking.
adj. merry with beer, tipsy, Ls.
f. vending of beer.
u, f. beer-keeping, N. G. L. iii. (Fr.)
m. beer-hall.
m. a beer-hall (A. S. beor-sele), Vsp. 41.
n. beaver skin.
n. a beaver-skin, Eg. 55, 57, Fms. x. 379.
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m. a tapster, beer-house keeper, N. G. L. iii. 13.
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n. tapestry, = bjórr, Vm. 135: b. um sönghús, id.
f. barrel of beer.
u, f. a beer-tun, barrel of beer, Bs. i. 389.
f. beer.
f. a draught of beer, Hým.
m. beer-cask.
m. a beer-cask, Jb. 378.
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n. a party wall, = bjórr; b. var í milli ok vóru gluggar á, Vápn. Ný Fél. xxi. 124, Bs. ii. 322, v. l.
(pl. bjúgu), n. sausage (cf. mör~).
n. (pl. bjúgu), a sausage, v. mörbjúga, Bs. i. 357, 810.
a. bowed, hooked, crooked, bent;
hann var ~ á baki, he sat bent or bowed (from age) on horseback;
hvárt er yðr þykkir bjúgt eða beint, whether it seems to you crooked or straight, whether you like it or not.
s, m., medic., Lat. tumor; in many compds: skyr-bjúgr, scorbuticus, Engl. scorbutic; vind-bjúgr, tumor aereus; vatns-bjúgr, tumor oedematosus, Fél. ix. 197.
a. bowed, hooked, crooked, bent;
hann var ~ á baki, he sat bent or bowed (from age) on horseback;
hvárt er yðr þykkir bjúgt eða beint, whether it seems to you crooked or straight, whether you like it or not.
adj. bowed, hooked, crooked, bent; fætr lágu bjúgir við lendar, Hom. 114; með bjúgum þornum, Sks. 419; hann var b. á baki, he sat bent or bowed (from age) on horseback, Fs. 183; b. í vexti, Eg. 710; með bjúgum hring, Sks. 198, Rb. 344, Band. 9: metaph., hvárt er yðr þykir bjúgt eðr beint (MS. brátt), whether it seems to you crooked or straight, i. e. whether you like it or not, Fms. viii, 436: cp. boginn, baugr, etc.
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adj. crook-horned, of cattle.
m. crookedness.
m. crookedness, MS. 1812. 18.
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adj. of crooked countenance (nose), Rb. 344.
a. hook-nosed, = nefbjúgr.
adj. with a hooked nose, Fms. i. 155.
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m. a crooked branch; bjúgviðr hausa, poët. the crooked branches of the head, i. e. the horns, Km.
I) (gen. bjargar, pl. bjargir), f.
1) help, deliverance, out of need or danger, esp. help (food, shelter, transport) given to an outlaw (veita e-m ~, einnar nætr ~); lögmæt ~, lawful point of defence (in pleading in the Court);
2) means of subsistence, stores, provisions (fjögurra missera ~).
II) from bjarg, rock.
f., gen. bjargar [v. bjarga], help, deliverance, out of need or danger, e. g. feeding the hungry, saving one’s life; unlawful ‘björg’ is that of giving help to an outlaw, who is ‘úráðandi öllum bjargráðum,’ one on whom no help must be bestowed, neither food, shelter, nor ferry; Grág. in several passages, and there commonly used in plur. (bjargir) when in this particular sense; it was liable to a heavy punishment, and the case was to be summoned before the Fifth Court, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 25, Ld. 42.
β. lögmæt björg, a lawful point of defence in pleading in the Court (v. bjarga sök), Grág. i. 73.
2. means of subsistence, stores, provisions, food; fjögurra (átta) missera b., Grág. i. 197, 286.
3. a freq. pr. name of a woman, Ingibjörg, Þorbjörg, Guðbjörg, etc.; in Swed.-Dan. ‘-borg,’ as in Ingeborg, etc.
COMPDS: bjargarlauss, bjargarleysi, bjargarvist.
(gen. bjarkar), f. birch, birchtree.
f., gen. bjarkar, [A. S. beorc; Swed. björk; Dan. and Scot. birk; Engl. birch; Germ. birke; Lat. betula; v. birki], a birch, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 5, Jb. 236. In compds bjarkar-.
(gen. bjarnar, pl. birnir, acc. ~u), m. bear (hvíta~, the white bear; híð~, skóg~, urð~, við~, the black bear).
m., gen. bjarnar; dat. birni, pl. n. birnir; acc. björnu, mod. birni, [an enlarged form, cp. Goth, biari, by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. θηρίον, Titus i. 12; A. S. bera; Engl. bear; Germ. bär; but Swed. and Dan. björn]:—a bear; hvíta-björn, the white bear or ice-bear; and skóg-björn, híð-björn, við-björn, the black bear or wood-bear, Germ. wald-bär; the ice-bear was unknown in Europe till the discovery of Iceland at the end of the 9th, and Greenland at the end of the 10th century. The very first ice-bear was brought to Europe by Ingimund the Old as a gift to the king of Norway about A. D. 900, Landn., Fs. (Vd.) 27; Isleif, the first bishop of Iceland, also brought one as a present to the German emperor about A. D. 1050, Bs. i. 61, Hv. ch. 2; cp. the little story of Audun in Fms. vi. 297–307, Sks. 186, Sturl. iii. 82, Grág. ii. 181, Am. 17, where a hvítabjörn is mentioned, Fs. (Flóam. S.) 148; as to the black bear, vide esp. Grett. ch. 23, Finnb. ch. 11, Glúm. ch. 3, Fas. i. 50; cp. an interesting paper, ‘Waldbär und Wasserbär,’ by Konrad Maurer, upon this subject; winter is called ‘the bear’s night;’ hence the saying, ‘löng er bjarnar-nótt; …
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n.
1) leaf of a plant;
2) leaf in a book;
3) blade of a knife (knífsblað), of an oar (árarblað);
4) skirt of a kirtle, shirt, cloak (kyrtilblað, skyrtublað, feldarblað).
n. [A. S. bläd; Germ. blatt; Hel. blad. Ulf. renders the Gr. φύλλον by laufs, Engl. leaf, Icel. lauf. The Engl. say a blade of grass or corn, a leaf of a tree; and so, in Icel., herbs or plants have blað, trees lauf]:—a leaf; blöð þess grass er … heitir, Pr. 472; blöð á lauk, Hervar. S. (in a verse): metaph. a veil, svá er mér sem hangi b. fyrir auga, Fms. iii. 126.
2. of leaf-like objects, a leaf in a book, Germ. blatt, (never lauf, cp. blaðsiða, u, f. a page), Rb. 210, Ísl. ii. 460: of a painted diptych or the like, þar eru blöð tvau pentuð, Pm. 103.
β. the skirt of a kirtle (skaut), Stj. 481, Eb. 226, Orkn. 474: Icel. now say kjól-laf, the skirt of a coat.
γ. a blade, in various connections: the flat part of a thing, the blade of an oar, árar-blað, N. G. L. i. 59: of a rudder, Fms. ix. 503; knífs-bíað, the blade of a knife, Bs. i. 385: a sword’s blade is in mod. usage called ‘blað,’ but in old writers brandr; spón-blað, the mouth-piece of a spoon; herðar-blað, the shoulder-blade, etc. Botan., blaðka, u, f. …
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I)
(að), v.
1) to flutter to and fro, as a leaf in the wind (sá þeir, at tungan ~ði);
2) with dat., to move (the tongue) to and fro (hann ~ði tungunni ok leitaði við at mæla); to wag the tail (~ halanum);
3) absol., to utter inarticulately (~r ok bendir hann); with acc. (~ndi þessi orð).
II)
f. bladder; brain.
1. að, prob. an onomatopoëtic word, like Lat. blaterare, Scot. blether, Germ. plaudern, in the phrase, b. tungunni, to talk thick, Hom. 115; tungan var úti ok blaðraði, Fbr. 77 new Ed.; hann blaðraði tungunni ok vildi við leita at mæla, Fms. v. 152: metaph. to utter inarticulate sounds, bleat, as a sheep. blaðr, n. nonsense.
2. u, f. a bladder, Pr. 472: a blain, watery swelling, Stj. 273, Bs. i. 182. blöðru-sótt, f. a stone in the bladder, Pr. 475.
n. slap (with the open hand).
n. a slap; fyrir pústr (a buffet) fjórar merkr, fyrir blak (a slap) tvær merkr (as a fine), Gþl. 177, 187.
I)
(að and -ta), v.
1) to flutter, wave (of the leaves of a tree);
2) with dat., ~ vængjunum, to flap the wings;
3) with acc., ~ e-n, to give one a slap.
II)
f.
1) veil (cf. silki~);
2) fan.
1. að, to slap, Ann. 1394.
2. neut. to wave, flutter, of the wings of birds, b. vaengjum, to flutter with the wings, Stj. 74: of the leaves on a tree moved by a soft breeze, lauf viðarins blakaðu hægliga, Barl. 161; austan blakar laufið á þann linda, Fornkv. 129; blakir mér þari um hnakka, Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse). In mod. usage, blakta, að or t, is freq. used of leaves, of the flaring of a light, ljós blaktir á skari, the flame flutters on the wick; hence metaph., öndin blaktir á skari, Snót 128; blaktir önd á brjósti, 121: the phrase, blaktir ekki hár á höfði, not a hair moves on one’s head.
2. u, f. a veil of silk, Fas. iii. 337; a pan, Mar. 153: now also = blaðka, v. above s. v. blað.
I)
a. black, dun-coloured (beittu, Sigurðr, enn blakka mar).
II)
m. poet. a dun-coloured horse.
1. m. (for. word), a sort of measure, N. G. L. i. 324.
2. m., poët. a horse, cp. Blanka, the mythical horse of Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern, Lex. Poët.
I)
a. black, dun-coloured (beittu, Sigurðr, enn blakka mar).
II)
m. poet. a dun-coloured horse.
adj. [A. S. blac; Engl. black; O. H. G. plak: in Icel. svartr, as in A. S. and other kindred tongues swart, etc., represents the Lat. niger; while blakkr corresponds to the Lat. ater, dead or dusky black], in poetry used as an epithet of wolves, etc., Lex. Poët., in prose it is very rare, Fas. iii. 592; hence blekkja, to defraud: the mod. Icel. blek, n. ink, Swed. blak, Dan. blæk, come from blakkr, corresponding to Lat. atramentum, Str. 63 (blez), Pr. 474.
II. = bleikr, pale; blakkr hestr, Ghv. 18 (perh. corrupt for bleikr, pale, cp. fölvan jó, Hkv. 2. 47), the colour of death; to dream of riding on a pale horse forebodes death, Bjarni 136; on a red horse a bloody death, Fs. (Vd.) 67.
a. with black hide (birnir blakkfjallir).
adj. black-skinned, epithet of a wood-bear, Akv. 11.
(að), v. to flutter with the wings.
að, [blakra, Ivar Aasen, to shake, of leaves], to blink; b. augum, Hom. 89; now blakta, að, e. g. b. augum, to move the eyes, and also used of the beating of the heart; hón fann að hjartað blaktaði, in the story of the Beauty and the Beast (Skrýmslið Góða), Kvöldv. ii. 176: blakra vængjum = blakta vængjum, to flutter with the wings, Barl. 88; of sails, Úlf. 3. 14.
n.
1) mixture; í ~ við e-n, in company with; í ~ með e-m, among;
2) sexual intercourse (hafa konu í ~ = til lags við sik).
n. in the adverbial phrase, í bland, among, Dan. i blandt, Bs. i. 802, Stj. 231, Matth. xiii. 25, (rare in mod. usage.)
I)
(blend; blétt, bléndum; blandinn), v. to blend, mix, e-t e-u, with a thing (~ mjöð, drykk, eitri); ~ e-t saman, to mix together (~ saman hvítt ok rautt); more common, ~ e-u við e-t; ~ vatni við vín, to mix wine with water; ~ mötuneyti (dat., ) við e-n, to eat together with one;
refl., ~st við e-n, to have intercourse with one, esp. of sexual intercourse (~st við konur af heiðnum þjóðum).
II)
(að), v. = prec.
III)
f. mixture of two fluids (fór fyrst ór blóð, síðan ~), esp. sour whey mixed with water.
u, f. any mixture of two fluids, Fs. 145 (of watery blood); but esp. a beverage of hot whey mixed up with water, Vm. 60, Fms. ix. 360. Blanda also is the local name of a stream of glacier water in the north of Icel., v. Landn.
β. metaph. the name of a book, miscellanea; skal sjá skrá … heita B., því at saman er blandað skyldu tali ok úskyldu, Rb. 4, v. l., in MS. Am. 625, 4to. blöndu-horn, n. a cup of blanda, a cognom., Landn. 278.
I)
(blend; blétt, bléndum; blandinn), v. to blend, mix, e-t e-u, with a thing (~ mjöð, drykk, eitri); ~ e-t saman, to mix together (~ saman hvítt ok rautt); more common, ~ e-u við e-t; ~ vatni við vín, to mix wine with water; ~ mötuneyti (dat., ) við e-n, to eat together with one;
refl., ~st við e-n, to have intercourse with one, esp. of sexual intercourse (~st við konur af heiðnum þjóðum).
II)
(að), v. = prec.
III)
f. mixture of two fluids (fór fyrst ór blóð, síðan ~), esp. sour whey mixed with water.
in early Icel. poetry and prose a strong verb; pres. 1st pers. blend, Ls. 3; 3rd pers. blendr, Grág. ii. 389; reflex. blendsk, Symb. 30; pret. 1st pers. blétt, Am. 79, Greg. 50; reflex. blézk, Orkn. 104 (in a verse from about A. D. 1046); pl. bléndu, bléndum, Ls. 9, Greg. 60, Edda 47; reflex. bléndusk, Hkm. 8; subj. reflex. bléndisk, Mart. 129; blandinn (freq.), Sdm., Ýt., etc., vide Lex. Poët., Skálda 164; but in the 13th century and later the weak form (blanda, að) prevailed in all tenses except the part. pass., where the old blandinn = blandaðr may still be used, though the weak is more common; imperat. blanda, Pr. 471, 472, N. G. L. i. 12; pres. blandar, 13; part. blandaðr, Sks. 349, Pr. 470, 472 (MS. about A. D. 1250), [Ulf. blandan, a redupl. verb; A. S. bland; Engl. blend; O. H. G. blantan; lost in N. H. G.; Swed. blanda]:—to blend, mix, the beverage in acc., the mixed ingredient in dat.; b. mjöð (drykk), eitri, meini, Greg. l. c.; drottning ok Bárðr blönduðu þá drykkinn ólyfjani, Eg. 210: adding ‘við,’ lítið (acc. instead of dat.) verðr ok við blandit, Skálda 164; maturt blandin við upsa-gall, Pr. l. c.; þar fellr Jórdan í gegnum, ok blendsk eigi (does not blend) við vötnin, Symb. …
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f. mixing, blending.
f. mixing, N. G. L. i. 153.
(blæs; blés, blésum; blásinn), v.
1) to blow, of the wind;
~ndi byrr, a spanking breeze;
2) to blow with the mouth (hann blés í kross yfir drykk sínum); to pant (hestrinn tók at frýsa ok ~);
~ við to draw a deep breath, to sigh (jarl blés þá við mœðiliga);
fig., ~ móti e-m, to be unfavourably disposed towards one;
3) with dat., to set in motion by blowing or breathing;
blés mœðiliga öndinni, breathed hard;
~ e-m e-u í brjóst, to inspire, suggest a thing to one (guð blés henni því í brjóst);
~ eldi, eitri, of serpents;
4) to blow with a musical instrument;
~ lúðri, horni, to blow the trumpet, horn;
~ liði (troops) til landgöngu;
~ til stefnu, to a meeting;
~ herblástr, to sound an alarm;
5) to melt, cast (~ gullmálm, rauða);
yxn tveir ór eiri blásnir (cast);
6) to blow up, inflate (sem belgr blásinn);
7) impers., blés upp fótinn, kviðinn, the leg, belly, swelled up;
of land, to be laid bare, stripped of the turf (hafði blásit hauginn ok lá silfrit bert).
t; sup. blasað, [Engl. blaze], of places, in the phrase, b. við, to lie full and open before the eye (mod.)
a.
1) weak, cowardly; bíð nú, ef þú ert eigi ~, if thou art not a coward;
2) feminine, opp. to hvatr, but only used of animals, dogs, cats, fishes; hafit nú hendr á hundinum, þótt ~ sé, take the dog, though it be a bitch.
adj. [A. S. bleâðe; Scot. blate = bashful, shy; Hel. blothi; Germ. blöde; cp. Goth. blauþjan = ακυρουν, and Hel. blôdan = infirmare], it properly means soft, weak, Lat. mollis, Gr. μάλακος, and is opposed to hvatr, brisk, vigorous; hence the proverb, fár er hvatr er hrörask tekr, ef í barnæsku er blauðr, Fm. 6, cp. Fms. viii. 49.
β. metaph. blauðr means feminine, hvatr masculine, but only used of animals, dogs, cats, fishes; hvatr-lax = hæingr = salmo mas; bleyða, u, f., is a dam, and metaph. a coward; blauðr is a term of abuse, a bitch, coward; hafi hendr á (hundinum, add. p. 149) ok drepi þótt b. sé, take the dog and kill it, though it be a bitch, Gísl. 63; blauðir hundar, Fms. ii. 163, xi. 10.
2. metaph., Hallgerðr mælti við Gunnar, jafnkomit er á með ykkr, er hvárttveggi er blauðr (a taunt addressed to the beardless Njal), Nj. 59; bíð nú ef þú ert eigi b., Nj. 205, cp. Skr. 114, 496, in the last passage used = blautr; blauðir eru vér nú orðnir, Niðrst. 6.
a. = blauthugaðr.
adj. soft of heart, cowardly, Fbr. 108.
No entry
part. soft-clad, b. mann, a rendering of Matth. xi. 8, a man clothed in soft raiment, 625. 95.
adv. cowardly.
adv. and -ligr, adj. cowardly, Hkr. iii. 162.
a.
1) soft (~ sem silkiræma); ~ fiskr, fresh fish, opp. to ‘harðr fiskr’; frá blautu barns beini, from very babyhood;
2) effeminate, timorous, weak (fár er gamall harðr, ef hann er í bernsku ~);
3) wet, soaked (þar vóru vellir blautir, því at regn höfðu verit).
adj. [A. S. bleât = miser; Germ. blozs = nudus; Scot. blait = nudus (Jamieson); Dan. blöd; Swed. blödig = soft; the Dan. and Swed. blott, blotted, = stripped, are borrowed from Germ.; Ivar Aasen distinguishes between blaú = shy, and blaut = wet, damp; blauðr and blautr are no doubt only variations of the same word].
I. soft, Lat. mollis, in a good sense; this sense of the word remains only in a few compds, v. above, and in a few phrases, e. g. frá blautu barns beini, from babyhood, Fms. iii. 155, Magn. 522, Al. 71; b. fiskr, fresh (soft) fish, Bs. i. 853, opp. to harðr (dried) fiskr; in Swed., however, it means soaked fish: in poetry, b. sæing, a soft bed, Gísl. (in a verse): of stuffs, but only in less classical writers or translated romances; b. purpuri, Bret. 32; lerépt, Sks. 400 A; dúnn, Mart. 126; blautir vindar, soft breezes, Sks. 214 B: a single exception is, Edda 19, fjöturinn var sléttr ok b. sem silkiræma, soft and smooth as silk lace.
2. = blauðr, faint, imbecile; …
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n., in the phrase, frá ~s beini = frá blautu barns beini, see blautr.
n. a baby, in the phrase, frá blautbarns beini = blautu barns beini, Barl. 41.
m. fresh fish.
m. a fresh fish, cod, Bs. i. 853.
a. having soft, smooth flesh (mærin var væn ok blauthold).
adj. having soft, smooth flesh; mær b., Karl. 479.
a. faint-hearted (opposed to harðhugaðr).
adj. faint, soft-minded, Glúm. 309.
m. softness.
m. effeminacy, Stj. 345.
a. soft, moist-soiled.
adj. soft, moist-soiled, Fms. v. 230.
adv. effeminately (klæddr ~).
adv. and -ligr, adj. faintly, effeminate, Stj. 362; b. kossar, 417; b. kvæði, soft, amorous ditties, Bs. i. 237.
No entry
f., pl. blár, an απ. λεγ. in a verse Ísl. ii. 233, where it seems to mean the billows, blue waves. Ivar Aasen records ‘blaa’ a Norse term for the blue horizon; cp. the Icel. phrase, út í bláinn (as from blár, m.), into the blue, of what is thrown away, words spoken without need or end. In the east of Icel. blá means a meadow covered with snow half melted away, Erik Jonsson, Dict. s. v.
f. the livid colour of a bruise.
f. the livid colour of a bruise, Stj. 46. Gen. iv. 23.
m. lividness, = bláman.
a, m. a blue, livid tint, metaph. a blemish.
(að), v. to become blue or livid (þrútna ok ~ í andliti).
að, to become black, livid, Nj. 203 (iron in fire); Hkr. i. 103 (of a plague-stricken corpse), Fms. ii. 42.
a.
1) blue, livid (~ ok bóðugr);
2) black (~ sem kol); falda blá, to wrap the head in black.
adj., fem. blá, neut. blátt, [Scot. bla, which has the Icel. sense of dark blue, livid: cp. A. S. bleov; Engl. blue; Germ. blau; Swed.-Dan. blå: cp. also A. S. bleo = colour], prop. Lat. lividus; of the colour of lead, Snót 231; blár sem Hel, cp. Engl. black as death, Eb. 314, cp. Edda 13; of the livid colour caused by a blow, in the alliterative phrase, blár ok blóðugr, Korm. 108; sárir eða lostnir svá blátt eðr rautt sé eptir, Grág. ii. 13: blár is the colour of mourning, tjalda blám reflum, Fms. xi. 17; falda blá, to wrap the head in black, Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse); cp. kolblár, Blámaðr, etc.; blár logi, a pale ‘lowe,’ of a witch’s flame, Gullþ. 5: of cloths; möttull, Nj. 24; kápa, 255; kyrtill, 184; mörk, stripes, Ld. 244.
β. metaph. foolish, insipid; cp. bláheimskr; hann er ekki blár innan, a popular phrase, he is no goose.
(blæs; blés, blésum; blásinn), v.
1) to blow, of the wind;
~ndi byrr, a spanking breeze;
2) to blow with the mouth (hann blés í kross yfir drykk sínum); to pant (hestrinn tók at frýsa ok ~);
~ við to draw a deep breath, to sigh (jarl blés þá við mœðiliga);
fig., ~ móti e-m, to be unfavourably disposed towards one;
3) with dat., to set in motion by blowing or breathing;
blés mœðiliga öndinni, breathed hard;
~ e-m e-u í brjóst, to inspire, suggest a thing to one (guð blés henni því í brjóst);
~ eldi, eitri, of serpents;
4) to blow with a musical instrument;
~ lúðri, horni, to blow the trumpet, horn;
~ liði (troops) til landgöngu;
~ til stefnu, to a meeting;
~ herblástr, to sound an alarm;
5) to melt, cast (~ gullmálm, rauða);
yxn tveir ór eiri blásnir (cast);
6) to blow up, inflate (sem belgr blásinn);
7) impers., blés upp fótinn, kviðinn, the leg, belly, swelled up;
of land, to be laid bare, stripped of the turf (hafði blásit hauginn ok lá silfrit bert).
blés, blésu, blásit; pres. blæss, [Ulf. blêsan, a redupl. verb; Germ. blasen; Swed. blåsa; cp. Engl. blow (blast); A. S. blâvan; Lat. flare.]
I. to blow, Lat. flare, of the wind; the naut. alliterative phrase, blásandi byrr, a fresh breeze, Fms. vii. 287; vindrinn blæs og þú heyrir hans þyt, John iii. 8.
2. act. to blow a trumpet, sound an alarm, with dat. of the people and the instrument, the act of blowing in acc.; b. lúðri, Fms. vii. 287; var blásinn herblástr, sounded an alarm, ix. 358; b. liði (troops) til ofangaungu, Orkn. 350, Bret. 46; b. til stefnu, to a meeting, Fms. vii. 286; konungr lét b. öllum mönnum ór bænum, ix. 304; b. til þings, viii. 210; til héraðstefnu, ix. 255, v. l.: absol., þá bað hann b., sound the attack, viii. 403.
β. to blow the bellows; blástu (imperat.) meir, Landn. 270 (in a verse), Edda 69, 70.
γ. to melt, cast, the metal in acc.; hann blés fyrstr manna rauða á Íslandi, ok var hann af því kallaðr Rauðabjörn, Landn. 71, cp. Sks. 163; b. gullmálm, Bret. 4; sumir blésu ok steyptu af málmi Guðs líkneski, Barl. …
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(gen. ~ar and blástar, dat. blæstri and blæsti), m.
1) blast, blowing of the wind;
2) blowing of an animal, hissing of a serpent (heyrði blást drekanna);
3) breathing, breath (málit gørist af blæstrinum);
4) blast of a trumpet;
5) blowing of a bellows;
6) swelling of the body or a limb, mortification.
rs, m., dat. blæstri, blæsti, Hom. 47; pl. blástrar:
1. to blast, Sks. 213.
2. breath; b. af lopti, Eluc. 19; málit görisk af blæstrinum, Skálda 170: the blast of a trumpet, Fms. ix. 30: hissing of serpents, breathing of whales (hvala blástr), Gullþ. 8: blowing a bellows, Edda 70.
3. medic. swelling, mortification, Nj. 209, Dropl. 36, Bs. i. 182.
COMPDS: blástrbelgr, blástrhol, blástrhorn, blástrjárn, blástrsamr, blástrsvalr.
m. bellows.
m. a bellows, Karl. 18.
No entry
n. the blow-hole of a whale.
n. trumpet, horn.
(blástrarhorn), n. a trumpet, horn, 655. 8, Rb. 372.
n. blast iron (cast, not wrought).
n. blast iron, cast, not wrought, Grág. i. 501, Jb. 345.
a. windy.
adj. windy, Sks. 41.
a. cold-blowing.
adj. cold blowing, Sks. 41, v. l.
n. blueberry, bilberry.
n. pl., botan., Lat. vaccinium, as a cognom., Ann. 1393; aðalbláber, vaccinium myrtillus, the bleaberry, Hjalt.
a. bluish brown.
adj. dark blue coloured, of stuff, Bs. i. 506.
n. the blue deep sea.
n. the blue sea, i. e. deep, open sea, Bs. ii. 179, 181.
a. blue-eyed.
and -eygðr, adj. blue-eyed, Nj. 29, Fms. vii. 101, Hkr. iii. 250.
a. quite immovable.
adj. very strong, Karl. 551.
a. with a bluish polish.
adj. with a blue polish [fá, to paint], Sks., Rm. 26.
m. cloak of blue fur.
m. a cloak of blue fur, N. G. L. i. 75.
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adj. blue-black, epithet of the raven, Landn. (in a verse).
a. speckled with blue.
adj. blue-flecked, Völs. R.
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u, f. labrus luscus.
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n. a sort of geranium, the g. pratense.
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n. blue hard stones rolled in the surf, Eggert Itin. § 477.
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m. scabiosa, Ivar Aasen; a cognom., Sturl. ii. 207.
a. bluish white.
adj. white-blue, Gh. 4; bláhvíta logn, a blue-white calm.
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adj. blue-cold, of purling water or iron, cp. the phrase, berja fram blákalt, hammering the iron cold, of obstinate, dogged reasoning.
f. blue cloak.
u, f. a blue cape or cloak. blákápu-maðr, m. a blue cloaked man, Gísl. 37.
f. blue cheek.
f. with a blue (black) chin, Landn. 201.
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u, f., botan. campanula rotundi-folia, Hjalt.
pp. dressed in blue.
part. blue-clad, Fms. iii. 116.
a. blue-faced, black-faced.
adj. blue-faced, Karl. 5.
a. Ethiopian, from Bláland, Ethiopia.
adj. Ethiopian, from Bláland, n. Ethiopia, Nigritia, and North-west Africa in general; Blálendingar, in. pl. Ethiopians; cp. 625. 625, Al. 51, Rb. 568, Stj. 253, 254.
m. a black man, negro.
m. a black man, negro, i. e. an Ethiopian, Al. 51, Orkn. 364 (referring to A. D. 1152), distinguished from the Saracens and Arabians; three ‘blámenn’ were sent as a present to the German emperor Frederic the Second, Fms. x. 3: in romances blámenn are mentioned as a kind of ‘berserkers,’ q. v., Finnb. ch. 16, Kjalnes. S. ch. 15; cp. Scott’s Ivanhoe, note B.
a. blue-mingled.
and -mengjaðr, part. blue-mingled, Dipl. i. 168.
pp. marked with blue.
part. marked, variegated with blue, Vm. 149, 153.
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f. [mœrr = moor, cp. landamæri, borders, Caes. Bell. Gall, vi. ch. 23], the blue moor, an απ. λεγ. in the Norse poet Eyvind Skáldaspillir as an epithet of the sea about A. D. 960, Hkr. i. 154; cp. Landn. 54, which reads borðmærar, and attributes the verse to another poet. The word is still in use in Norway in the popular phrase, ut aa blaamyra: vide Ivar Aasen s. v. blaamyr, the sea.
a. blue-striped (blárendar brœkr).
adj. [rönd], blue-striped; brækr, Nj. 184.
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part. blue-embroidered, Pm. 12.
n. bad silver, opp. to ‘skírt silfr’.
n. bad silver, opp. to skírt silfr; þrim tigum sinna skal b. vega móti gulli, tíu sinnum skírt silfr móti gulli, 732. 16: the proportion of bad to pure silver is thus as three to one.
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u, f., cp. grásíða, a cognom., Ísl. ii. 52.
a. blue-striped (segl blástafat).
adj. blue-striped; segl. b., Fms. x. 345.
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u, f. the blue star, i. e. Hesperus, Snót 131.
f. blue-black tooth, a nickname.
f. a cognom. having a blue, black tusk, Fas. ii. 390.
(bleð, bladda, bladdr), v.
1) to pick off (leaves or fruit); fig. to kill off one by one (~ hirðina or ~ hirðina af);
2) to tear asunder (~ klæði sín);
3) to cover, as with a leaf (~ ásjónuna).
að, [blað], pret. bladdi; a part. ‘bladdr’ occurs, Post. 606; prop. to prune, lop trees and plants, Bs. ii. 165, N. G. L. i. 241: esp. in the metaph. phrase, b. af, to destroy, kill off one by one; mun hann svá ætla at b. hirðina, Fms. ii. 55, vii. 36, Fs. 96.
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m. [bleyg and blöyg, Ivar Aasen; Germ. pflock; Engl. plug], a plug, Krók. 56, where in pl.
I)
(-ta, -tr), v. to bleach (~ lérept); ~ hadda sína, to wash the hair (said of women).
II)
f. chalk or white clay.
1. and bleika, u, f. chalk paint; draga með bleiku, Hkr. ii. 341, Fms. iv. 96.
2. salmo levis, Fél. i. 11.
2. t, ð, [Swed. bleka; Germ. bleichen], to bleach; b. lérept, to bleach linen, Fas. ii. 71: in the phrase, b. hadda (cp. haddblik), of ladies, to wash and comb the hair, Edda 75.
a. pale, whitish; bleikt hár, fair hair; ~ á hár, fair-haired; (wan, pallid) ok blóðlauss; ~ sem nár, deadly pale; ~ sem bast, pale as bast.
adj. [A. S. blâc or blæc; Engl. bleached and bleak; Swed. blek; Germ. bleich and blass]:—pale, wan, of the colour of gold, Fms. v. 345; of bad silver, Grág. i. 500; of fruits, Stj. 161; of ripe barley fields, b. akrar, Nj. 112, and N. T. John iv. 35, a rendering of λευκός in the Gr.; of animals, a fawn-coloured horse is in Icel. called Bleikr, m., a mare Bleik, f., Flov. 33, Vígl.; an ox, Vápn. 21; of hair, auburn, Fær. 156; bleikt hár, the fair locks of a baby, Rm. 31, where ‘bleak and bright’ are alliterative; Homer’s ξανθός is in Icel. rendered by bleik-hárr.
2. = Lat. pallidus, the colour of ashes, pale from fright, loss of blood, or emotion, Fms. i. 216; fiskbleikr, pale as a fish, vii. 269; b. sem bast, pale as bast, etc.: of the moonshine, Sks. 627: the colour of death, því ligg ek b. í brúki, of a corpse mouldering at the bottom of the sea, Fms. vi. 376.
a. fawn-coloured with a dark stripe down the back (~ hestr).
adj., bleikálingr, m., and bleikála, f. a dun horse with a dark stripe down the back, Nj. 81, Sturl. ii. 145, Grett. 91.
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adj. light-haired, auburn, Gsp.
a. fair-haired.
adj. auburn, Hkr. iii. 174, Fms. vii. 101.
a. yellowish white.
adj. of yellowish white colour, Hkr. iii. 250.
n. ink.
n. ink, v. under ‘blakkr.’ blek-horn, n. an ink-horn, Th. 76.
adv. delusively.
adv. and -ligr, adj. [blakkr], delusively, Mar., Al. 36.
f. derision, fraud.
f. delusion, fraud, H. E. i. 506, Fms. x. 207, Hkr. iii. 112.
(-ta, -tr), v. to impose upon, deceive;
refl., ~st, to be disappointed.
t, að, [blakkr], to impose upon, Stj. 335, Fms. i. 215, Hkr. ii. 317, Magn. 466.
m.
1) blending, mixture;
2) a being half man and half giant (~ en ekki fullkomit troll).
m. a blending, mixture.
2. metaph. a being half man and half giant, not a downright giant (troll); b. en ekki fullkomit troll, Fas. iii. 179; b. þurs einn, Grett. 135.
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a, m. and blesóttr, adj. the blaze or white star on a horse’s forehead, and as a pr. name of the horse himself, Landn. 70, Fms. vi. 414.
a. lisping.
and blesmæltr, adj. lisping, Skálda 170, Sturl. i. 60, Barl. 15.
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s, m., pl. ir, [Engl. blot; Dan. plet], loc. a spot, blot, Fms. iii. 123 in a paper MS., the vellum MS. Fb. i. 228 reads ‘flekkr:’ blot, mjök grandvarr af blettum, without stain, blotless, 655 xxxii. 19: now much used in a loc. sense, a spot.
I)
f. craven, = bleyðimaðr.
II)
(-dda, -ddr), v. to dishearten, humble (ef þú bleyðir hjarta þitt);
refl., ~st, to lose heart or courage (= verða blauðr).
u, f. [blauðr], a craven, Hkr. i. 338.
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dep. to lose heart as a craven, Fms. vi. 312: impers. with dat., viii. 137.
f. cowardice.
f. cowardice, Fms. ii. 306: softness, in a good sense (rare), Sks. 496 B.
COMPDS: bleyðimaðr, bleyðimannligr, bleyðimark, bleyðiorð.
m. coward.
m. a coward, Nj. 54, Fms. vi. 260.
a. cowardly, craven.
adj. cowardly, Fms. ii. 69.
n. mark of cowardice.
n. a mark of cowardice, Tistr.
n. charge of cowardice; leggja ~ at baki e-m, to charge one with being a coward (blauðr); bera ~ fyrir e-m, to be called a coward by one.
n. a charge of cowardice, Fas. ii. 530; leggja b. á bak e-m, Grett. 102.
I)
f. mud, mire.
II)
(-tta, -ttr), v. to make soft, moisten (~ húð); ~ hjarta, skaphöfn e-s, to soften one’s heart, temper.
1. u, f. [blautr], mud, Clem. 35: mire, Hrafn. 27 (freq.)
2. tt, to soak, moisten; b. húð, a hide, Fas. i. 289; leir, clay, Bret. 106.
2. to soften, Greg. 38, 655 v. B (rare in that sense).
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n. soaking.
(að), v. to bless (~ði guð þá hinn sjaunda daginn); also with dat. (guð ~ði bæði fuglum ok fiskum).
bletza, mod. blessa, að, [A. S. bletzian; Engl. bless; akin to blót, blóta, denoting worship]:—to bless; an English word, which came to Icel. and Norway along with the Gospel; in Norway it never took root, and soon died out, and is at present unknown in Scandinavia; whilst in Icel. it grew from a term of worship into a household word of endearment and affection; the guest or traveller is met with a ‘Guð blessi þig,’ God bless thee, in reply to his greeting, ‘hér sé Guð,’ when entering a house; it is also the reply to one returning thanks. The Norseman, Swede, and Dane say, ‘Gud signe dig’ (cp. Germ. segnen), whilst ‘signa’ (signare) in Icel. usage only means to make the sign of the cross. Bleza is used as a standing epithet of the sun, blessuð sólin, the blessed sun: so also the alliterative phrase, blessað barnið, the blessed bairn; blessaðr, blessuð, in addressing, cp. Engl. bless you! In old writers it answers to Lat. benedicere:
α. with acc., Stj. 28, 655 ix, ‘benedictus’ þýðir b., xxi, Fms. i. 230, K. Á. 120.
β. with dat., rare and now unusual; …
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f. blessing, benediction.
f. a blessing, benediction, Bs. i. 562; bliss, Hom. 13, Greg. 79.
COMPD: blezanarandi.
m. spirit of blessing.
a, m. spirit of b., Stj. 242.
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f. id., 655 viii. 2.
n. a kind of costly stuff (for. word).
a kind of stuff, (for. word), El. 21, Str. 12, 79.
n.
1) gleam, sheen;
2) bleaching (liggja á bliki);
3) vizor of a helmet.
n. [cp. Germ. blick and blitz; Engl. blink (in ice-blink, the gleam of distant ice-fields), and blaze], gleam, sheen, Scot. glint, Lat. nitor; barach þýðir b. eðr brjánda, Stj. 389. The original notion of fulgor is alien to Icel.; even augnablik, q. v., is of Dan. and Germ. extraction; a dead-calm sea is in Danish havblik and blikstille, but in Icel. blæja-logn. The gleam of metal (shields) is called blik, Edda 86 (poët.): of the sky, Breiðablik is the heavenly abode of the god Baldr, Gm. 12.
2. bleaching, Dan. bleg; blæjur á bliki, Fas. ii. (in a verse); lérept á bliki, N. G. L. i. 381.
3. hadd-blik, Edda 77.
II. (for. word), the vizor on a helmet, in writers of the 14th and 15th centuries, Fas. iii. 229, Ann. 1393.
(að), v. to gleam, twinkle (of shields).
1. u, f. light clouds foreboding storms, such as the Engl. call ‘mare’s tails,’ (regn-blika, vind-blika), hence the saying, e-m lízt ekki a blikuna, when matters look threatening; freq. in mod. usage, though no instance is on record in old writers.
2. medic. pallor, Dan. blegesot, Fél. ix. 201.
2. að, and blíkja, bleik, bliku, an old obsolete poët. form, of which only remain the forms, 3rd pers. pl. pret. bliku, fulgebant, Vkv. 6, Fas. i. 186 (in a verse): infm., blíkja, Hkr. i. 96 (in a verse); 3rd pers. pl. pres. blíkja, fulgent, Grág. ii. 170, in an old law form; part. blíkjanda, Edda 231, [Lat. fulgere; Germ. blicken, cp. blitzen; Engl to blink]:—to gleam, twinkle, Lat. micare; the stars ‘blika,’ the sun ‘skín;’ used of arms, skildir bliku þeirra við hinn skarða mána, Vkv. l. c.; bliku reið er Regin átti, Fas. l. c.; á baki létu blíkja (of the shields), Hkr. l. c.; skildir blika við 1 Rauðaskriðum, Nj. 143, cp. Grág. ii. 170; blikuðu þar skildir við, Eg. 724; blika við sólu, Fbr. 156; blíkjanda (part.) böl, gleaming bale, of the hall of Hela, Edda l. …
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No entry
a, m. a drake; andar-bliki, æðar-bliki, etc.
(að), v. to grow (turn) pale or pallid (~ af hræzlu, hugleysi).
að, [bleikr], to become pale, Fms. ii. 240, iv. 166, Flov. 41.
(að), v. impers., e-m ~r, one feels uneasy or anxious.
að, [Ivar Aasen blikra, to flutter], to blink; impers. with dat., kvaðst hann eigi hirða þó bónda blikraði nokkut til hvat fyrir væri (= blöskraði, felt a shudder), Grett. 100 A (rare).
a. white-gleaming (of a shield).
adj. white-gleaming, of a shield, Lex. Poët.
(að), v. to blind, derive of sight (dróttinn ~ði augu þeirra); hann ~r sjálfan sik allra sanninda, he blinds himself lo all truth.
að, [Ulf. blindjan], to blind, deprive of sight, Fms. v. 268, vii. 207, Stj. 619: metaph. to deceive, Fms. ii. 46, v. 217, Gþl. 215.
f. blindness.
f. indecl., mod. blindni, blindness, Stj. 620, Greg. 35: metaph., Blas. 47: snjó-blinda, u, f. snow-blindness; nátt-blinda, nyctalopia; dag-blinda, hemeralopia, Fél.
m. hidden peg, dowel.
m. a blind or hidden peg, of pegs used to pin planks together edgeways, serving the same purpose as tongue and groove, Edda 232.
m. blindness.
m. blindness, Fms. ii. 241, Stj. 122: metaph., H. E. i. 462.
a. blind; ~ báðum augum, blind of both eyes; hann háfði verit ~ borinn, born blind; with gen., ~ ens sauna um e-t, blind as to the truth or reality about a thing; e-m er e-t blint, it is obscure, hidden to one; Einarr lét sér þat blint vera, E. professed ignorance about it.
adj. [Ulf. blinds; A. S. and Engl. blind; O. H. G. plint; Germ. blind; common to all Teut. idioms, whilst Gr. τύφλος and Lat. caecus are of different roots]:—blind; blindr borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Fms. vi. 389: proverb, misjafnir eru blinds manns bitar: metaph., with gen., mjök er mannfólkit blint ens sauna um forlögin, blind as to the fate, Al. 23: neut. as adv., dark, ekki er þat blint hvers þú eggjar, Fms. iv. 133; Einarr lét sér þat blint vera, i. e. said that he knew nothing about it, viii. 10; Grettir segir at þeim var blint til þess at ætla, a blind matter for them to guess at, Grett. 148 A: a thick storm is called ‘blind-bylr;’ (but the Icel. call thick darkness ‘niða-myrkr,’ Dan. bælgmörke); the Germans call blind what is hidden and cannot be seen; this is rare in Icel., yet blind-sker, a hidden skerry (rock) in the sea; cp. also blindingr.
I)
f. friendliness, gentleness; hófst þá enn at nýju ~ (friendly relations) með þeim mágum.
II)
(-dda, -ddr), v. = blíðka.
u, f. [Ulf. bleiþei], literally blitheness, but in usage gentleness, grace, of a woman; alla blíðu lét hón uppi við mik, Nj. 18; hófst þá enn at nýju b. (friendly intercourse) með þeim mágum, Fms. ix. 450: in mod. usage, balminess of the air: fair words, blandishment, Sks. 540.
COMPD: blíðubragð.
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að, dep. = bliðkask, Thom. 183.
(að), v. to soften, mitigate (~ e-n með gjöfum);
refl., ~st, to grow mild; ~st e-m, to insinuate oneself into one’s favour.
að, to render ‘blithe,’ caress, coax, Ld. 286: reflex., Stj. 142.
f. caressing, caresses.
f. caressing, Stj. 186.
m.
1) friendliness, gentleness;
2) mildness, blaminess (~ loptsins).
and -leiki, m. mildness, balminess, of the air, Fms. x. 336, Rb. 336: blandishment, Pass. 31. 10.
a. of mild countenance.
adj. of mild countenance, Fms. xi. 215, v. l.
adv. kindly, with kindness (taka, fagna e-m ~).
adv. and -ligr, adj. blithely, graciously; taka, fagna e-m b., Nj. 4, Sks. 370, Fms. vii. 107, ix. 411.
a.
1) gentle, friendly (vera ~ ok þekkr við menn);
2) plesant, agreeable;
þat er þér blíðara, that pleases you better;
3) mild, balmy (blítt veðr).
adj. [Ulf. bleiþs, οικτίρμων, misericors; and bleiþi, οικτίρμός; gableiþjan, οικτείρειν; A. S. bliðe; Engl. blithe; Hel. blithi = clarus, laetus]:—in usage, mild, gentle, soft; blíðr is a word of endearment, but as it denotes the outward expression of mildness in the eyes, look, voice, it also has a bad sense, bland, fawning, enticing: alliterative proverb, blíð er bætandi hönd; b. ok þekkr, Bs. i. 131; b. orð, Fms. x. 292; b. ok kátr, Eg. 45; blíð ok eptirmál, mild and charming, of a wife, Nj. 13: of the air, blítt veðr, mild, balmy, Fms. ii. 76, vi. 378: metaph., blítt ok strítt, whether it pleases or not, in fine weather or foul, Sturl. i. 193; fyrir blíðu né stríðu, neither by fair nor foul means, 625. 95: agreeable, eigi blíð baksletta, Al. 90; e-m er blíðara, ‘tis more pleasant for one, one is better pleased, Fms. x. 353.
n. friendly mien (= blítt yfirbragð); caressing.
n. a token of grace, caressing, Stj. 90, Fms. vii. 108: in a less good sense, of outward shew, Fas. iii. 151, 209.
a. displaying friendliness or kindness.
adj. mild, sweet, Mirm.
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and -lyndr, adj. of gentle disposition, Magn. 474.
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n. gentle disposition.
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n. caressing, Bs. i. 140, Greg. 51.
n. pl. fair words, blandishments.
n. fair words, blandishments, Fms. x. 307, i. 109, Pass. 6. 6.
a. affable, bland.
adj. bland, Sturl. ii. 189, Fms. xi. 215, vii. 239.
(-ar), m. friendliness, kindness; caresses (eiga blíðskap með konu).
ar, m. mildness, kindness, friendly terms, Fms. i. 102; með blíðskap, m. friendly terms, Eg. 740, Stj. 192.
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and blíðviðri, n. mild weather, 655 xii. 2, Thom. 167.
pl., = blíðmæli.
n. blandishment, Sks. 530, Fms. x. 292.
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[Germ. bleiben; akin to leifa, q. v.], to remain; this word was taken from Luther’s Bible into Icel., and is used by theol. writers; pret. sing. is never used, but pret. pl. blifu. Pass. 50. 4.
(-ða, -t), v. to gaze (~ augum).
ð, [Swed. bliga = to gaze, stare], to gaze; b. augum, Mirm. 70.
No entry
m. staring, gazing, a cognom., Eb.
No entry
d, to store, gaze, [cp. A. S. blin.]
I)
f. the mouthpiece of bellows.
II)
(að), v. to whistle; ~ í spor e-m or e-s, to whistle after one who has run away.
u, f. the month-piece of bellows, Vm. 177.
I)
f. the mouthpiece of bellows.
II)
(að), v. to whistle; ~ í spor e-m or e-s, to whistle after one who has run away.
að, to whistle, Fb. i. 553, Fas. iii. 337, Bret. 26: the phrase, b. í spor e-m, prob. a hunting term, to run whistling after one, Korm. 62, Fms. viii. 60.
2. of snakes, to hiss, Fr.
f. whistling (with the mouth).
f. (blístr, n.), whistling, Mar. 61, Konr. 58 (Fr.): the mod. phrase, standa á blístri, to be swoln like bellows, is curious, and indicates a relation between blása and blístra.
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m. a sacrificer, worshipper, Eg. (in a verse); also blœtr.
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adj. [Swed. blyg], bashful, shy, modest, Pass. 16. 14 (penitent).
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a, m. a flame, Dan. bluss, (mod.), Pass. 3. 2.
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a, m. [blautr], a thaw, melting of snow (freq.)
(að), v. to become soft or moist; fig., to give way, yield (~ við e-t, fyrir e-m).
að, to become moist or soft: metaph. to lose courage; blotnar hann eigi við þat, Ísl. ii. 330, Fms. viii. 137.
n.
1) blood; rann honum mjök ~, he lost much blood; nema (taka) e-m ~, to bleed one; vekja e-m ~, to draw blood of one; ganga blóði, to have a hemorrhage or dysentery, blanda bloði saman, to enter into foster-brothership by mixing blood together;
2) offspring, blood-relations.
n. [Ulf. bloþ, common to all Teut. idioms]:—the blood, Lat. sanguis; ‘dreyri’ is cruor; ‘hlaut,’ q. v., is blood shed in sacrifice, cp. Eb. ch. 4, Nj. 107, Eb. 242, Fms. i. 46; nema, láta (mod. taka) b., to take, let blood (blóðlát), vii. 269, Grág. ii. 133; ganga blóði, to have a hemorrhage, Bs. i. 337: the phrase, blanda blóði saman, to mix blood together, Ls. 9, refers to the old heathen rite of entering foster-brothership, defined in Gísl. 11, Fbr. 7, Fb. ii. 93, Fas. iii. 376: metaph. offspring, Stj. 47; hjart-blóð, heart’s blood; dauða-blóð, life-blood, gore: metaph. compound words are rare. In poets ‘blood of Quasir’ means poetry; the blood of the giant Ymir, the sea, vide Edda 47, 5. Fél. ix. 198, 199, records many medic, compounds, blóðfall and blóðlát, menorrhagia; blóðhella, congestio ad viscera; blóðkýli, ulcus; blóðmiga, haematuria; blóðnasir, f. pl. epistaxis; blóðrás, hemorrhagia; blóðsótt, dysenteria; blóðhrækjur, haemoptysis; blóðspýja, haematemesis, etc. Other COMPDS: blóðabrúðgumi, blóðsakr, blóðslitr, blóðspeningar, blóðsúthelling. …
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a, m., Stj. 42. Exod. iv. 25, the ‘bloody husband’ of the Engl. text.
(að), v. to make bloody, to smear with blood;
refl., ~st, to become bloody.
að, to make bleed, Nj. 82: reflex, to become bloody, Str. 78.
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a, m., poët. a brother, consanguineus, Edda (Gl.), Haustl. 14.
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adj., contr. blóðgir, -gum, etc.; in mod. usage uncontracted through all cases, and so it is freq. in old writers, e. g. blóðigan (acc.), Bjarn. 50 vellum MS.; blóðugri (dat. f.), Grág. ii. 192: bloody, Nj. 19, Ísl. ii. 771, etc.
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m. the field of blood, Matth. xxvii. 8.
m. colour of blood.
m. blood-colour, 656. 6, Eb. 26.
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m. pl. the price of blood, Matth. xxvii. 6.
f. shedding of blood.
f. a shedding of blood, Fas. i. 73.
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m. a blood-letter.
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u, f. the bloody-haired, one of the names of the daughters of Ran, Edda.
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a, m. the name of a mythical steed, Edda; cp. the O. H. G. lay or charm, ‘Phol ende Wodan,’ etc.
n. bandage to stop bleeding, esp. pl. (blóðbönd).
n., mostly in pl. a bandage to stop bleeding, Bs. i. 625, 376.
m. gush or jet of blood.
a, m. a gush of blood, Nj. 210, Fms. vi. 419, Sd. 178.
f. pl. scattering of blood.
f. pl. spatterings of blood, Grett. 111 A.
m. one who drinks blood.
m. one who drinks blood, Fas. iii. 573: epithet of a fox.
m. drop of blood.
a, m. a drop of blood, Bs. i. 45, Fms. i. 270.
f. drink of blood.
u, f. drink of blood. Thom. 150.
n. hemorrhage.
n. and blóðfalls-sótt, f. bloody flux, dysentery, Bs. i. 317, ii. 108, 618.
m. fleck or stain of blood.
m. a fleck or stain of blood, Eb. 242.
m. gush of blood.
m. a gush of blood, Nj. 244.
a. full of blood.
adj. full of blood, Fbr. 12.
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að, to shoe a horse to the quick, (mod.)
m. blood-bag; fig., blood-sucker.
m. a blood-bag; metaph. a blood-sucker, a leech, Fms. ii. 317.
a. bloodless.
adj. (blóðleysi, n.), bloodless, Str. 5.
n.
1) loss of blood;
2) blood-letting, bleeding.
n. loss of blood, Hkr. ii. 24: medic. blood-letting, bleeding, Fms. vii. 269, Str. 28, N. G. L. iii. 15.
pp. (that has been) bled.
part. having blood let, bled, Bs. i. 848, Str. 27.
f. clotted blood.
ar, f. pl. clotted blood, Nj. 171.
a. bloody.
adj. bloody, Stj. 161.
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= blóðslitr, Landn. 335.
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jar, m. a river of blood, Fms. vi. 407.
m. maggot bred in putrefying blood.
m. a maggot bred in putrefying blood, Stj. 91.
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adj. plethoric.
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f. pl. a bleeding of the nose, (mod.)
f. pl. ‘blood-nights’, in the prov., ‘~ eru hverjum bráðastar’, referring to the fierce desire to revenge a homicide newly committed.
f. pl. bloody nights; it may originally have been a law term, the night next after a murder or homicide; in the proverb, blóðnætr eru hverjum bráðastar, i. e. the thirst for revenge rises highest during the bloody nights, Glúm. 344, Fs. 39, Bs. i. 142.
a. blood-red.
adj. blood-red, Fms. i. 217, Art. 120.
f. hemorrhage.
f. a ‘blood-rush,’ hemorrhagia, Ld. 140, Fms. x. 395, Pr. 473: mod. also circulation of blood.
m. point of a sword.
m. the point of a sword, Nj. 246, Eg. 216, 306, Hkr. i. 70; a curious word; does refill here mean a snake? cp. refil-stígar, semita serpentis; cp. also Korm. ch. 9.
a. very wrathful (= dreyrrauðr af reiði).
adj. very wrath, Fms. iv. 182.
a. indecl. bruised and blootly (blár ok ~).
adj. ind. [Germ. blutrise = saucius, cruentus], bruised and bloody, Eb. 46; in the alliterative phrase, blár ok b., blue and bloody from blows, Grett. 147, Stj. 91: as to the root, cp. hár-ramr, the outside, but hold-rosa, u, f. a tanner’s term, the inside of a skin; yet blóðrisa in the MSS. is not spelt with a y.
m. clot of blood.
and blóðsigi, a, m. a clot of blood, Bs. i. 334, Fas. iii. 296.
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f. blood-guilt, Pass. 2. 10, 25. 7.
f. dysentery.
f. monthly courses, Stj. 318, 256: dysenteria, Fél. ix. 199.
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u, f. a spitting of blood, Fs. 153, Ann. 1393.
f. the bloody star, Venus.
u, f. the bloody star, prob. Mars, Rb. 110.
pp. bespattered with blood.
part. (mod. blóð-storkinn, stark with blood), gory all over, Bs. i. 626, Niðrst. 3.
m. stream of blood.
m. a stream of blood, Fas. i. 499.
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a, m. a bloody sweat, Pass. 2. 12 (Luke xxii. 44).
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u, f. a blood-letting.
f. pool of blood.
f. a pool of blood, Eb. 200.
f. drawing of blood (svá hart, at ~ yrði); cf. ‘vekja e-m blóð’.
u, f. [vekja blóð, cp. vökvi, m. fluid], a law term, the letting blood flow; svá hart at b. yrði, Bs. i. 871.
a. warm-blooded.
adj. blood-warm, warm as blood, Karl. 240.
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u, f. a part of a sword, Edda (Gl.)
f. a ewe fit for slaughter.
f. a sheep (ewe) fit for slaughter, Fms. xi. 36.
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f. pl. (v. æsar), a bad reading instead of blóðnætr, Bs. i. 142.
m. ‘blood eagle’, in the phrase, rísta ~ á baki e-m, a cruel method of putting captured enemies to death in the heathen times.
m. ‘blood eagle,’ in the phrase ‘rísta b.,’ to cut a blood eagle, a cruel method of putting to death in the heathen times, practised, as it seems, only on the slayer of one’s father if taken alive in a battle: the ribs were cut in the shape of an eagle and the lungs pulled through the opening, a sort of vivisection described in Orkn. ch. 8, Fas. i. 293, 354 (Ragn. S.): so king Ella was put to death by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, Fms. iii. 225: it is called a sacrifice to Odin of the victim, cp. the phrase, ok gaf hann Óðni til sigrs sér, Orkn. l. c.; the old rite ‘marka geirsoddi,’ q. v., is analogous, not identical; cp. also upon the subject Grimm D. R. A., and Hm. 139.
f. ‘bloody axe’, a nickname.
and -ex, f. bloody axe, a cognom. of king Eric, Fms.
n. bloom, blossom, flower; fig., í œsku blómi, in the flower of youth.
n. [Ulf. bloma, Matth. vi. 28; Engl. bloom; Germ. blume; A. S. blosma, Engl. blossom, answers to blómstr, qs. Lat. flos. The Icel. has not the primitive verb. Hel. blôan; Germ. blühen]:—a bloom, blossom, flower; hvít blóm á grasi, El. 24; lauf ok blóm ok aldin, 19; gras ok blóm, flowers, Edda 145 (pref.), Fms. v. 345; þótti honum á einum kvistinum fegrst b., Bárð. 164; ekki þótti henni blómit (the bloom or blossom on the tree) svá mikit á vera sem hón vildi, Ísl. ii. 14; kóróna af dýrligum blómum, Bret.
COMPDS: blómamikill, blómberandi, blómberanligr.
a. rich-blossoming.
adj. rich-blossoming, Bárð. l. c.
f. the fact of blooming or flourishing.
f. blooming, flourishing, Stj. 29.
a. blooming, flourishing.
adj. blooming, Bs. ii. 183.
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að, dep. to flourish, Magn. 502, Sks. 610: part. blómgaðr, adj. which has blossom upon it, Fms. xi. 9.
m. = blóm; fig., standa (vera) með blóma, miklum blóma, to thrive, prosper, flourish; í blóma aldrs síns, in the flower of his age.
a, m. [Ulf. bloma, m., Matth. vi. 28; v. blóm].
1. pl. blooms, blossoms, flowers; þar hrörna aldri fagrir blómar, Clem. 40; hafa rauða blóma (acc. pl.), 655 xiv; allskonar fagra blóma, Fms. x. 241; heilir blómar, flores integri, Magn. 468; this use is now rare.
2. sing. blooming; þat tré stendr ávalt síðan með blóma, in full bloom, 656 A. 23.
3. esp. metaph. full bloom, prosperity; stóð hagr hans með hinum mesta blóma, Ísl. ii. 14, Band. 2, Fms. v. 346; í bloma aldrs síns (æsku blómi), in the bloom of life, viii. 29, vii. 108 (with blooming face); á þeirra veldi var b. mjök langa hríð, Ver. 45, Sks. 758.
4. the yolk in an egg; the phrase ‘lifa sem blómi í eggi,’ to live like the yolk in an egg, i. e. to live in perfect comfort.
(-rs), m. = blóm (allan akrsins ~).
rs, m. bloom, blossom; allan akrsins blómstr, Stj. 29; sætan b., Sks. 630 B, 499; ‘flos’ is rendered by b., Stj. (pref.): in writers since the Reformation always neut.; allt eins og blómstrið eina, and glóandi blómstrið frítt, Hallgrímr, Snót 45; blóm and blómstr are synonymous, but blómi in common usage is metaph. = prosperity.
pr. p. bloom-bearing, flourishing.
part. bloom-bearing, Stj. 14.
a. bloom-bearing, flourishing.
adj. id., Fms. iii. 174.
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a, m. [cp. Dan. blår, the refuse of flax, and the phrase, at kaste een blår í öjnene, to throw dust in one’s eyes] in Icel. only used in the metaph. phrase, at göra e-t í blóra við e-n, to commit an offence behind another person so that suspicion falls upon him: and blóra-maðr, m., en ef svá verðr sem mér er grunr á at, dóttir þín sé með barni, þá eru þar fáir blóramenn, ok vil ek ganga við faðerni. Fas. iii. 344.
n.
1) sacrifice, sacrificial feast or banquet (efna, efla ~);
2) idol worship in general;
3) idol, = blœti (öll ~ braut hann niðr);
4) swearing, cursing.
n. [Ulf. renders λατρεία and σέβασμα by blutinassus, cp. also A. S. compd words such as blôtmônad]:—gener. worship, and worship including sacrifice, spec. a sacrificial feast or banquet, used freq. in pl. when in general sense; the feasts were, esp. the three great annual feasts, when the winter set in (Oct.), at Yule time and mid-winter (Dec. or Jan.), and when the summer began (April), Ó. H. ch. 94–96, Hkr. i. 139 sqq., Hák. S. G. ch. xvi sqq., and the verse of Kormak, Hafit maðr ask né eski, id., Hkr. (Ó. T.) i. 272, Fms. x. (Ó. T.) ch. 50, Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 531, 512. Hervar. S. the last chapter, Eb. ch. 10, Eg. 257, Fb. i. 22; at Uppsölum vóru blót svá mikil í þann tíma, at hvergi hafa verit meiri á Norðrlöndum, Fas. i. 255; þann vetr fékk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla um forlög sín, Landn. 33, cp. Hým. 1, Vsp. 62; þar vóru áðr blót ok hörgar, Bs. i. 20 (Kr. S.), Fms. i. 131, Eb. 4; there are mentioned álfa-blót, dísa-blót, etc.
2. blót, or more correctly blœti, n. an idol, amulet, engi maðr skal hafa í húsum sínum, stalla, vit eðr blót (blœti) … nú ef blot (blœti) er funnit í húsi láslausu, mat-blót (dough idol) eðr leir-blót (clay idol) gört í mannslíki af leiri eðr deigi, þá …, N. …
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I)
(blœt; blét, blétum; blótinn), v.
1) to worship, to worship with sacrifice, with acc. of that which is worshipped; ~ hof, lund, fors, heiðit goð, álfa, heiðnar vættir, lifandi menn, to worship temple, grove, waterfall, &c.; very rare with dat. (~ goðum);
2) to sacrifice, with dat. of the object sacrificed (~ mönnum ok fé); absol., ~ til friðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar, to make a sacrifice for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind.
II)
(að), v.
1) = ~ (blœt, etc.);
2) to curse, with dat. = banna (bið þú fyr þeim, er þér ~); absol., to swear;
refl., ~st, to go about swearing.
in old use a strong (and originally a redupl.) verb, blóta—blét—blétu—blótinn; pres. blœt, and with the suffixed negative blœtka (I worship not), Stor. 22 (the Ed. wrongly blotka, without change of vowel); this form also occurs K. Þ. K. (Kb.) ch. 7, the Ed. 1853 has wrongly blœt(a)r, but a few lines below blótar (weak), probably altered from blœtr; pret. sing. blét, Hkr. (Yngl.) 56, 269; pl. blétu, 56; subj. blétim, 623. 61; imperat. blótt, Am. 75; part. blótinn, and sup. blótið are freq., Hkr. i. 34, 35, 239, Landn. 47, Fas. i. 255: more freq. weak, blóta, að; pres. blótar, blótast, Fas. i. 87, Fbr. 78; pret. blótaði, Landn. 224, 291, 322, Bs. i. 6 (Kr. S.), Nj. 272, Gísl. 140, Fær. 272, Fas. i. 463, 531, Bret., Fms. ii. 263, Hkr. i. 34, 35, Ísl. ii. 109, Fs. 50; only the weak sup. and part. are rare in old writers; blótuð, Hom. 153 (Norse); blótað (sup.), Bs. i. 5 (paper transcript); in Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 34, 35, Unger’s Edition has the old form blét, blótið, but Cod. Fris. l. c. the later mod. form.: [Ulf. blotan (redupl. verb) = λατρεύειν, σέβεσθαι, cp. guþbloteins = παράκλησις, guþblostreis = θεοσεβής; A. S. blôtan = immolare; O. H. G. blozan; …
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f.
1) sacrificing;
2) cursing, swearing.
f. sacrificing, 623. 57.
II. cursing, swearing, Fms. viii. 293.
a. rich in sacrifices (blótauðigt hof).
adj. rich in sacrifices; b. hof, Mart. 116.
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n. a sacrificial bath, Post. 138.
m. heathen priest.
m. a heathen priest, Bret. 34 (Laocoon), Fms. x. 323.
m. sacrificial bowl.
a, m. a sacrificial bowl, Fms. ii. 309.
m. idolatry.
m. idolatry, Stj. 106.
f. sacrificial feast.
u, f. a sacrificial feast, Fms. x. 393, cp. Eg. 257.
n. sacred or accursed goods.
n. a sacred or accursed thing, Stj. 363 (Josh. vii. ii), Edda 83.
m. heathen sacrificing priest.
a, m. a heathen priest, Post. 656 B. 10, Hkr. i. 8.
f. sacrificial pit.
f. a sacrificial den in which to kill the victim, Fs. 49, 50.
n. heathen god.
m. a heathen god, Fms. ii. 76.
f. heathen priestess.
u, f. a heathen priestess, Hkr. i. 8.
m. sacrificial mound or cairn.
m. a sacrificial mound or cairn, cp. N. G. L. i. 18; defined Fms. v. 164; about cairns of that kind among the Perms (Bjarmar), vide Fms. iv. 299, cp. also Hkr. i. 16.
n. heathen house of worship.
n. a heathen house of worship, sometimes less than the ‘hof,’ used like Christian chapels for private worship, Fms. ii. 263, Ísl. ii. 109: a temple in general, Stj. 391.
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m. a surname of the heathen earl Hacon, Fms. ii. 122.
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m. the golden calf, Stj. 312.
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u, f. a fen near the heathen temples, in which animals (or men) were killed by drowning, Ísl. (Kjaln. S.) ii. 404.
n. pl. garments worn at sacrifices.
n. garments used at sacrifices, Fs. 42.
f. idolatress.
u, f. = blótgyðja, Stj. 428.
m. sacred grove, heathen place of sacrifice.
m. a sacred grove, Fms. xi. 382, Stj. 391, cp. Landn. 222.
m. heathen worshipper, idolater.
m. a heathen worshipper, Bret. 57, Eg. 179, Fms. i. 294, 263, Andr. 65.
m. food eaten at the sacrificial feast.
m. the meat of the victims, Hkr. i. 139.
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n. an ox worshipped and enchanted, Hkr. i. 269, Fms. iii. 132, Fas. i. 255; hence in mod. use a mad bull is called blótneyti, n.
2. a bull to be sacrificed, a heathen sacrifice connected with the old holmgang, q. v., Eg. 506, cp. Korm. 212, 214, Gísl. 80.
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id., Fas. i. 425.
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m. a heathen priest, Sks. 575.
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a, m. an enchanted champion (?), απ.λεγ., Korm. 242.
(-ar), m.
1) heathen worship, idolatry;
2) things belonging to worship;
3) sacrifice.
m. idolatry, heathen worship, sacrifice, Fms. i. 31, xi. 134, Stj. 650, N. G. L. i. 351: things belonging to worship, Stj. 391, Fagrsk. 28, Fms. v. 239.
m. sacred or sacrificial forest.
m. = blótlundr, Stj. 650, Róm. 199.
m. chip used in divination;
fella blótspán, to consult the gods.
m. divining rods or chips used at sacrifices, cp. Tacitus Germ. ch. x, and Amm. Marc. xxxi. 2. in the phrase, fella blót-spán, ramos sortidicos jactare; þá feldi hann b. ok vitraðist svá, at hann skyldi hafa dagráð at berjast, Fagrsk. 40, in the passage of Vellekla (the source of the narrative) the poet uses the word teinn lautar, qs. hlautar-teinn, the rod of the sacrificial blood, cp. the phrase, kjósa hlaut-við, Vsp. 62; and hrista teina, Hým. 1; þá feldi Önundr blótspán til, at hann skyldi verða víss …, Landn. 193; síðan var feldr blótspánn, ok gékk svá fréttin, at…, Fas. i. 526, 452 (Hervar. S.)
m. a place of heathen sacrifice.
m. a place of heathen sacrifice, Hom. 175, Hkr. i. 6, Fms. xi. 40, Fagrsk. 29.
m. heathen or sacrificial altar.
m. a heathen altar, Stj. 391.
n. sacred tree.
n. a sacred tree, Mart. 115.
m. small sacrificial trough (trog).
m. [trog], a sacrificial trough, Fs. 108.
f. sacrificial banquet.
u, f. a sacrificial banquet, Hkr. i. 139, Fms. i. 35, iv. 237.
m. = blótlundr.
m. = blótlundr, Greg. 80.
f. heathenish or idolatrous heresy.
u, f. a heathen heresy, Fms. x. 243.
m. heathen sacrificial field.
m. a bewitched field; eigi munu vér Nú optar ganga appá b. þinn, Fms. viii. 157.
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a, m. the end of a b., Ld. l. c.
(að), v. to shut the eyes (~ báðum augum).
að, to doze; éta blundandi, Edda 72; cp. mod. ganga blindandi, to go blinking, half asleep; b. augum, to shut the eyes, Bs. ii. 481.
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að, to blink with the eyes, Stj. 81.
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m. pl. rods causing sleep, in the phrase, bregða blund-stöfum, to awake, Sdm. 3; cp. stinga svefnþorn, Ísl. Þjóðs.
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m. sleep, dozing: slumber, a nickname, Landn. 80.
f. shame.
f. [bljúgr], shame, Grett. 159 A, Vígl. 20.
COMPD: blygðarlauss.
(að), v. to put to shame, seduce.
ð, to put to shame, Fas. iii. 655, Fms. iii. 89. β. reflex, to be ashamed, Sks. 494; = bleyðast, to lose heart, Fas. iii. 411; b. sín, to be ashamed, to repent, (mod.)
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f. shame, disgrace, nakedness, Pass. 24. 3.
COMPD: blygðunarlauss.
a. blameless.
adj. (-leysi, n.), blameless, Grett. 161 A.
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adj. (-leysi, n.), impudent.
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ð, = blygðast, Sks. 494, v. l.
n. torch.
n. [Dan. blus], a torch, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. i. 804.
n. lead (søkkva sem ~).
n. [Germ. blei; O. H. G. pli; Lat. plumbum], lead; sökkva sem b., Blas. 49, Dipl. v. 18.
COMPDS: blýband, blýkleppr, blýligr, blýskeyti, blýsteyptr, blýstika, blýstokkr, blýbungr.
n. leaden band.
n. a leaden band, Fms. x. 172.
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adj. heavy as lead.
m. plummet.
m. a plummet, Rb. 472.
a. leaden.
adj. leaden, 732. II.
n. leaden missile.
n. a leaden missile, Stj. 74, Pr. 401.
pp. cast in lead.
part. cast in lead, Sks. 392.
f. leaden candlestick.
u, f. a leaden candlestick, Vm. 38.
m. leaden box.
m. a leaden box, Sd. 191.
(see þekja), v. to roof with lead.
þakði, to thatch, i. e. roof, with lead, Bs. i. 235.
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dd, to bleed, to flow, of blood, Pr. 473; blæddu nasar hans (blóð-nasir), Bs. i. 521: impers., e-m blæðir, one loses blood, Grág. ii. II, Sturl. iii. 113, Sd. 139, Eb. 242: absol., laust hana í andlitið svá at blæddi, Nj. 18: metaph. phrase, e-m blæðir e-t í augu, it bleeds into one’s eyes, i. e. one is amazed at a thing.
f.
1) fine coloured cloth (hon hafði knýtt um sik blæju ok vóru í mörk blá);
2) cover of a bed; koma undir eina blæju, to be married;
3) burial sheet (svipti hon blæju af Sigurði);
4) cover of an altar table.
u, f. [cp. Germ. blege = limbus, prob. derived from A. S. bleoh = colour; prob. an Engl. word, cp. Enskar blæjur, Eb. 256]:—a fine, coloured cloth; hon hafði knýtt urn sik blæju, ok vóru í mörk blá, Ld. 244: a burial sheet, Am. 101, Gkv. 1. 13, Grág. i. 207: the cover of a bed, Gg. 7, 25, Rm. 20, Bb. 1. 12, Eb. l. c.: cover of an altar table, Vm. 65, Dipl. iii. 4: poët., hildar b., a shield, the b. of the mast = the sail, etc.: mod. a veil.
COMPDS: blsejuendi, blæjuhorn, blæjuhvalr.