n. corner of a blæja.
n. the corner of a b., Ld. 246.
m. a kind of whale.
m. [Germ. bleie], a kind of whale, alburnus, Edda (Gl.)
m. gentle breeze, puff of air; kenna blæ (to feel a draught) á andliti sér.
m. [cp. Engl. to blare]
I. a gentle breeze, puff of air, esp. with a notion of warmth; b. hitans, Edda 4: kenna blæ (to feel a draft) á andliti sér. Clem. 35; vinds blær, Stj. 78; þá kom kaldr blær (a cold stream of air) á Skutu or jarðhúsinu, Rb. 319: poet, the blue sky, the pure air, undir blæ himins blíðan, Pass. 25. 10; blærinn hýrnar við dægrið hvert, Bb. 1. 18.
2. in mod. usage metaph. the air, character of a speech, writing, or the like; sögu-blær, frásagnar-blær, rit-blær.
II. a ram, Edda (Gl.), hence blœsma.
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m. [blakkr], a blackamoor, sometimes a negro, (mod.)
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m. pl. Walachians, and Blökumanna-land, Walachia, Fms. v. 283; hann sviku Blakumenn í útfaru, Broc. Runstone, p. 179.
(að), v. to blink with the eyes, to, flinch (hann ~ði ekki) also, impers., e-m ~r.
að, to blench:
1. absol., hann brá sér eigi við né blöskraði, Fms. vii. 157; hygg at vandlega hvárt ek b. nökkut, xi. 150, and so also Jomsv. 47, and Fb. i. 198.
2. e-m blöskrar—ok bað þá at hyggja hvárt honum blöskraði nökkuð, Sturl. iii. 43—ought perhaps to be ‘hann;’ the mod. use is constant, ‘e-m b.,’ one blenches, is shocked at a thing.
a. indecl. at heat (of ewes and goats).
adj. ind. [blær, a ram], a ewe or goat at heat, Grág. i. 427, Fbr. 212, Stj. 178; cp. yxna of a cow, breyma of a cat, rœða of a sow.
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a, m. a snail-shell, Eggert Itin., hence metaph. puzzle, in the phrase, komast í bobba, to get into a puzzle.
n.
1) bid, offer;
bjóða ~ fyrir e-n, to make bids or offers for one;
hvat er í boði, what is the offer;
eiga ~ á jörð, to have the right of being offered an estate, before it is sold to another;
2) banquet, wedding feast;
hafa e-n í boði sínu, to entertain one at one’s feast;
fóru þeir allir til boðsins, to the wedding feast;
3) bidding, order, commandment;
ganga undir ~ e-s, to submit to one’s bidding;
eptir boði e-s, at or by one’s order;
4) message;
gera e-m ~, to send to one, send one word; a summons, a sign or token of summons, being an arrow, axe or the like to call people to battle or council (hefja boð).
n. [Ulf. buzns; Germ. bote, gebot; cp. bjóða].
1. a bid, offer; konungr bauð (offered) at fá Gunnari kvánfang ok ríki mikit…Gunnarr þakkaði konungi boð sitt, Nj. 46; bjóða boð fyrir e-n, to make bids or offers for one, Lv. 25, Vígl. 28; hvat er í boði, what is the bidding? metaph. from an auction, O. H. L. 71.
2. a feast, wedding, banquet, to which the guests are ‘bidden;’ veizlan fór vel fram, en er boði var lokit, when the feast was past, Nj. 25; fóru þeir allir til boðsins, the wedding feast, Fms. xi. 106; skyldi boð vera at Marðar, Nj. 4; hafa e-n í boði sínu, to entertain at one’s feast, Fms. i. 40; haust-boð, Gísl. 27.
3. [A. S. bebod], a bidding, commandment, Fms. ii. 30, 168, xi. 246; boð ok bann, v. bann.
β. the right of redemption, a Norse law term; skal sá óðalsmaðr er boði er næstr brigð upp hefja, Gþl. 294; ok svá eigu þær boð á jörðum jafnt sem karlar, N. G. L. i. 92, 94, 237.
4. a message; göra e-m boð, to call for one, N. G. L. i. 60.
β. metaph. and a law term, a summons, being an arrow, axe, or the like sent to call people to battle or council, as symbolical of the speed to be used, or of the punishment to be inflicted, if the summons be not obeyed; …
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(að), v.
1) to announce, proclaim;
~ kristni, to preach Christianity;
~ helga trú, to proclaim the holy faith;
2) to bid, order, with dat.;
konungr ~ði honum á sinn fund or til sín, the king bade him come to him;
~ em saman, to call together, to summon;
3) to bode, signify (hvat þetta mundi ~).
1. að,
1. to announce, proclaim, esp. as rendering of the eccl. Lat. praedicare, to preach the Gospel, as a missionary; b. Kristni, to preach Christianity, Nj. 157; trú, 158, Fms. x. 298, H. E. i. 510; sjáið, eg boða yðr mikinn fögnuð, Luke ii. 10.
β. hón boðaði Þangbrandi heiðni, Nj. 160.
2. to bid, order, with dat.; lét hann b. á sinn fund öllum öldungum, Stj. 649; hann boðaði saman mörgu stórmenni, Bs. i. 470; konungr boðaði honum á sinn fund, the king bade him come, Fær. 131; b. e-n af löndum, to outlaw one, bid him off the land, Fms. vii. 17, 21.
3. to bode, signify; hvat þetta mundi boða, Eb. 270; e-m b. e-t, he has a foreboding of it; mundi þar til draga sem honum hafði fyrir boðat, Eg. 75: impers., e-m boðar ótta, one feels uneasy, Sturl. i. 109, where Bs. i. 410 spells bjóða ótta (better).
2. u, f. = boð, a command, N. G. L. i. 237.
f. announcement, preaching, proclaiming (~ nafns hans); hátíð dróttinligrar ~ar, the feast of the Annunciation.
f. announcement; b. dagr Maríu, the feast of the Annunciation, the 2nd of July, Mar.: preaching, proclaiming, 623. 11.
n. dash of a breaker (boði) on a reef or shoal.
n. the dash of breakers, Fas. iii. 506.
f. the surf of breakers (cf. boði 2).
f. the surf of breakers, Orkn. 322.
m.
1) announcer, messenger (cf. ‘sendiboði, fyrirboði’);
2) a breaker (on hidden rocks).
a, m.
1. [vide boð 4, cp. A. S. boda], a messenger, used in poetry; b. hildar, the messenger of war, Lex. Poët.: in prose, Thom. 5, and in compds such as sendi-boði, a messenger, fyrir-boði, aforeboder.
2. esp. as a nautical term, a breaker ‘boding’ hidden rocks; þeir undruðust mjök þenna atburð, er b. féll í logni, þar er engi maðr vissi, at b. hefði fallit fyrr, ok djúp var undir, Magn. 488, Fms. ix. 415, x. 324, xi. 10, Eg. 161, Bs. i. 420, Grág. ii. 385: the phrase, vera sem b. á skeri, like a breaker on a skerry (rock), of a hot-tempered man, never at rest.
COMPDS: boðafall, boðaslóð.
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f. [cp. A. S. byden = dolium, Icel. byðna; Norse biðna, Ivar Aasen], one of the three vessels in which the poet, mead was kept, Edda 47, etc., hence poetry is called the wave of the boðn, Lex. Poët.
f. alteration of an ordinance.
f. alteration of a b., Bs. i. 545. boðorða-brot, n. breach of a b., Fms. vii. 108.
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n. a list of subscriptions, (mod.)
m. guest at a feast.
m. a guest at a feast, wedding, Nj. 11, Fms. ii. 193.
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m. a witness to a boð, 4. β, N. G. L. i. 237.
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n. id., N. G. L. ii. 99, v. l.
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m. (qs. boð-vangr), prop. a ‘bidding-place,’ market-place; only in the phrase, hafa e-ð á boðangi, to hold out for sale.
m. carrying, of the message arrow (cf. boð 4).
m. a carrying of the boð, 4. β, Gþl. 432, 436, Jb. 180.
n. neglect to send on the boð 4.
n. dropping the boð, 4. β Gþl. 435, Jb. 182.
f. a fast ordered by the canonical law.
u, f. a fast ordered by the canonical law, H. E. i. 393.
f. the course of a boð 4.
f. the course of a boð, 4. β, H. E. i. 393.
f. = boðburðr.
u, f. = boðburðr, Jb. 184, Gþl. 437 B; vide boðreizla.
(see leggja), v. = lögbjóða.
lagði, to offer for sale, Gþl. 302, v. l.
f. = boðferð.
f. a law term, the due course of a boð [4. β] from house to house, defined in Gþl. 432, N. G. L. i. 348, Jb. 181: in the phrase, fara (rétta) b., to go from house to house in due course, skipping none: perhaps the true reading Nj. 185 is, fara boðleið til búðar; some MSS. have bónleið.
a. fit to be offered.
adj. fit to be offered, Háv. 55.
n. order, bidding, commandment (guðs ~).
n. order, bidding; Guðs b., Hom. 34, Ver. 25, Bs. i. 67, Magn. 448: as a law term, an ordinance, K. Á. 192; = penance in eccl. sense, K. Þ. K. 26: in mod. usage, esp. the Ten Commandments (Tiu-laga-boðorð, or with the article, Boðorðin), Sks. 671, cp. Pr. 437, where they are termed ‘Laga-orð.’
COMPDS: boðorðabreytni, boðorðamaðr.
m. public officer.
m. a public officer, N. G. L. i. 409.
f. = boðgreizla.
u, f. = boðgreizla.
a. ready to make an offer.
adj. fair bidding, Fms. iii. 122 (poët.)
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(beð-seti, N. G. L. i. 315), a, m. a dub. Norse term, the benches in a law-court(?), the bar(?); hverr þeirra manna er gengr fyrir boðseta (acc. pl.) fram, nema hann eigi at sækja eðr verja, sá er sekr níu ertogum við konung ok bæjarmenn, N. G. L. i. 323, 315; beðseti, qs. bekkseti (?).
(-ar), m. bidding, order.
m. a bidding, ordinance, Stj. 82, H, E. i. 471, 677. 6, Fms. ii. 61.
II. in mod. usage, announcement.
m. message, summons to a meeting.
m. [skera boð, to carve a boð, 4. β], a message, summons to a meeting, N. G. L. i. 153.
f. intruder at a feast, uninvited guest.
(boð-slotti, a, m., Gþl. 200), also boð-flenna, u, f. an intruder at a feast, an uninvited guest, Jb. 110.
f. = boðleið.
f. = boðleið, Jb. 181.
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m., in the phrase, hafa e-t á boðstólum, to put a thing out for sale.
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adj. bow-sbaped, curved.
m. the tip of a bow (bogi), where the string, is fastened.
m. the tip of a bow, where the string is fastened, Al. 142, Fas. ii. 88.
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f. archery, now used metaph.
f. form of a bow.
f. the form of a bow, Fas. i. 271.
n. bowshot, shooting with a bow.
n. bow-shot, sbooting with a bow, Fms. ii. 169.
m. bowstring.
m. a bow-string, Nj. 115, 136.
n. bow (used as a weapon).
n. a bow, Fms. viii. 184, v. 1.
m.
1) bow; skjóta af boga, to shoot with a bow (cf. álmbogi, handbogi, hornbogi, lásbogi, ýbogi);
2) arch (of a bridge), vault; fig., bera mál ór boga, to disentangle a case;
3) gush, jet (cf. blóðbogi).
a, m. [A. S. boga; Engl. bow; Germ. bogen]
1. a bow, Nj. several times; skjóta af boga, 29, 96; benda b., Fas. ii. 88, Landn. 288, Fms. ii. 321, iii. 228; álm-bogi, hand-bogi, lás-bogi, ý-bogi, q. v.
2. metaph. an arch, vault, Sks. 116: the rainbow, Stj. 62: metaph., bera mál ór boga, to disentangle a case, Sks. 654; himin-bogi, the sky; blóð-bogi, a gush of blood; regn-bogi, a rainbow; öln-bogi, an elbow.
3. a spurt as from a fountain or a vein; þá stóð bogi úr kaleikinum, Bs. i. 321; blóð-bogi.
COMPDS: bogadreginn, bogaháls, bogalist, bogamynd, bogaskot, bogastrengr, bogavápn.
pp. (from a lost strong verb, bjúga), bowed, bent, curved; ~ af elli, bent with age.
adj. bent, bowed, curved, Al. 8; prop. a part. from a lost strong verb bjúgan; cp. Goth. bjúgan = καμπτειν.
(að), v.
1) to become curved, to bend;
2) to give way, yield (~ við, ~ fyrir eu).
að, to become curved, bent, Hkr. ii. 365, Flov. 34: to give way, Fms. viii. 403, Al. 57.
(að), v. to creep along bowed or stooping;
þá boru bogar hann inn, he creeps in through that hole;
~ fyrir e-m, to bow before one.
að, to creep along bowed or stooping; þá boru bograr (creeps) hann inn, Fas. i. 393; bogra fyrir e-m, to bow before one, Þorst. St. 53.
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f. archery.
m. bowman, archer.
m. a bowman, archer, Fas. i. 382, Ingv. 34, Lv. 63, Fær. 56, Fms. vi. 413. bogmanns-merki, n. the zodiacal sign, Arcitenens, Rb. 102.
adv. bowmanlike.
adv. bowmanlike, Fms. ii. 450.
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n. the ‘bow-need,’ i. e. the hand. Lex. Poët.
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-styrkr, adj. stark or strong at the bow, Hkr. iii. 264.
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m. bow-swayer, a nickname, Fas. ii.
m. ‘buck’, fellow; Höttr heiti ek, ~ sæll, my dear fellow!; stœrri bokkar, bigger men.
a, m., means probably a he-goat, [cp. Germ. bock; Dan. bukk; Engl. buck], a familiar mode of address; Höttr heiti ek, bokki sæll, and, skaltu nú bana mér, bokki, my good fellow, ‘old buck,’ Fas. i. 66; muntú festa, bokki, tindinn í kambi mínum (the old woman addressing the bishop), Fb. iii. 446: stærri bokkar, bigger men, 352, vide stór-bokki.
m. = bukkr.
m. a buck, Lex. Poët.
(að), v. to cut to pieces (~ í sundr, brytja ok bola).
að, prop. to fell trees, to cut through the bole (bolr), Fas. i. 106.
II. [boli, a bull], to bully; b. e-n út, to push one out, as a bull with the horns: reflex, bolast, a wrestling term, of two wrestlers pushing or butting at one another with their heads.
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n. a sort of thick linen, (for. word.)
m. bull, = graðungr.
a, m. a bull, Boll. 336, Edda 99, Ísl. ii. 26; in Icel. esp. of a bull-calf, bola-kálfr, etc.
m.
1) small vessel, bowl;
2) a measure = ¼ askr.
a, m. [A. S. bolla], a bowl, Stj. 310, Rm. 4; blótbolli, a measure = ½ ask, Gþl. 525: a pr. name, Ld.
m. = bulr;
1) the bole or trunk of a tree;
2) the trunk of the body; ganga milli bols ok höfuðs á em, to pass between one’s trunk and head, to slay one.
and bulr, m. the bole or trunk of a tree, Sks. 555 B.
2. metaph. the trunk of a body, N. G. L. i. 80, Nj. 275, Fms. x. 213, ED. 244, Anec. 4: the phrase, ganga milli bols ok höfuðs á e-m, to go through between one’s trunk and head, i. e. to knock one quite dead, deal severely with, Ld. 244, Eb. 240.
3. an old-fashioned waistcoat.
m. = bulungr.
v. bulungr.
a. agile of body.
adj. slender, agile of body, Fas. iii. 372.
f. covering for the body.
f. a covering for the body, opp. to the helmet, Bs. i. 667.
n. = boløx.
= bolöx(?), Ingv. 13.
n. pl. body-garments.
n. pl. garments (coat, waistcoat) for the body, Grett. 147 A.
m. the growth, form of the body (far þú af klæðum ok vil ek sjá vöxt þinn).
m. the growth, form of the body; vel at bolvexti, a well-grown, stout man, Bs. i. 66, Fas. iii. 605.
f. woodaxe.
f. [Swed. bolyxa], a pole-axe; in present usage opp. to skaröxi, a carpenter’s axe, Stj. 401. Judg. ix. 48, Fms. ix. 357, Fbr. 179, Thom. 343, Ingv. 24, Vápn.
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að, to wave up and down, onomatopoëtic and common.
n. bump, thump (mikit fall, svá at ~ kvað í skrokkinum).
n. an onomatopoëtic word, [Germ. bumbs], bump or plump; mikit fall, svá at b. kvað í skrokkinum, Þórð. 16.
β. the faint bark of a dog: also bopsa, að.
I)
f. bore, hole.
II)
(að), v. to bore, to bore holes in; ~ rauf, to bore a hole;
refl., ~st fram, to push one’s way through a crowd.
u, f. a bore-hole, Grett. 125, 133, Fas. i. 393, Vm. 65.
COMPD: borufoli.
I)
f. bore, hole.
II)
(að), v. to bore, to bore holes in; ~ rauf, to bore a hole;
refl., ~st fram, to push one’s way through a crowd.
að, [Lat. forare; A. S. borian; Engl. bore; O. H. G. poran], to bore, to bore holes in, Fms. ix. 447, Ld. 116, Edda 48, 49, Eb. 182, D. I. i. 243: metaph., b. atsúg at e-u, to doa thing thoroughly, v. atsúgr: reflex., borast fram, to press one’s way through a crowd, Fms. v. 180, Fb. ii. 112.
n.
1) board, plank;
2) the side of a ship (hlóðu skipin sem ~ báru);
~ á stjórn = stjórnborði;
hlaupa (steypast, detta) fyrir ~, overboard;
mikill ~i, prop. = borðhár, borðmikill, of a ship floating high out of the sea, fig., proud of mind (= skapstórr);
bera e-n (hlut e-s, mál e-s) fyrir ~, to neglect, slight one;
verða (allr) fyrir ~ borinn, verða allr fyrir ~i, to be (quite) thrown overboard, i. e. slighted;
ganga at ~i við e-n, to submit, yield to, to come to terms with one;
e-n brestr á ~i, one fails, is beaten;
á annat ~, on the other hand; otherwise, else;
þykkir vera harðr á annat ~, a hard one to pull against;
3) the inner margin of a vessel between the rim and the liquid (er nú gott berandi ~ á horninu);
4) board, table (used for meals);
fara, ganga, koma til ~s or undir ~, to go, come to table;
setjast yfir ~, undir ~, to sit down at table;
sitja yfir ~ or ~um, to sit at table;
rísa (standa upp) frá ~i, to rise from table;
ryðja ~, to clear the table;
þjóna fyrir ~um, to wait at table;
setja e-m ~, to set a table before one;
~ eru uppi or upp tekin, the tables are set up; …
n. [Ulf. baurd, in fotubaurd = υποπόδιον; Hel. bord = margo; A. S. borð; Engl. board].
1. a board, plank, Lat. tabula; tók hann þá borð ok lausa viðu, ok rak um þvera stofuna, Grett. 140, N. G. L. i. 100.
β. of a ship, the side (cp. starboard, larboard); höggr hann þá tveim höndum borð (sides) skútunnar, ok gengu í sundr borðin (the planks) um tvau rúm, Nj. 19; þeir Erlingr hjuggu raufar í drómundinum, sumar í kafi niðri, en sumar uppi á borðunum, Fms. vii. 232, Nj. 42; hence the nautical phrases, á borð, on each side; á tvau borð, á bæði borð, on both sides, Eg. 171; með endilöngum borðum, Fms. ii. 273, Eg. 122; leggja borð við borð = síbyrða, to lay a ship alongside of another, so as to board, Fas. ii. 534; bera skip borði, to make the bulwarks rise, Fms. ii. 218; fyrir borð, overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. xi. 140; á borði, on land, Jb. 327; borð 4 stjórn = stjórn-borði, the starboard side, Gþl. 518. The planks in a ship’s side have different names, e. g. aur-borð, skaut-borð, sól-borð.
2. metaph. phrases, at vera mikill (lítill, nokkur) borði, to be of a high (or lowly) bearing, metaphor from a ship floating high out of, or deep in, the sea, Eg. …
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(að), v.
1) to sit down at table;
2) to set a table, serve up (~ fyrir þurftugum).
að, to sit at table, eat, dine, Fas. iii. 219.
m. difference in the height of ships.
m. difference in the height of ships (in battle), Fms. viii. 292, cp. 288.
n. table-sconce.
n. pl. a ‘board-fee,’ sconce, cp. víti, Fms. iii. 155.
m. textile fabric, tapestry (tjalda höll, kirkju, borða) slá borða, rekja borða, to weave; sitja við borða, to sit weaving; byrða et á borða, to ornament tapestry with figures woven in it.
a, m. [cp. Engl. border; O. H. G. porto; Germ. borti; prob. akin to borð]:—a border, Lat. limbus; byrða á borða (acc.), t o embroider, Gkv. 2. 16; bregða borða, to leave off embroidering, 17; rekja borða, to embroider, Heir. 1, Og. 18; b. ok hannyrðir, Fas. i. 430, 523; kona sat við borða, a lady sat embroidering, Fms. ii. 148; slá borða, to embroider, Fas. i. 113; cp. borða skögul, gná, etc., a poët. circumlocution of a lady, Lex. Poët.: tapestry, b. fimtigi alna, Dipl. iii. 4, Pm. 10, Bs. i. 77: of the tapestry of a church, esp. the choir, Nj. 6.
2. poët. a shield, Lex. Poët.
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m. going to table, Fms. iii. 155.
m. table-service (cloth, dishes, etc.).
m. table-service, Eg. 94, Fms. i. 292, iv. 262, Orkn. 226.
m. dish, plate.
m. a plate, Fas. iii. 222, vide diskr; (now freq.)
m. tablecloth.
m. a table-cloth, Nj. 176. Hkr. ii. 189, cp. Fms. vi. 322, Rm. 28.
a. maintained at one’s table.
adj. maintained at one’s table, Sks. 259.
f. thin board.
f. a plank, Sturl. ii. 109.
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n., in the phrase, taka sér borðfæri, = ganga til borðs, vide above, Grág. ii. 119.
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m. a guest at table.
n. taking, food, maintenance at table.
n. one’s ‘board,’ fare, Edda 23, Hkr. ii. 36, Thom. 68.
a. rising high out of the sea (of a ship).
adj. a ship rising high, Fms. ii. 314, Orkn. 362.
n. a room where the plate is kept.
n. a room where the plate is kept, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Sturl. iii. 191 C.
f. the heighit of a ship out of the water.
f. the height of a ship out of the water, Fas. iii. 260.
n. a cup used at table.
n. a cup at table, loving-cup, Hkr. iii. 181; b. er vá átta merkr, Bs. i. 76.
f. a box for keeping the table service.
u, f. a box for keeping the table-service in, D. N. (Fr.)
m. table knife.
m. a table-knife, Ann. 1339.
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m. a levy commuted for victuals (Norse), D. N. (Fr.)
a., (viðr, timber) fit for cutting into planks.
adj., b. viðr, timber fit for cutting into planks, Vm. 176.
m. table-companion.
m. a table-companion, Sks. 262.
a. = borðhár.
m. = borðhár, Fms. ii. 50, Hkr. i. 238.
m. a priest who says grace at a bishop’s table.
m. a ‘board-priest,’ who says grace at a bishop’s table, Bs. ii. 129.
f. ornaments of a table.
n. the ornaments of a table, Fas. iii. 374.
m. ‘boardpsalm’, grace.
m. a ‘board-psalm,’ grace, Bb. 1. 15 (Mark xiv. 26).
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m. pl. rules for behaviour at table.
m. a small movable table, esp. for a single person.
m. a small movable table, Bs. i. 537, Mar.
m. gunwale.
m. the bulwarks of a ship, Grett. 125.
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m. a chair used at table, D. N.
m. attendant at table, waiter.
m. a butler, waiter, Mag. 66; cp. skutilsveinn.
n. chessboard.
n. a chess-board, Sturl. ii. 184, v. l.
m. = borðstokkr.
m. = borðstokkr, Bs. ii. 50, 179, Mar.
n. verse of grace (cf. borðsálmr).
m. = borðsálmr, N. G. L. i. 406.
m. boards, planks.
m. boards, planks, Fms. viii. 374, D. N.
n. covering of planks.
n. a ‘thatch’ or covering of planks, Hkr. ii. 11.
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þakti, to cover with planks, Fms. v. 331.
n. the bulwarks of a ship.
n. the sides of a ship, Gkv. 1. 7.
(-ar, -ir), f.
1) a small dome-shaped hill;
2) stronghold, fortification, castle;
3) fortified town, city.
ar, f., pl. ir, [Ulf. baurgs = πόλις, and once Nehem. vii.
2. = arx, castellum; A. S. burg, burh, byrig, = urbs and arx; Engl. borough and burgh; O. H. G. puruc, purc; late Lat. burgus; Ital. borgo; Fr. bourg; cp. Gr. πύργος; the radical sense appears in byrgja, to enclose; cp. also berg, a hill, and bjarga, to save, defend. Borg thus partly answers to town (properly an enclosure); and also includes the notion of Lat. arx, Gr. ακρόπολις, a castle. Old towns were usually built around a hill, which was specially a burg; the name is very freq. in old Teut. names of towns.]
I. a small dome-shaped hill, hence the Icel. names of farms built near to such hills, v. Landn. (Gl.) Hel. once uses the word in this sense, 81; v. the Glossary of Schmeller; brann þá Borgarhraun, þar var bærinn sem nú er borgin (viz. the volcanic hill Eld-borg), Landn. 78; göngum upp á borgina (the hill) ok tölum þar, Ísl. ii. 216; er borgin er við kend, Landn. 127; Borgar-holt, -hraun, -dalr, -höfn, -fjörðr, -lækr, -sandr; Arnarbælis-borg, Eld-borg (above) in the west of Icel. …
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(að), v. to be a surety, guarantee, for; ~ e-m e-t, to guarantee something to one; ~ fyrir en, to become bound for, to be security for (anza ek lítt, þóti þú játir at lúka, ef engi ~r fyrir þik).
að, [Engl. to borrow and bargain; Germ. borgen; related to byrgja and bjarga; O. H. G. porgen only means parcere, spondere, not mutuare. In Icel. the word is of foreign origin; the indigenous expressions are, lána, ljá, to lend; gjalda, to pay; selja, veðja, to bail, etc.; the word only occurs in later and theol. writers]:—to bail; vil ek b. fyrir Árna biskup með mínum peningum, Bs. i. 770 (thrice): now obsolete in this sense.
2. to pay, as in Matth. xviii. 25; but in old writers this sense hardly occurs.
f. guarantee, surety, security; ganga í ~ fyrir en = borga fyrir en.
borgun, f. bail, security, Bs. i. 749, 770, Dipl. v. 14, Stj.
COMPD: borganarmaðr.
m. a guarantee, a surety.
m. a bailsman, Bs. i. 770, Jb. 112, Band. 33 new Ed.
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m. civic rights, id.
m. inhabitant of a borg, burgher.
a, m. [for. word; Germ. bürger; Dan. borger], a citizen, N. G. L. iii. 144; rare and hardly before A. D. 1280.
COMPD: borgararéttr.
m. arm, wing of a fort.
m. the arm, wing of a fort, Fms. v. 280.
m. burggrave, governor of a town.
a, m. a borough-reeve, bur-grave (Engl.), Stj.
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f. the building of a fort, Edda 26, Fms. viii. 180.
n. gate of a fort.
n. the gate of a fort, Edda 26, Stj. 350, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 25.
n. ruins of a fort.
n. the ruins of a fort, Karl. 101.
m. a rock on which a fort is built.
m. a rock on which a fort is built, Fms. viii. 284.
f. townswoman.
u, f. a townswoman, Stj. 426.
n. garrison.
n. a garrison, Ver. 96.
n. lime for building a fort.
n. lime for building a fort, Bret. 106.
m. townsfolk.
m. townsfolk, Fms. viii. 416, v. l.
m.
1) garrisoner;
2) townsman, citizen;
3) fellowcitizen (maðr engla).
m. a townsman, citizen, Eg. 244, Fms. i. 103, Sks. 649, mostly in pl., Lat. concivis is rendered by b., Hom. 17.
m. the mob of a city.
m. the mob of a city, Fas. i. 4.
m. citywall.
m. a city-wall, Stj. 352.
m. citymanners, urbanity.
m. city-manners, urbanity, Clem. 27.
f. building of a fort or town.
f. the building of a town (fort), Stj., cp. Edda 28.
m. site of a town.
m. the site of a town, Edda 152.
m. wall of a fort or town.
m. the wall of a fort (town), Orkn. 376, Fms. i. 104, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 24.
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n. the fourth political subdivision (þing) of Norway, founded by St. Olave, cp. O. H. L. 23, and Munch’s Geography of Norway.
f. a list of cities.
f. a (geographical) list of cities, Symb. 32.
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a, m., poët name of the raven, bold of mood, Lex. Poët.
a. cautious in words, reserved.
adj. cautious in words, reticent, reserved (= orðvarr), Fms. vi. 208: at present b. and borgin-mannligr, adj., mean vainglorious, braggart.
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f. a local name, an island in Norway. Borgundar-hólmr, m., Dan. Bornholm, Knytl. S.
a. belonging to the district Borgarfjörðr, in the west of Iceland.
adj. one from the district Borgarfjörðr, Landn.
f. = borgarhlið.
f. = borgarhlið, Edda 30, Bret. 94.
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m. a name of a wolf, Edda(Gl.), cp. Grims-borken in Norse legends.
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m. (com. bor-járn, n.), a borer; stórviðar-borr, skipa-borr, Od. ix. 384: metaph. the pipe of a marrow-bone, Eg. (in a verse).
II. a less correct form of börr, q. v.
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a, m. a Norse law term, a stolen article put into an innocent man’s house; even if officers ransacked a house without having their persons searched, and find something, þá er b. ok liggr ekki búanda við, then it is b. and the farmer is free, N. G. L. i. 255.
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cp. the American word boss, of which their slang ‘old-boss’ is a corruption.
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a, m. [Swed. buss, cp. Germ. bursch], a boy, fellow; occurs once in the Jomsv. S., Fms. xi. (in a verse), from A. D. 994. It is still in use in Icel. in the compd word hvata-buss, a boyish fellow who is always in a bustle; hence also hvatabuss-legr, adj. hurried.
(gen. botns or botz, pl. botnar), m.
1) bottom (of a vessel, of a haycock, of the sea);
2) the head of a bay, firth, lake, valley (fjarðar, vatns, dalsbotn).
m. [Lat. fundus; A. S. botm; Engl. bottom; Hel. bodm; Germ. boden; Swed. batten; Dan. bund]:—the bottom; of a vessel, tunnu-botn, kistu-botn, etc., Nj. 133, Sturl. ii. 107, Hkr. ii. 245: the bottom of other things, e. g. of a haycock, Eb. 324; marar-botn, the bottom of the sea.
β. the head of a bay, firth, lake, dale, or the like; fjarðar-botn, vatns-botn, vágs-botn, dals-botn: Botn is a local name in Icel., Fms. xi. 125: in pl. even = bays, nú er at segja hvat móts gengr við Grænaland ór botnum þeim er fyrir eru nefndir, MS. A. M. 294; Hafs-botnar, Trolla-botnar, the Polar Sea between Greenland and Norway; the ancients fancied that these bays were the abode of the giants.
f. pit, in the phrase, vera kominn í botnholu, to have got into a scrape.
u, f. a pit; in the phrase, at vera kominn í botnholu, to have got into a hole, i. e. into a scrape, metaphor from fox-hunting, Sturl. ii. 62, Fms. viii. 186.
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v. búand-.
m. knave, rogue, used as a nickname.
a, m. [Germ. bube, büberl, spitzbube, v. Grimm], a knave, rogue, in Icel. only in a bad sense; cp. the rhyming phrase, þjófar og bófar, thieves and knaves; no reference from old writers is on record (though it is common enough at the present day), except that in Eb. it is used as a nickname, Freysteinn Bófi; in Swed. it occurs as a pr. name, Baut. 1478, 1483.
(gen. bógar, dat. bœgi; pl. bœgir, acc. bógu), m. shoulder (of an animal).
m., old acc. pl. bógu, Nj. 95, Fms. v. 163, etc.: mod. bóga; old dat. bægi, Hlt., Vkv. 31, Stj. 249, [A. S. bôg; Dan. boug; Engl. bow of a ship; and in Old Engl. bowres are the muscles of the shoulder]:—the shoulder of an animal, (armr of a man); á hinum hægra bæginum, Stj. 249; ek hjó varginn í sundr fyrir aptan bóguna, Nj. l. c., Fms. l. c.; lær uxans tvau ok báða bógana, the shoulder-piece of the ox (the Ob. bóguna), Edda 45; cp. bœgsli or bæxli, the shoulder of a whale or dragon, v. Lex. Poët.:—the bow of a ship, v. bóglína above.
2. mod. metaph. of the side of a person or thing; á hinn, þann bóginn, on this, on that side; á báða bóga, on both sides, etc.
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m. pl., poët. = arms, Lex. Poët.
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u, f. bow-line, Edda (Gl.)
(gen. ~ar and bœkr; pl. bœkr), f.
1) beech, beechtree;
2) poet. textile fabric with figures woven in it (bœkr þínar enar bláhvítu);
3) book;
lesa á ~, to read a book;
rita á ~, setja á bœkr, to set down in writing, to put on record;
kunna (festa) et útan ~ar, to know (to get) by heart;
heilög ~, the divine book, the bible;
4) the gospel (vinna eið at ~; cf. ~areiðr);
5) Latin kenna em á ~, to teach one Latin;
nema á ~, to learn Latin;
setja en til ~ar, to put one to school (in order to make him a priest);
hann heitir á ~ (in Latin) Jaskonius;
svá segir (er sagt) í ~um (in Latin books);
6) lawbook, code of law (lög~, Jóns~).
1. ar, f. [Lat. fāgus; Gr. φηγός; A. S. bôc; Engl. beech; Germ. buche (fem.); Swed. bok; Dan. böge, etc.]:—a beech, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. Owing to the absence of trees in Icel., the word rarely occurs; moreover the collect. beyki, n., is more freq.
2. gen. bókar, but also in old writers bækr, pl. bækr, [Ulf. renders by bôca the Gr. βίβλος, γράμματα, επιστολή, etc.; A. S. bôc; Engl. book; Germ. buch (neut.); Swed. bok; Dan. bog: the identity between bók fāgus and bók liber seems certain; the gender is in all Scandinavian idioms the same; modern German has made a distinction in using buche fem., buch neut.; both are akin to the Gr.-Lat. fāgus, φηγός; cp. also the analogy with Gr. βίβλος and Lat. liber (book and bark): bók-stafr also properly means a beech-twig, and then a letter. In old times, before the invention of parchment, the bark of trees was used for writing on]:—a book.
I. the earliest notion, however, of a ‘book’ in Scandin. is that of a precious stuff, a textile fabric with figures, or perhaps characters, woven in it; …
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(að), v. to affirm by oath on the book (Gospel); bókaðr eiðr = bókareiðr.
að, to affirm by oath on the book (Gospel), Gþl. 151; bókaðr eiðr, vitni, = bókareiðr, D. N. i. 81, ii. 230: mod. to record, register.
n. leaf of a book.
n. a leaf of a book, Mar.
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f. an appendix to a book, 1812. 72.
m. oath upon the gospel.
m. an oath upon the Gospel, Dipl. ii. 2.
m. wording of a bókareiðr.
m. the wording of a b., D. N.
n. lawful price fixed in the code.
n. a lawful prize fixed in the code, Dipl. v. 5.
f. conveyance of an estate by help of the lawbook.
f. a written deed, Gþl. 225.
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f. an old scroll, Am. 100.
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m. a reading-desk, Vm. 22, 9.
n. the touching of the gospel (in taking an oath).
n. the touching the Gospel in taking an oath, D. N.
n. evidence confirmed by a bókareiðr (= bókat vitni).
n. witness upon the Gospel, Gþl. 400, Jb. 276, D. N.
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n. gold for gilding books, Vm. 117.
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f. the transcription (or writing) of books, Bs. i. 168.
f. book-box.
u, f. a book-box, Bs. i. 423, D. I. i. 402, Vm. 71.
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a, m. a reading-desk, lectern, Vm. 91.
f. booklore.
f. book-lore, learning, scholarship, Bs. i. 127.
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m. book-shelves, (mod.)
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m. paint to illuminate MSS., Bs. i. 341.
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m. a book-case, Pm. 112.
n. parchment, vellum.
n. [A. S. bôcfell], ‘book-skin,’ parchment, vellum, Skálda 165, Vm. 12, Dipl. v. 18: an A. S. word, as writing materials were imported from abroad.
a. book-learned.
adj. book-wise, learned, Barl. 129.
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f. book-knowledge, Stj. 46, Bs. i. 138, Barl. 12.
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u, f. a library, (mod.)
a. bookless, unscholarly.
adj. (bók-leysi, n.), book-less, void of learning, Bs. ii. 125, Mar. 145; = utanbókar, Clem. 60.
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f. [lesa], a legend of the saints, N. G. L. i. 347.
a. literary; ligar listir, the liberal arts.
adi. bookish, literary, Bs. i. 680.
book-lore, learng.
f. book-lore, learning, Stj. 84, Sks. 16.
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n. adj., so bright that one cannot see to read, Ann. 1341.
pp. book-learned.
part. book-learned, Hom. 160: the clergy, Grág. ii. 165.
n.
1) book language, learned language, Latin (á bók nam ek aldri ok eigi heyrða ek frá máli sagt);
2) the canon law; blót þau, sem fyrirboðin eru at máli, in the canon of the church;
3) the Justinian calendar; at máli, according to the calendar.
n. the book language, learned language, i. e. Latin, Hom. 138: en at bókmáli (in Latin) verða öll hundruð tíræð, Sks. 57, Rb. 54, 516; Heilagt b., the Holy Scriptures, Str.; blót þau sem fyrirboðin eru at bókmáli, i. e. in the canon of the church, N. G. L. i. 351.
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m. a calendar month, Clem. 22.
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f. pl. science, letters, (mod.)
n. book training, study (vera at námi, setja en til náms).
n. (bók-næmi, Bs. i. 793), book-training, learning; setja e-n til b., Bs. i. 793; vera at b., to be a-reading, opp. to at riti, a-writing, 91, 265.
f. pl. runes engraved on beechwood.
v. bók.
f. written narrative.
u, f. a written narrative; hlýða bók sögum, Bs. i. 108.
(see setja), v. to commit to writing.
setti, to commit to writing, Sks. 6.
a. seeing well enough to read a book.
adj. sharp-sighted at reading a book, Sturl. ii. 185.
f. book-wisdom, book-knowledge.
f. book-wisdom, Greg. 17.
m. character, letter.
m. [Hel. bôcstabo; A. S. bócstæv; Germ. buchstabe], a letter of the alphabet, Skálda 168, Hom. 1.
f. = bóksaga.
f. = bóksaga, Stj. 6.
n. = bókmál 3.
n. a ‘book-tale,’ written computation, Rb. 4.
n. learning, erudition.
n. ‘book-wit,’ learning, erudition, Bs. i. 793, Acts xxvi. 24.
a. = bóklærðr.
adj. ‘book-wise,’ a scholar, Landn. 13, Bs. i. 65. (a cognom.)
n.
1) lair or lying place (of beasts and cattle);
2) couch, bed (tóku sumir heyhjálma nökkura ok gerðúu sér af ~);
3) farm, esp. in Norway, = bólstaðr, bœr, jörð.
n. [A. S. botl and bolt, byld, = aedes, mansio; cp. bytlian = aedificare; Engl. to build. In Scandin. contracted in the same way as nál for nadal: böl and böll are very freq. in Dan. local names, and even mark the line of Scandin. settlements]:—‘built,’ i. e. reclaimed and cultivated land, a farm, abode, esp. in Norway, where ból answers to Icel. jörð, Dan. gård; the value of the Norse farms is denoted by merkr-ból, eyris-ból, or the like; taka bóli, to take a farm, Gþl. 328, 354. In Icel. this sense is almost obsolete, and only remains in such words as, ból-staðr, ból-festa; in local names as, Hörðu-ból, Sæ-ból, Lauga-ból, Ból-staðr, Breiðaból-staðr; in such phrases as, á bygðu bóli (opp. to wilderness), hvergi á bygðu bóli, i. e. nowhere, nowhere among men; and in a few law passages, Grág. ii. 279, Fms. x. 153, Otherwise, in Icel. ból and bæli denote the lair or lying place of beasts or cattle; ból and kvía-ból, the place where sheep and cows are penned; bæla fé, to pen sheep during the night.
β. a den, Eg. 41, Fas. iii. 345, cp. Edda 74 (the lair of a serpent); …
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f.
1) the boss of a shield;
2) blain, botch.
að, impers., b. á e-u, to be just visible.
f.
1) the boss of a shield;
2) blain, botch.
1. u, f. a blain, blister (cp. Engl. boil), Stj. 272, Mar. 655 xxxii.
2. small pox, Ann. 1349: also bólna-sótt, f., Ann. 1310, 1347; bólu-grafinn, part. pock-marked: bólu-setja, to vaccinate: bólu-setning, f. vaccination.
2. u, f. the boss on a shield, a for. word, perhaps the Lat. bulla, Valla L. 213.
a. swollen; ~ bræði, ~ af reiði, swollen with anger.
part. of a lost strong verb, swoln, Fas. iii. 307; b. sem naut, Bs. 1. 644: metaph. swollen with anger, reiði b., b. ilsku, Mar.; so, b. af retði, Fas. iii. 630; cp. bylgja, belgr.
(að), v. to swell, become swollen.
að, [Engl. ‘boulne,’ Levins Manipul.], to ‘boulne,’ grow swollen, Mar.: metaph., 655 xi. 2.
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f. the building a homestead, Eg. 130.
(gen. ~s, pl. ~ar), m. bolster, pillow (hníga við ~i).
rs, [A. S. bolster; Germ. polster], a bolster, N. G. L. i. 351, 362, Am. 6, Gkv. 1. 15: rare and poët., metaph. in pl. piles of clouds, Bjarni 59; also ský-bólstrar.
f. estate held by a lease, leasehold.
u, f. abode, Gþl. 354: in the phrase, taka sér b., to abide.
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m. a pig kept in the homestead, Nj. 109, v. l.
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m. household, D. N. (Fr.)
m.
1) abode, homestead (hón í þar staði mikla);
2) farm.
m. a homestead; hon á þar bólstaði mikla, Edda, where Ed. A. D. 1848 has bústaði, which is a more household Icel. word; hálfan b., half the farm, Grág. i. 396, ii. 222 A.
COMPD: bólstaðargörð.
f. request, petition = bœn.
f. [A. S. bene; Engl. boon, in Chaucer bone], a petition, Fas. i. 408, Ann. 1418; cp. bæn.
COMPDS: bónarmaðr, bónavetr.
m. beggar-man.
m. a beggarman, H. E. ii. 585.
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m. begging winter, Ann. l. c.
(pl. bœndr, gen. bónda), m.
1) husbandman, farmer, peasant (dóttir eins lítils bónda); a yeoman, franklin, landowner (hinir stœrri bœndr);
2) master, head of a household (= hús~);
3) husband (nú er ~ dauðr, en kona lifir eptir).
a, m.: older form búandi, or even bóandi, pl. búendr or bóendr; gen. búanda, bóanda; dat. buöndum, bóöndum, Edda 28, Grág. i. 370, 371. Ó. H. 203, 209–211, 215, Nj. 14, 220; búanda (gen. pl.), 211, 212, 215–217, 220; búöndum, 219; bóandi, Grág. i. 114, 157, 187, 377, Nj. 52; but the common Icel. form is bóndi, pl. bændr; gen. dat. pl. in old writers either bónda, bóndum, or as at present keeping the æ throughout all plur. cases (bænda, (gen.) bændum): properly a part. act. from búa (turned into a noun subst., cp. frændi, fjándi), A. S. buan; Germ. bauer, and therefore originally a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involved the sense of ownership, and included all owners of land (or bú, q. v.). from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and esp. the class represented by the yeoman of England generally or the statesman of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it came to mean the master of the house, A. S. bond and hûsbond, Engl. husband.
1. a husbandman. The law distinguishes between a grið-maðr a labourer, búðsetu-maðr a cottager, and a búandi or bóndi a man who has land and stock. …
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n. the business of wooing, Ld. 92. As to wooing and courtship in old times, cp. Ld. ch. 7, 23, 68, Nj. ch. 2, 9, 13, 27, 33, 98, Gunnl. S. ch. 5, 9, Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 10, Glúm. ch. 11, Lv. ch. 5, Harð. S. ch. 3, Eb. ch. 28, 41, Vd. ch. 3, 12, Korm S. ch. 7, Gísl. 9, Hallfr. S. ch. 4, Bs. i. 53–56 (the story of bishop Ísleif), Þorl. S. ch. 5, Sturl. i. 197, 198, 200, 206–208 (the two sisters there), etc. The meeting of the parliament, where people from all parts of the island were gathered together, was a golden opportunity for ‘bónorð’ (v. the passages above).
f. wooing journey;
fara bónorðsför, to go awooing.
f. a wooing journey; fara b., to go a-wooing, Nj. 16.
f. begging path; fara leið, to go begging from house to house.
f. a begging path; in the phrase, fara b., to go begging from house to house, Nj. 185: in mod. use, fara bónarveg (að e-m) is to entertain, v. however boðleið.
n.
1) request, petition;
2) wooing, courtship; hefja, vekja orð, to make a proposal.
f.
1. wooing, courtship; hefja b. við, to woo; síðan hóf Þórólfr bónorð sitt við Sigurð ok bað Sigríðar dóttur hans, Eg. 38, 97; vekja b., Ld. 99, Nj. 17.
COMPDS: bónorðsför, bónorðamál.
2. = begging, Gísl. 85.
(pl. bœtr, also poet. bótir), f.
1) bettering, cure, remedy; fá ~ sinna meina, to get cure for one’s evils; ráða e-u ~, ráða es bœtr, to remedy, retrieve; vinna em ~, to relieve one (in sickness); bíða es ~, to get over, recover (a loss, misfortune); bera et til bóta, to amend; þótti mikilla bóta ávant, at; much seemed wanting that; et berr til bóta (impers.), it is a comfort, satisfaction;
2) atonement, compensation, esp. pl. = mannbœtr, weregild; sœtar syndir verða at sárum bótum, sweet sins are turned to sore penance;
3) patch (svört bót var á millum herða honum).
ar, f., pl. bætr, [Ulf. bota; A. S. bôt; Engl. boot, booty, to boot; O. H. G. puoz; Germ. büsse; akin to bati, better, etc.]:—bettering, improvement:
1. a cure, remedy, mental as well as bodily, from sickness, loss, sorrow, etc.; fá bót e-s, meina, Fms. vii. 251, ix. 427, Fas. i. 175; allra meina bót; vinna e-m b., to comfort one, Landn. 212; bera til bóta, to amend, Fms. xi. 236; berja … e-n til óbóta is to beat … one so that he never recovers from it.
2. as a law term, almost always in pl., atonement, compensation, and esp. = mann-bætr, weregild, cp. vígs-bætr, sak-bætr, etc., Fms. vii. 36, Hrafn. 4, 9, Eb. 106, Ísl. ii. 272, and in endless cases in Grág. (Vl.) and Nj.: bætr and mann-gjöld are often used indiscriminately, e. g. tvennum bótum, or tvennum manngjöldum, a double weregild; cp. also the phrase, halda uppi bótum, to discharge, pay the b.; the sing. is rare in this sense, Nj. 58, Grág. ii. 182.
3. in such phrases as, e-t berr til bóta (impers.), it is a comfort, satisfaction, Nj. 58, Fms. x. 264; (mikilla) bóta vant, very shortcoming, Ld. …
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a. without redress or compensation (hafa sár laust; vígin vóru laus).
adj. a law term, ‘bootless,’ getting no redress; hafa sár bótalaust, Rd. 269: irreparable, Fms. i. 264, Hom. 121.
m. a person who has to receive ‘bœtr’ for hurt and damage suffered (opp. to ú~).
m. a law term, a man who has to receive ‘bætr’ for hurt or damage suffered, Ann. 1372, Gþl. 160; hence óbótamaðr, exlex, an outlaw, who has forfeited his right to ‘bætr.’
a. worth redress.
adj. worth redress, Fbr. 33.
m. boot (for wearing).
a, m. [Fr. botte; a for. word], a boot, Nj. 190, Fms. vii. 186, N. G. L. iii. 13.
n. ‘bootlessness’; lemja e-n til ~s, past reparation.
n.; lemja e-n til b. = til óbóta above, Grett. 154.
(að), v. to repair (sama um búðir, hús).
ð, to make better, repair, Grág. i. 123, ii. 335.
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(-þarfa), adj. ind. needing ‘bætr’ or satisfaction, Fms. vii. 154, Sturl. iii. 123.
(að), v. to flicker, flash (of the northern lights).
að, of the northern lights, to flicker, Bjarni 69.
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f. a sort of metre, Edda 130: mod. palinode.
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f. prosody, Icel. Choral Book (1860), pref. 7.
n. pl. gift for a poem.
n. pl. a gift for a poem dedicated to a king or great person, Eg. 318, Ísl. ii. 223, 230 (Gunnl. S.), etc.
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n. pl. poetical diction, Edda 134; of using obsolete poët. forms, Skálda 189.
n.
1) sudden or brisk movement; moment; ~s, af ~i, at once; af (or á) skömmu ~i, shortly, quickly, in a short time;
2) fig., in many phrases, verða fyrri (skjótari) at ~i, to make the first move, to be beforehand with (þeir hafa orðit fyrri at ~i at stefna en vér); vera í ~i með em, skerast í ~ með em, to lend one a helping hand; taka et ~s or til ~s, to take some step (to get out of difficulties); úviturligt ~, a foolish step; úheyriligt ~, an unheard of proceeding; gerðist þar at sví mikit ~, at, it went so far that; lítit ~ mun þá at (it must be very slight), ef þú finnr ekki;
3) trick, scheme, device, chiefly in pl.; beita en bröðum, hafa brögð við en, to deal cunninly with, impose upon; ferr at fornum brögðum, in the old way; búa yfir brögðum, to brood over wiles; leika em ~, to play or serve one a trick hefir hann miklu ~i á oss komit, he has played a bad trick upon us;
4) countenance, look, expression þannig ertu í ~i sem, thou lookest as if; með betra ~i, in a better mood; bleyðimannligr í ~i, having the look of a coward; Sturla gerði þat ~ á (made as if), at hann hefði fundit Pál prest; …
n. [cp. bregða].
I. the fundamental notion is that of a sudden motion:
1. temp. a while, moment, cp. auga-bragð; in adverb, phrases, af bragði, at once, Hrafn. 17, Gs. 18, Am. 2; af (á) skömmu bragði, shortly, Fms. vi. 272, viii. 236, 348; í fyrsta bragði, the first time (rare), Gþl. 532, Js. 129; skams bragðs, gen. used as adv. quickly, in a short time, Bs. i. 336, 337, Fms. viii. 348, v. l.; cp. ‘at a brayd,’ ‘in a brayd,’ Engl. Ballads.
2. loc. a quick movement; við-bragð (cp. bregða við), knífs-bragð (cp. bregða sverði), a slash with a knife.
3. metaph. in many phrases, verða fyrri (skjótari) at bragði, til bragðs, to make the first move; þeir hafa orðit fyrri at b. at stefna en vér, Nj. 241, Bs. ii. 106; svá at þú verðir skjótari at b. at veiða þenna níðing, Fms. i. 206, ix. 288; vera í bragði með e-m, to lend one a helping hand, mostly in something uncanny, Gísl. 5, Bs. i. 722; snarast í bragð með e-m, id., Ld. 254; taka e-t bragðs, til bragðs or bragð, to take some step to get clear out of difficulties, Nj. 263, 199, Fms. ix. 407, Grett. …
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(að), v.
1) to move, stir (þat ~r alit, sem kvikt er);
2) to flicker, flash (of light).
að,
I. = braga, of light, Sks. 202 B.
II. [Engl. to breathe], to give signs of life, of a new-born babe, of one swooning or dying; þá fæddi hón barnit, ok fanst eigi líf með, ok hér eptir bragðaði fyrir brjóstinu, i. e. the infant began to draw breath, Bs. i. 618, ii. 33; þat bragðar sem kvikt er, Þiðr. 114.
III. to taste = bergja, freq. in mod. usage.
m. ‘twirling awl’, a kind of fire-drill.
m. a brad-awl, used in Icel. for producing fire, bragðals-eldr, m. fire produced by a b., Bs. i. 616; hann tók b. millum tveggja trjó, ii. 176.
a. ill-looking.
adj. ill-looking, Fms. x. 174.
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adj. (-leysi, f., medic. pallor), pale, insipid.
a. expedient, suitable.
adj. expedient, Karl. 451: mod. well-looking.
a. expressive-looking.
adj. expressive looking, Sturl. iii. 129.
a. crafty.
adj. crafty, El.
f. craft, subtlety.
f. craft, subtlety, Edda 110.
a. cunning.
(and -víss), adj. cunning, Fms. ii. 140.
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að, [Engl. brag], to throw off sloth, Bb. 1. 24.
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a, m. the god of poetry Bragi, also a pr. name: in pl. bragnar, poët. heroes, men, Edda, Lex. Poët.; cp. A. S. brego = princeps.
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m., poët. a hero, king. Lex. Poët.
m.
1) poetry, = skáldskapr;
2) the best, foremost (Ása ~ = Thor; ~ kvenna); most eloquent.
ar, m. [akin to bragð, braga, bragi, etc.]
I. best, foremost; b. kvenna, best of women, Skv. 2. 15; Ása b., best of Ases, Skm. 34; b. karla eðr kvenna, Edda 17: only used in poetry or poët. language, cp. the A. S. brego (princeps) Egypta, Norðmanna, Israelita, Gumena, Engla, etc.:—hence the compd bragar-full or braga-full, n. a toasting cup, to be drunk esp. at funeral feasts; it seems properly to mean the king’s toast (cp. Bragi = princeps), i. e. the toast in the memory of the deceased king or earl, which was to be drunk first; the heir to the throne rose to drink this toast, and while doing so put his feet on the footstool of his seat and made a solemn vow (stíga á stokk ok strengja heit); he then for the first time took his father’s seat, and the other guests in their turn made similar vows. For a graphic description of this heathen sacred custom, vide Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 49, Hervar. S. Fas. i. 417 and 515, Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Ragn. S. Fas. i. 345. It is likely that the b. was mostly used at funeral banquets, though the passages in the Ragn. and Hervar. S. (cp. also Hænsaþ. S. …
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m. a metrical fault, Sighvat.
n. creaking noise, crack.
n. [Ulf. brakja = πάλη; A. S. and Hel. ge-bræc; cp. Lat. fragor], a creaking noise, Hkr. iii. 139, Bárð. 160, Fms. ii. 100.
(að), v. to creak, crack (~ði mjök í skipinu).
að, [cp. Ulf. brikan = κλαν; A. S. brecan; Engl. to break; Lat. frangere]:—to creak, of timber, Hom. 155, Fs. 132, Gísl. 31, Fas. ii. 76.
f. creaking, cracking.
f. a creaking, Fms. iv. 57.
m. intermediary, broker.
m. [Engl. word], a broker, Fms. v. 183; O. H. L. 56 reads brakkarnir.
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að, to trick, job; hvat er það sem börn ei b., Jón. Þorl.
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n. (bramla, að), a crash, Safn i. 93, Ísl. Árb. v. ch. 128.
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að, to brawl, make a noise, Skiða R. 74.
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u, f. a freq. name of a cow, [brana = juvenca, cited by Du Cange from old Spanish Latin deeds; it probably came into Spain with the Goths.] brönu-grös, n. pl., botan. Satyrium Albidum; in Icel. lore this flower plays the same part as the German alraun or English mandrake; the b. are also called ‘Friggjar-gras’ (Frigg = Freyja, the goddess of love), and ‘elsku-gras,’ flower of love, as it is thought to create love between man and woman, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 648. Gen. xxx. 14.
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u, f. a little trout: the Manks call the salmon braddan.
(-s, -ar), m.
1) brand, firebrand (~ af brandi brennr);
2) ship’s beak (= svíri); fellr brattr breki bröndum hæri, the waves break high above the ‘brandar’;
3) ships’ beaks put up as ornaments over or at each side of the chief entrance of dwellings (brandana af knerrinum lét hann setja yfir útidyrr sínar);
4) the blade of a sword (brast sverðit undir hjaltinu ok fór ~inn grenjandi niðr í ána).
m.
I. [cp. brenna, to burn; A. S. brand (rare)], a brand, firebrand; even used synonymous with ‘hearth,’ as in the Old Engl. saying, ‘este (dear) buith (are) oun brondes,’ E. Engl. Specimens; b. af brandi brenn, Hm. 56; at bröndum, at the fire-side, 2, Nj. 195, 201; hvarfa ek blindr of branda, id., Eg. 759; cp. eldi-brandr.
2. [cp. Dan. brand, Germ. brand], a flame; til brands, ad urnam, N. G. L. i. 50 (rare); surtar-brandr, jet; v. brand-erfð.
II. [A. S. brand, Beow. verse 1454; Scot. brand = ensis; cp. to brandish], the blade of a sword; brast þat (viz. the sword) undir hjaltinu, ok fór b. grenjandi niðr í ána, Fas. ii. 484, Korm. 82, Eb. 238, Fms. i. 17, Bs. ii. 12; víga-brandr, a war-brand, a meteor.
III. a freq. pr. name of a man, Brand.
B. On ships, the raised prow and poop, ship’s beak, (svíri and brandr seem to be used synonymously, Konr. S. l. c.); fellr brattr breki bröndum hærri, the waves rise high above the ‘brandar,’ Skv. 2. 17; brandar af knerri (a b. …
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f. a Norse law term, originating from the heathen age when dead bodies were still burnt, vide arfsal, a sort of clientela, giving life-long support to a man; ‘til brands eðr báls,’ i. e. ad urnam, and inheriting him when dead; defined N. G. L. i. 50.
f. common sheldrake.
f. anas tadorna, Edda (Gl.)
a. brindled brown with a white cross on the forehead.
adj. brindled-brown with a white cross on the forebead (of an ox), Brand. 59; cp. bröndóttr, a brindled ox.
f. gridiron, brander (steikja á ~).
f. [A. S. brandreda], a grate, Stj. 310, 315, Exod. xxx. 3, xxxvii. 26, Mar. 50; steikja á b., to roast on a grate, Mar. (Fr.)
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adj. of cattle, brindled, red and white spotted.
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m. a dub. απ. λεγ. a high trunk of a tree in the middle of the hall of the mythical king Völsung, Fas. 1. 119; Vr. 142 reads botstokk.
f. (Hamðismál 20)?.
u, f. an απ. λεγ. and dub., Hðm. 21: cp. old Germ. brang = pracht.
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að, to braze (Shakesp.), to harden in the fire: cp. brösur, f. pl. in the metaph. phrase, eiga í brösum, to be always in the fire, always quarrelling.
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(cp. brasaðr, Fms. viii; brasi, ix. 8), m. [cp. Germ. bras = epulae; Swed. brasa; Dan. brase = to roast; Engl. to braze], a cook, an απ. λεγ., Am. 59.
(að), v. to bluster, swagger (þeir ~ illmikit).
að, [Germ. brasten], to bluster. Band. 8.
a.
1) steep; brött brekka, a steep slope; brattar bárur, high waves; bera bratt halann, to carry the tail high; reynt hefi ek fyrr brattara, I have been in a worse plight;
2) sudden, = bráðr (brött fyrirætlan).
adj. [A. S. brant, bront; Swed. brant; North. E. brant and brent], steep, of hills, etc.; brött brekka, a ‘brent’ hill, Hrafn. 20; bárur, high waves, Sks. 40: metaph., bera bratt halann, metaphor from cattle, to carry the tail high (in mod. usage vera brattr), opp. to lægja halann, to droop the tail, Ísl. ii. 330, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 20; reynt hefi ek fyr brattara, cp. Lat. graviora passus, I have been in a worse plight, Ann. 56; einatt hefi ek brattara átt, Grett. 133: mér hefir opt boðizt brattara, id., etc.,—a metaphor from mountaineers.
f. skill in climbing.
f. skill in climbing, Fms. ii. 275.
a. skilful in climbing.
adj. skilful in climbing, Fms. ii. 169: steep, Greg. 62.
a. with prominent forehead.
adj. with projecting forehead, Fb. i. 540.
n. steep ground.
n. a steep land.
m. stone column.
m. a stone column, Hým. 29.
n. bread; hleifr ~s, a loaf of bread.
n. [A. S. bread; Engl. bread; Germ. brod; Dan. bröd]. This word, which at present has become a household word in all branches of the Teutonic, was in early times unknown in its present sense: Ulf. constantly renders αρτος as well as ψωμίον by hlaibs; Engl. loaf; A. S. hlâf; the old A. S. poetry also has hlâf, and the old heathen Scandin. poems only hleifr, Hm. 40, 51, Rm. 4, 28. In Engl. also, the words lord, lady,—A. S. hlâford, hlâfdige, which properly mean loaf-warder, loaf-maid,—bear out the remark, that in the heathen age when those words were formed, breâd, in the sense of panis, was not in use in England; in old A. S. the word is only used in the compd beobreâd of the honeycomb (Gr. κηρίον), cp. Engl. bee-bread; O. H. G. bibrod; Germ. bienenbrod; and this seems to be the original sense of the word. The passage in which doubtless the Goths used ‘braud,’ Luke xxiv. 42—the only passage of the N. T. where κηρίον occurs—is lost in Ulf. Down to the 9th century this word had not its present sense in any Teut. dialect, but was, as it seems, in all of them used of the honeycomb only. …
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m. breadbaking.
m. bread-baking, Greg. 55.
m. breadplate.
m. a bread-plate, Post. 686 B.
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f. bread-making, Stj. 441.
m. a loaf of bread.
m. a loaf of bread, Greg. 57, Orkn. 116.
n. girdle, griddle (for baking bread).
n. a ‘bread-iron,’ Scot. and North. E. girdle, D. N.
m. bread-basket.
n. a bread-basket, Fms. ii. 164.
m. crumb of bread.
a, m. a crumb of bread, Stj. 155.
m. bread-oven.
m. a bread-oven, H. E. i. 394, N. G. L. ii. 354.
f. slice of bread.
u, f. a slice of bread, Andr. 68.
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u, f. a bread-crust.
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f. = brauðskífa.
n. whatever is eaten with bread.
n. spice eaten with bread, Anal. 180.
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n., braukan, f. cracking, Konr. 30, Mag. 5; cp. Brak.
I)
(pl. ~ir), f.
1) road (cut through rocks, forests, etc.); ryðja ~, to cut a road;
2) as adv. away, either with or without the prep. ‘á’ or ‘í’ (fara, ganga, komast ~ or á ~, ~a; vera í ~ or ~u; kasta e-u í ~, hverfa í ~, vera í ~ or ~u). Cf. brott, burt.
II)
m. compds., see brott.
III)
from brjóta.
f., dat. brautu, pl. ir, [a purely Scandin. word, formed from brjóta, braut, as Engl. road from Ital. rotta, via rupta]:—a road cut through rocks, forests, or the like, and distinguished from vegr, stigr, gata (path, track); Önundr konungr lét brjóta vegu um markir ok mýrar ok fjallvegu, fyrir því var hann Braut-Önundr kallaðr, Hkr. i. 46; ryðja b., to cut a road, Ísl. ii. 400; braut … eigi breiðari en götu breidd, Eg. 582.
II. as adv. away, either with or without the prep. ‘á’ or ‘í,’ á braut or á brautu, which is the oldest form; but the common form in the old writers is brot, or with a double consonant, brott; later by metath. burt, burtu [Dan.-Swed. bort], which are the mod. forms, but not found in very early MSS.: it occurs in a verse in the Skálda—reið Brynhildar bróðir | ‘bort’ sá er hug né ‘skorti:’—braut, brautu; braut hvarf or sal sæta, Korm. (in a verse), Hm. 88; þraut, fer ek einn á brautu, Grett. (in a verse); in the Grág. freq., esp. in the old fragment Ed. A. D. 1852, pp. 19–26, where Kb. reads brott; the Miracle-book, Bs. …
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n. help, furtherance.
n. a law term, help, furtherance, Ísl. ii. 322, Ld. 26 (advancement).
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n. pl. a meeting of roads, Grág. ii. 114; cp. þjóð-braut, a high road; vetrar-braut, via lactea, etc.
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n. a law term, bail, security, N. G. L. i. 44.
(-ja), m. a wayfairer, tramp, begger; bráð eru brautingja erendi, the wanderer’s errand is urgent.
a, m. a beggar, tramp, Hbl. 6, Fms. ii. 73: the proverb, bráð eru brautingja erindi, the tramp cannot afford delay, Fas. ii. 262, cp. Hm. 2; the poor had in old times to go from house to house; cp. göngu-maðr, föru-maðr; therefore misery and tramping are synonymous, e. g. válaðr, miseria; cp. A. S. vædl = ambitus:—not till the establishment of Christianity were poor-rates and other legal provisions made for the poor.
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adv. a shouting, = braut-þú, away thou! begone! Eirsp. 247.
I)
(pl. ~ir), f.
1) road (cut through rocks, forests, etc.); ryðja ~, to cut a road;
2) as adv. away, either with or without the prep. ‘á’ or ‘í’ (fara, ganga, komast ~ or á ~, ~a; vera í ~ or ~u; kasta e-u í ~, hverfa í ~, vera í ~ or ~u). Cf. brott, burt.
II)
m. compds., see brott.
III)
from brjóta.
in compds, v. brott.
I) (gen. brár, pl. brár), f. eyelash.
II) from bregða.
ð, to intermit, give relief, of intense pain, grief, illness; only in the phrase, það bráir af.
I) (gen. brár, pl. brár), f. eyelash.
II) from bregða.
f. [Ulf. braw; A. S. bræv; Engl. brow; Germ. brau], an eye-lid; brár (gen. sing.), Edda 15; brár (nom. pl.), 6; brám (dat. pl.), Vþm. 41; brá (gen. pl.), Ad. 5; cp. Baldrs-brá, Gull-brá, Ísl. Þjóðs.: in poetry the eyes are called brú-tungl, -máni, -sól, -geisli, moon-, sun-beam of the brow; tears are brá-regn, -drift, rain of the brow; the head brá-völlr, field of the brow, etc., Lex. Poët.
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f. [A. S. brad; Germ. brat], meat, raw flesh, esp. venison; blóðug bráð (a law term), raw meat, Grág. ii. 192, N. G. L. i. 82; brytja í bráð, to chop into steaks, Fb. i. 321: pl. metaph. prey of beasts, varmar bráðir, Hkv. 2. 41, Fas. i. 209; villi-bráð, venison; val-bráð, black spots on the face.
II. sól-bráð, sun-burning.
I)
f. meat, raw flesh; varmar bráðir, the corpses of the newly slain.
II)
n. tar, pitch.
III)
f. haste, only used in adverb. phrases, í ~, soon, shortly, = bráðliga; bæði í ~ ok lengðar, now and ever.
1. n. tar, pitch, Fms. viii. 217, Anecd. 60, Vm. 21, Sks. 28, Krók. 57; fúna undir bráðinu, Fær. 195.
2. f. (broþ, Bs. i. 341), denoting haste (cp. bráðr), but only used in adverb. phrases, í bráð, at the moment, Sturl. i. 58, Ld. 302, Bs. l. c.; bráð ok lengðar (mod. í bráð og lengd), now and ever, Fms. i. 281.
II. in many compds, meaning rash, sudden, hot.
COMPDS: bráðabugr, bráðafangs, bráðasótt, bráðaþeyr.
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f. a provisional matter, Thom. 474.
m., in the phrase, gøra bráðabug at e-u, to hasten to do a thing, do it without delay.
m. in the phrases, göra, vinda bráða-bug at e-u, to hasten to do a thing, without a moment’s delay, Grett. 98.
adv. at once, = bráðfengis.
gen. used as adv. at once, in great haste, Fms. iv. 230.
f. sudden illness, plague.
f. sudden illness, a plague, Fms. vii. 155, Játv. 26: chiefly of cattle, murrain, Gþl. 498.
m. sudden thaw.
m. a rapid thaw, Eg. 766.
(að), v. to melt, of snow, etc.
að, to melt, of snow, etc., Fms. iii. 193, Rb. 356.
(neut. brátt), a.
1) sudden (~ bani);
2) hasty, hottempered;
þú hefir verit hølzti ~ (too eager, too rash) í þessu máli.
adj., neut. brátt, [Swed. bråd; Dan. brad; cp. bráð], sudden, hasty: the allit. law phrase, b. bani, a sudden, violent death, Nj. 99, Fms. v. 289, Sks. 585 (of suicide); b. atburðr, a sudden accident, Fms. x. 328: metaph. hot-tempered, eager, rash, bráð er barn-æskan (a proverb), Am. 75; b. barns-hugir, id., Bev. Fr.; b. í skaplyndi, Nj. 16, Hm. 21; þú hefir verið hölzi b. (too eager, too rash), í þessu máli, Vápn. 13; b. ok ákafr, rash and headlong, Fms. ix. 245; b. hestr, a fiery horse, Bs. i. 743.
II. brátt, bráðum, and bráðan used adverb., soon, shortly; þá var brátt drukkinn einmenningr, Eg. 551; brátt fanst þat á, it could soon be seen that …, 147; vánu bráðara (Lat. spe citius), (mod., vonum b.), very soon, in a very short time, Fms. xi. 115; sem bráðast, as soon as possible, the sooner the better, Eg. 534: the phrase, e-t berr bráðum (or bráðan) at, a thing happens of a sudden, with the notion of surprise, 361; en öllum féllusk hendr (i. e. were startled), at bráðan bar at, as it came so suddenly, Hkr. ii. 152, cp. Orkn. 50.
f. haste;
~ar þarf við, one must make haste;
af ~u, in a hurry.
f. hurry, O. H. L. 19: gen. bráðungar, as adv. of a sudden, Fms. xi. 70; af bráðungu, at a moment’s notice, 27.
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adj. deadly, absolutely mortal, Orkn. 120, v. l.
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(commonly proncd. blóð-berg, n.), f. thyme, Hjalt., Björn.
m. sudeen death.
a, m. a sudden death, Hom. 12.
a., in the phrases verða dauðr, to die suddenly.
adj. dead in a moment, in the phrase, verða b., to die suddenly, Ver. 47, Fms. i. 18, Ísl. ii. 45, 59, Stj. 196.
adv. of a sudden.
adv. of a sudden, Ld. 192, Fms. viii. 199.
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adj., verða b., to travel in baste, Krók. 59.
a. exceedingly glad.
adj. exceeding glad, Fms. xi. 256.
a. rushing to death.
(-feigr), adj. rushing to death, Fs. 74.
adv. suddenly, at once.
= bráðafangs, Fms. xi. 35, Orkn. 28 old Ed.
a. quick to act, prompt.
adj. hot, hasty, Fms. vi. 109.
a. hottempered, hasty (bráðgeð er bernskan).
adj. hot-tempered, Fms. vi. 220, 195.
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adj. early ripe, of a young man, Fms. vii. 111, xi. 328.
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adj. of early promise, Glúm. 338.
a. most dangeous.
adj. most dangerous, Lv. 59.
pp. n. hastily chosen.
n. part. hastily chosen, Sturl. iii. 151.
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part. suddenly ‘called;’ verða b., to die suddenly.
a. not pitched.
adj. not pitched, Hkr. ii. 281.
pp. = bráðdauðr.
part. = bráðdauðr, Fms. xi. 444.
a. eager, impatient.
adj. eager, impatient, Bs. i. 172.
adv. hastily, at once;
~ er, as soon as.
(bráðla, brálla), adv. soon, hastily, at once, Sks. 596, N. G. L. i. 12, Fms. x. 419, i. 29: quickly, ii. 180, Hkr. i. 111: rashly, Bs. i. 722, Sks. 775.
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n. part. [líta], göra b. á e-t, to look (too) hastily at a thing, Fms. v. 284, Fbr. 141.
a. hot-tempered, hasty.
adj. hot-tempered, Anecd. 48.
n. impatience.
n. impatience, Bb. 3. 29.
pp. n. hastily spoken.
n. part. hastily spoken, Eg. 251.
a. hasty of speech.
adj. hasty of speech, Lv. 85, Bjarn. 14.
pp. hastily or rashly decided.
part. suddenly or rashly decided, Fms. ii. 25, Fær. 236; b. tíðindi, sudden news, Fms. v. 289; bráðrakinn, Lex. Poët., seems only to be a bad reading = bráðráþinn, the lower part of the þ having been obliterated.
a. very wrathfull.
adj. very wrathful, Barl. 25.
n. rashness.
n. rashness, Fs. 53; glappaverk ok b., 184, Fms. ii. 25.
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adj. hot-tempered, Nj. (Lat. Vers.) 219, v. l. (mod. word.)
a. taken suddenly ill.
adj. taken suddenly ill, Fms. vi. 104.
a. of hasty disposition (= skapbráðr).
adj. part. of hasty disposition, Sturl. iii. 123, Nj. 219, v. l., Fas. iii. 520: mod. skap-bráðr, hot-tempered.
n. hastiness, rashness.
n. rashness, Sks. 250, Karl. 495.
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adj. rash, Str. 9.
a. heedless, rash.
adj. rash, Fms. vi. 109, Ísl. ii. 316, Karl. 341, 343.
a. seen at a glance.
adj. soon seen, Fr.
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(-aðr), adj. early ripe, early grown (þroski, growth), Finnb. 222, v. l., Fs. 126.
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f., Engl. brake (v. Johnson), a tanner’s implement, in the form of a horse-shoe, for rubbing leather, Eggert Itin. 339: a nickname, Eg. bráka, að, in the phrase, brákaðr reyr, a bruised reed, Isaiah xlii. 3.
a. with white eyelashes.
adj. white-browed, epithet of a lady, Vkv.
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a, m. [Norse bræ], a glacier, common in Norway, where the glaciers are called ‘bræer’ or ‘fonn;’ in Icel. an απ. λεγ., Fas. (Völs. S.) i. 116.
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n. [for. word, from Lat. brĕve, like Engl. and Germ. brief; Dan. brev], in Icel. proncd. with a long e, bréf
a letter, written deed, rescript, etc. Letter-writing is never mentioned in the true Icel. Sagas before the end of the old Saga time, about A. D. 1015. Bréf occurs for the first time as a sort of dispatch in the negotiation between Norway and Sweden A. D. 1018; lét þau fara aptr með bréfum þeim er Ingigerðr konungs dóttir ok þau Hjalti sendu jarli ok Ingibjörgu, Ó. H. ch. 71; bréf ok innsigli Engla konungs (viz. king Canute, A. D. 1024), ch. 120: a royal letter is also mentioned Bjarn. 13 (of St. Olave, A. D. 1014–1030). The earliest Icel. deeds on record are of the end of the 11th century; in the D. I., Sturl., and Bs. (12th and 13th centuries) letters of every kind, public and private, are freq. mentioned, vide D. I. by Jon Sigurdsson, Bs. i. 478–481, etc., Fms. vii–x, Sturl. freq. [In the Saga time, ‘orð ok jartegnir,’ words and tokens, is a standing phrase; the ‘token’ commonly was a ring; the instances are many, e. g. Ld. ch. 41, 42, Bjarn. 7, Gunnl. S.; cp. the interesting passage in the mythical Akv. verse 8, where the sister ties one hair of a wolf in the ring—hár fann ek heiðingja riðit í hring rauðan—as a warning token; …
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n. breviary, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 8.
(bregð; brá, brugðum; brugðinn), v. with dat.
1) to cause to move (quickly);
~ sverði, knífi, to draw a sword, knife;
~ fingri, hendi í e-t, to put (thrust) the finger, hand, into;
hón brá hárinu undir belti sér, she put (fastened) her hair under her belt;
~ kaðli um e-t, to pass a rope round a thing;
~ augum sundr, to open the eyes;
~ e-m á eintal, to take one apart;
~ sér sjúkum, to feign illness;
2) to deviate from, disregard (vér höfum brugðit af ráðum þínum);
3) to alter, change;
~ lit, litum, to change colour, to turn pale;
~ e-m í e-s líki, to turn one (by spell) into another shape (þú brátt þér í merar líki);
4) to break up, leave off, give up;
~ tjöldum, to strike the tents;
~ samvist, to leave off living together;
~ ráðahag, to break off an engagement (wedding);
~ boði, to countermand a feast;
~ sýslu, to leave off working;
~ svefni, blundi, to awake;
~ tali, to break off talking;
~ orrustu, kaupi, to break off a battle, bargain;
5) to break (~ trúnaði, heiti, sáttmáli);
6) ~ e-m e-u, to upbraid, reproach one with a thing (Kálfr brá mér því í dag); …
pret. sing. brá, 2nd pers. brátt, later brást; pl. brugðu, sup. brugðit; pres. bregð; pret. subj. brygði: reflex, (sk, z, st), pret. brásk, bráz, or brást, pl. brugðusk, etc.: poët. with the neg. suff. brá-at, brásk-at, Orkn. 78, Fms. vi. 51.
A. ACT. WITH DAT.
I. [A. S. bregdan, brædan; Old Engl. and Scot. to brade or braid; cp. bragð throughout]:—to move swiftly:
1. of a weapon, to draw, brandish; b. sverði, to draw the sword, Gísl. 55, Nj. 28, Ld. 222, Korm. 82 sqq., Fms. i. 44, ii. 306, vi. 313, Eg. 306, 505; sverð brugðit, a drawn sword, 746; cp. the alliterative phrase in Old Engl. Ballads, ‘the bright browne (= brugðinn) sword:’ absol., bregð (imperat.), Korm. l. c.: b. knífi, to slash with a knife, Am. 59; b. flötu sverði, to turn it round in the band, Fms. vii. 157; saxi, Bs. i. 629: even of a thrust, b. spjóti, Glúm. 344.
2. of the limbs or parts of the body, to move quickly; b. hendi, fingri, K. Þ. K. 10, Fms. vi. 122; b. augum sundr, to open the eyes, iii. 57, cp. ‘he bradde open his eyen two,’ Engl. Ballads; b. fótum, Nj. …
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f. breadth.
f. [Goth. braidei], breadth, Alg. 372, Grág. i. 498, Symb. 22, Fms. x. 272: metaph., Skálda 175.
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f. = breiða.
(-dda, -ddr), v. to spread; ~ borð, to lay the cloth on the table; ~ fáðm, to stretch out the arms; ~ út, to lay out for dryinig, as hay; ~ út hendr, to stretch out the hands; ~ et yfir en, to cover one with a thing, chiefly of the bedclothes.
1. dd, [Ulf. braidjan; Germ. breiten], to ‘broaden,’ unfold; b. feld á höfuð sér, to spread a cloak on the head, Nj. 164; b. út, to lay out for drying, Sd. 179, Ld. 290, Fbr. 17, chiefly of hay; b. völl and b. hey a völl, Jb. 193; b. e-t yfir e-n, to cover one in a thing, chiefly of the bed-clothes, Nj. 20, Fms. viii. 237; b. út hendr, to stretch out the hands, vii. 250, Th. 9; b. faðm, id., Rm. 16, Pass. 34. 2; b. borð (mod., b. á borð), to lay the cloth on the table, Bs. ii. 42.
2. u, f. a drift, flock, of snow, hay, or the like; also fjár-breiða, a flock of white sheep; ábreiða, a cover, etc.
(að), v. to grow broad, to broaden.
að, to grow broad, Krók. 52.
(neut. breitt), a. broad; á breiðan, in breadth, = í breidd; standa breitt, to spread over a wide space; sitja breitt, with the legs wide apart.
adj. neut. breitt, [Ulf. braids; Scot. brade; A. S. brâd; Engl. broad; Germ. breit], broad, Ld. 276, Nj. 35, 91, Grág. i. 500, Fms. iv. 42, vi. 297; fjörðr b. ok langr, Eb. 8; breiða stofa, b. búr, the broad chamber, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 2.
β. á breiðan, adv. in breadth, Fms. viii. 416, x. 13: neut. as adv., standa breitt, to spread over a wide space, Edda 10.
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m. a nickname, a man from Breiðabólstað, Sturl.
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adj. from Broaddale in Iceland, Landn., Nj.
m. a man from Broadfirth.
m. a man from Broadfirth in Iceland, Nj., Landn., etc.
a. belonging to Broadfirth.
adj. belonging to, a native of Broadfirth, Landn., etc.
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(-leikr), a, m. breadth, Stj. 56.
a. broadfaced.
adj. broad of face, aspect, Hkr. ii. 405, Grett. 90 A.
pp. Broadframed stout, squarebuilt.
part. broad-framed, stout, Grett. 89.
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f. [old Dan. breth ôxa; Germ. breitaxt; A. S. brâd æx], a broad axe, N. G. L. i. 101, Fms. ix. 33, Ísl. ii. 210, v. l., Bret. 84, Bjarn. 36, Orkn. 360; ‘brand-ox,’ Ed. l. c., is a false reading.
n. claim, demand (eru Brynhildar ~ of mikil).
n. a law term, a fraudulent purchase of land, liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 241, 242: hence the proverb, sá hafi b. er beiðist, let him have b. that bids for it, i. e. volenti non fit injuria, Grett. 135 new Ed., Fas. iii. 202.
2. pl. freaks, chiefly of children; að barna þinna brekum skalt | brosa ei né skemtan halt, Húst. 49.
(að), v. to keep asking (látum barn hafa þat er ~r).
að, to keep asking, of importunate requests, Fms. vi. 246: the proverb, látum barn hafa þat er brekar, Þiðr. 51, 110: neut., b. til e-s, Al. 114.
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n. [Gael. braecan = tartan], a stitched bed cover.
m. poet. breaker.
a, m., poët. a breaker, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.
f. slope; leiða þræl í brekku (viz. þingbrekku), to proclaim a bondsman free.
u, f. [Swed. and Engl. brink], a slope, Orkn. 244, Eg. 766, Gísl. 33, Glúm. 395; b. brún, the edge of a slope, Sturl. ii. 75; hvel, Sks. 64, freq. in local names in Icel.: as a law term, the hill where public meetings were held and laws promulgated, etc., hence the phrase, leiða í brekku, to proclaim a bondsman free; ef þræli er gefit frelsi, ok er hann eigi leiddr í lög eðr b., Grág. i. 358.
COMPDS: brekkubrún, brekkumegin.
f. the edge of a slope.
v. above.
n.
1) strength to climb a hill;
2) the steepest part of a slope.
n. strength to climb the crest of a hill.
n. fraudulent bidding.
n. a fraudulent bidding (of land), Grág. ii. 242.
adv. without fraud.
n. adj. fraudless, Grág. i. 137, 200.
n. pl. an attempt at fraudulent acquisition.
n. pl. a law term, an attempt at fraudulent acquisition (v. brek), Glúm. 347, Boll. 352.
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adj. wayward, Merl.
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f. a law term, a fraudulent, mock outlawry in order to disable one from pleading his case, defined Grág. i. 121.
f. importunity, importunate solicitation.
f. an importunate request. Ld. 134.
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u, f. a trick; veiði-brella, a ruse, brellinn, adj. = bellinn.
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að, to distort, = beygla, Fas. iii.
I)
(brenn; brann, brunnum; brunninn), v.
1) to burn with a flame (logi, ljós, eldr, kerti brennr);
2) to be consumed by fire (á Flugumýri brann fé mikit);
nú breðr (= brennr) víðara en hann vildi, the fire spreads wider than he wished;
~ inni, to perish by fire;
~ upp, to be burnt up (á þeiri nátt brann upp allt Danavirki);
hlutr e-s brennr við, one gets the worst of it;
brann brátt þeirra hlutr við, it soon grew too hot for them;
rautt mun fyrir ~, mun nökkut fyrir ~, things will brighten up or improve.
II)
(-da, -dr), v.
1) to burn (~ bál);
2) to destroy by fire (~ bœ, hof, skip at köldum kolum);
~ e-n inni, to burn one to death in his house;
~ e-t upp, to burn up;
3) to cauterize (as a surgical operation);
~ e-n við bölvi, to burn one to cure his malady;
~ e-m díla, to burn spots on one’s back; fig. to brand one’s back;
~ e-m illan díla, to inflict a severe injury upon one;
4) to produce by burning (~ e-t til líms);
~ kol, to burn wood for charcoal;
~ salt, to produce salt by burning (sea-weed);
5) to purify (silver or gold) by burning; …
1. d, with acc. to burn; b. bál, to burn or light a balefire, Hervar. S. (in a verse).
2. to destroy by fire, devastate, Fms. xi. 391, Ann. 1329, 1289: b. upp, to burn up, Eg. 49; b. e-n inni, to burn one alive, Nj. 115, Grág. ii. 128, Landn. 215, v. l.
3. medic. to cauterise (of hot iron), Grág. ii. 133; b. e-m díla, to burn spots on one’s back, body (medic.), Bs. 1. 644.
β. metaph. to brand one’s back; eigi þurfu Danir at hælast við oss Norðmenn, margan díla höfum vér brent þeim frændum, Hkr. iii. 148; b. e-m illan díla, id., Fbr. 190 (in a verse).
γ. b. kol, to burn, i. e. make charcoal (cp. charcoal-burner), Grág. i. 200.
δ. part., brennt silfr, gull = skírt silfr, gull, pure silver, gold, K. Þ. K. 172, 152; eyrir brendr (= eyrir brends silfrs), mörk brend, Fms. ix. 421, Hkr. iii. 12; b. gull, Fms. xi. 77.
2. u, f. fire, burning, Grág. ii. 129, Nj. 158, 199; Njáls brenna, Blundketils brenna, etc., Ann. 962, 1010: the burning of a dead body, Edda 38 (= bálför). …
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I)
(brenn; brann, brunnum; brunninn), v.
1) to burn with a flame (logi, ljós, eldr, kerti brennr);
2) to be consumed by fire (á Flugumýri brann fé mikit);
nú breðr (= brennr) víðara en hann vildi, the fire spreads wider than he wished;
~ inni, to perish by fire;
~ upp, to be burnt up (á þeiri nátt brann upp allt Danavirki);
hlutr e-s brennr við, one gets the worst of it;
brann brátt þeirra hlutr við, it soon grew too hot for them;
rautt mun fyrir ~, mun nökkut fyrir ~, things will brighten up or improve.
II)
(-da, -dr), v.
1) to burn (~ bál);
2) to destroy by fire (~ bœ, hof, skip at köldum kolum);
~ e-n inni, to burn one to death in his house;
~ e-t upp, to burn up;
3) to cauterize (as a surgical operation);
~ e-n við bölvi, to burn one to cure his malady;
~ e-m díla, to burn spots on one’s back; fig. to brand one’s back;
~ e-m illan díla, to inflict a severe injury upon one;
4) to produce by burning (~ e-t til líms);
~ kol, to burn wood for charcoal;
~ salt, to produce salt by burning (sea-weed);
5) to purify (silver or gold) by burning; …
an old obsol. form brinna; pret. brann, 2nd pers. brant, mod. branst; pl. brunnu; sup. brunnit; pres. brenn, 3rd pers. brennr; old breðr, Grág. ii. 295, Fms. vii. 20 (in a verse); brenn (dropping the r), Hm. 56; with the neg. suffix, brennr-at (non urit), 153, [Ulf. brinnan; A. S. byrnan; Early Engl. to ‘brenn;’ Germ. brennen; the strong form is almost obsolete in Germ.]:—to burn:
1. of a light; þeir þóttust sjá fjögr ljós b., Nj. 118, Fas. i. 340; hrælog brunnu (blazed) af vápnum þeirra, Bs. i. 509: of a candle, to burn out, eigi lengr en kerti þat brennr, Fas. i. 341, 342; cp. Fms. viii. 276.
2. to be consumed by fire; kyrtillinn var brunninn, Fms. xi. 420; nú breðr viðara en hann vildi, the fire spreads wider than he would, Grág. l. c.
β. of a volcano; er hér brann hraunit, er nú stöndu vér á, Bs. i. 22; brann þá Borgarhraun, Landn. 78, Ann. several times.
γ. b. upp, to be burnt up. Grág. i. 459, K. Þ. K. 42; b. inni, to perish by fire, Gþl. 252, Nj. 198, 200.
δ. to fester, Fms. xi. 288.
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m. fire, Fms. i. 63 (in a verse).
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m. id., Edda (Gl.)
m. = brennusteinn.
(brennu-steinn, brenna-steinn), m. brimstone, sulphur, Sks. 391; Icel. sulphur mentioned in the 12th and 13th centuries, Arna b. S., D. I., H. E., etc.; b. logi, a sulphur lowe or flame, Rb. 336; b. vatn, a sulphur well, Stj. 91; b. þefr, a smell of brimstone, id.
m. incendiary.
m. an incendiary, Nj. 203.
n. action for fire.
n. action for fire, Nj. 210.
f. the story of the buring (of Njál).
u, f. a tale of a fire, Nj. 269.
m. the place where a fire has been.
m. the place where a fire has been, Grág. ii. 128.
n. summer of fires.
n. a summer of fires, Sturl. i. 165.
m. an outlawed incendiary.
m. a law term, an incendiary (outlawed), defined N. G. L. i. 46, Sturl. iii. 261.
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adj. burning-hot, Mkv.
(brest; brast, brustum; brostinn), v.
1) to burst, to be rent (steinninn brast);
þá brast í sundr jörðin (the earth burst) undir hesti hans;
2) to break, snap, with a noise (brast í sundr boginn);
3) to crash, of the sound alone;
þá brast strengr, they twanged the bowstring;
4) to burst forth (skriða brast);
eldr brestr upp, fire breaks out;
blóð brestr út, blood bursts out;
5) to rise, begin; flótti brestr, the ranks break in flight;
bardagi brestr, the battle breaks out, begins;
6) impers., e-n brestr e-t, one lacks, falls short of (eigi brestr mik áræði);
ef oss brestr á borði, if we fall short, get the worst of it;
þat mun aldri ~ (it will never fail), at.
pret. brast, pl. brustu; part. brostinn; pres. brest, [A. S. berstan, per metath.; Engl. to burst; Germ. bersten; Swed. brista; Dan. briste]:—to burst, be rent; jörðin brast (the earth burst) undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; steinninn brast, the rock was rent, Bs. i. 5.
β. to break with a crash; brast þú boginn í tvá hluti, Hkr. i. 342, Gísl. 81; brestr röng, the rib of a barrel creaks, Jb. 398: the hoops of a vessel bresta (burst), Fs. 132; skulfu lönd, en brustu bönd (of a tub), Jón Þorl.
2. to crash, of the sound alone; hófarnir brustu í veggjunum, the hoofs dashed against the wall, Grett. 25 new Ed.; hvat brast þar svá hátt, Hkr. i. 342; þá brast strengr á skipi, then twanged the bowstring on the ship, Fms. i. 182; brestandi bogi, the twanging bow, Hm. 84.
β. to burst forth, of a stream, avalanche, or the like; brestr flóð, of an avalanche, Gísl. 33; skriða brast, id., Fms. v. 250; blóð brestr út, the blood bursts out, from a blow, N. G. L. i. 342.
γ. a milit. term, flótti brestr, the ranks break in flight, when the host is seized by panic; …
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(-s, -ir), m.
1) crash (varð þar við hár ~);
2) chink, crack (~ hafði verit á hringnum); berja í brestina, to excuse or cover up the faults;
3) want, loss (hvárt ábati eðr ~ í varð).
m. pl. ir, (old acc. pl. brestu, Jd. 25), an outburst, crash, Eb. 230, of a blow against a metal ring; steinarnir kómu saman, ok varð þar við b. hár, Glúm. 375 (cp. heraðs-brestr, vá-brestr), Fms. xi. 6, 7, Fbr. 148, Hkr. i. 342; her-brestr, the crash produced by a sort of powder (cp. Albertus Magnus), Bs. i. 798, 799; í þeim eldi léku laus björg stór sem kol á afli, svá at í þeirra samkomu urðu brestir svá stórir, at heyrði norðr um land (of a volcano), 803; mátti heyra stóra bresti, i. e. the clash of spears, Flov. 33.
II. a chink, fissure, esp. in jewellery; b. á gulli, Vkv. 25, cp. 24; vóru gimsteinar svá heilir at eigi var b. á þeim, Joh. 623. 20; kom mér þá í hug, at b. hafði verit á hringnum, … fleiri brestina, Ld. 126; cp. the phrase, berja í brestina, v. berja, to cry off a bargain, Nj. 32.
2. metaph. a crack, chink; bresti er í þeim ráðahag hafa verit, Ld. 128.
β. want, loss; hvert ábati eðr b. í varð, Fms. xi. 441; þar eptir fylgir b. bús, Bb. i. 12; hýbýla-brestr, domestic misfortune, Gísl. 79.
III. a rattle (hrossa-brestr).
(-tta, -ttr), v. to turn upwards (~ hala sinn).
tt. [brattr], to turn upwards; b. halann, Hkv. Hjörv. 20; cp. bera halann bratt: in mod. use of the clothes, sleeves, etc., to fold up; b. nefið, brýrnar: hence brettur, f. pl. comical contortions of the face.
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used as adj. ind., b. köttr, a she-cat at heat.
a.
1) brittle (~ leirpottr);
2) weak, infirm.
adj. (akin to brjósk), properly brittle: b. leirpottr, a brittle earthen pot, Sks. 543; kerin b., Stell. 1. 72: chiefly metaph. in moral sense, weak, infirm; andinn er fús, en holdið er b. . Matth. xxvi. 41, Stj. 55, 248, Sks. 688. 13: in mod. writing often spelt with i.
m. infirmity, weakness (líkamsins ~).
(-leiki), m. weakness of body, Stj. 21: in moral sense, Magn. 504, K. Á. 200.
(-tta, -ttr), v.
1) to change, alter (~ átrúnaði);
refl., ~st; hafa þau eigi breyzt síðan, they have not changed since;
2) to vary; ~ háttum, to vary the metre; ~ hári sínu, to dress one’s hair; réttr ok breyttr, plain and artificial;
3) absol. to condiuct oneself, do, act; munum við báðir í brott komast, ef við breytum svá, if we do so; ~ eptir em, to imitate; ~ til es, to attempt.
tt, [braut, via], to alter, change: bregða implies the notion of breach, breyta simply denotes change: with dat.; b. farveg (of a river), to form a new channel, Grág. i. 350, Nj. 4, Ld. 158, Fms. ii. 158, Fb. i. 292; flestar Þjóðir þurfa at b. (transform) nafni hans til sinnar tungu, Edda 14; þá vóru snjóvar miklir ok breyttir (changed, become impassable) vegir allir, Eg. 543, Rb. 262 (where the acc. is wrong;).
β. reflex., hafa þau ekki breyzk síðan, they have not changed since, Fms. viii. 5.
γ. to vary; b. háttum, to vary the metre, Edda 121; b. hári sínu, to dress the hair, Greg. 45; b. málum, to speak rhetorically, dress one’s words, Fms. vi. 392; réttr ok b., plain and artificial, Edda 120; úbreyttr, plain.
II. metaph., absol. without case, to conduct oneself, act, do, behave; ef við breytum svá, if we do so, Nj. 202, Ísl. ii. 181, Fms. i. 150; b. eptir e-m, to imitate, Symb. 15; b. til e-s, to attempt, Grág. ii. 94.
2. in mod. use chiefly in moral sense, to behave, conduct oneself; b. vel, illa, kristilega, cp. …
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f. change.
f. change, N. G. L. i. 382.
a.
1) variable;
~ í búningi, fashionable in dress;
2) courteous, attentive (~ í öllum atvikum við konurnar).
adj. variable, Post. 645. 90.
adv. strangely.
adv. strangely, Fs. 42, Korm. 54. Lv. 77, Fms. vi. 374.
a. strange.
adj. strange, Sturl. iii. 302.
f. change; gera ~ á um e-t, to make an alteration in a thing; ~ í klæðnaði, fashion.
f. change; göra b. á um e-t, to make an alteration in a thing, Fas. iii. 155, Mag. 5, Fs. 98; b. í klæðnaði, fashion, N. G. L. iii. 262: new fashion, Grág. i. 338; ný-breytni, Snót 68; hann kvaðst eigi nenna enn um sinn at hafa þessa b., he said that he was not yet minded to, viz. to be baptized, Fs. 77, Nj. 13 (shape, nature).
2. in mod. usage chiefly moral conduct, acting; eptir-breytni, imitation.
a. Welsh.
adj. Welsh, Fms., etc.; mod. British.
(að), v. to give an account, to write (~ af e-u).
að, to give a brief account of, Fms. ii. 257, Al. 66.
f. registerbook.
f. a register-book, N. G. L. ii. 409.
n. breach of ordinances.
n. breach of ordinances, H. E. i. 422, Bs. i. 706.
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f. letter-writing, Bs. i. 475, Fms. ix. 260.
m. letter carrier, public courier.
m. a letter-carrier, public courier, Fms. ix. 20.
m. letterboy.
m. a letter-boy, Fms. ix. 467.
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adj. briefless, without a written document, Th. 78.
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bréfa-sending, f. a sending of letters, Fms. viii. 111.
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f. the composition of a letter, Fms. viii. 298.
f.
1) right to reclaim (chiefly of landed property); fyrnist þá eigi ~in, then the right of reclamation will not be lost;
2) n. pl. change (engi ~ mun ek hér í gera); kaupa et í ~ við annan mann, to purchase a thing already bought by another.
f. [bregða A. H.]
1. a law term, ‘jus retrahendi,’ a right to reclaim, chiefly of landed property; eiga b. til lands; fyrnist þá eigi brigðin, then the right of reclamation will not be lost, Grág. ii. 202 sqq.; cp. Landbrigð and Landbrigða-þáttr, one of the sections of the law; cp. also óðals-brigð (Norse), vide Gþl. 295 sqq.: also brigð á dómi, change of a doom or sentence, Sks 588 B: kaupa e-t í brigð við annan, to purchase a thing already bought by another man, Rd. 252; engi brigð (neut. acc. pl. enga?) mun ek her á göra, where brigð nearly means protest, Fms. ii. 25.
2. gener. breaking, breach; vináttu-brigð, breach of friendship, fickleness, Hm. 83.
COMPD: brigðarmaðr.
(-ða, -ðr), v.
1) to try to recover (lost property) by lawful procedure (~ land, fé);
2) with dat. to annul, make void (~ kaupi, dómi, sáttmali); ~ em frelsi, to revoke one’s liberty.
ð, (mod. að), [bregða], a law term, to escheat; with acc., b. land, lönd, Grág. ii. 202 sqq.; b. e-m frelsi, to abrogate, i. 203; b. fé (of the forfeiture of a deposit), 183. In the Norse sense, vide Gþl. 295 sqq., Jb. 188 sqq., Dipl. v. 16.
2. with dat. (irreg.), b. jörðu, Gþl. 300: to make void, b. dómi, 23; b. sáttmáli, Stj. 382: part. brigðandi = brigðarmaðr, Grág. ii. 204.
m. reclaimer of lost property.
m. a law term, one whose lands are escheated, but may be redeemed, Grág. ii. 253, Gþl. 290.
n. pl.
1) = brigð, f.;
2) = brigð, n. pl. (gera ~ á e-u).
n. = brigð, Anecd. 14, Mk. 144: cp. compds lit-brigði, gloaming; veðr-brigði, change of weather; af-brigði, etc.
a.
1) variable;
2) corruptible, perishable (~ líkami).
(brigðligr), adj. and -liga, adv. variable, Stj. 117, Sks. 203, 627 B, 677. 8, 2.
a. fickle, faithless.
adj. faithless, fickle, Hm. 90, 125; brigt (unsafe) þyki mér at trúa Þrándi, Fær. 226.
n. void bargain.
n. a void bargain, because of another man having a prior right of purchase, N. G. L. iii. 177.
n. ficklemindedness.
f. fickleness, Hkr. iii. 273.
a. fickle-minded.
adj. fickle, Sturl. iii. 123.
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n. breach of promise, Korm. 56, Fms. vii. 305.
n. fickleness, cunning.
n. fickleness, a whimsy, Edda 110 (new Ed. i. 544, note 26).
a. variable, inconstant.
adj. variable, fickle, unsafe, Fas. iii. 456.
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n. a cast in another man’s fishery, Gþl. 426.
(að), v. to upbraid (em e-u or et) one with a thing; at honum sé því ~t, that it be thrown in his teeth.
að, (derived from brigð and bregða), to upbraid, with dat. of the person and thing; b. oss því, at vér …, Fms. ii. 227; honum sé því brigzlat, that it be thrown in his teeth, Fær. 100, Al. 2: with acc. of the thing (rare), Stj. 42, Anecd. 30: in mod. use, b. e-m um e-t, Mar. 153 (Fr.): absol., b. e-m ok hæða, Mar. l. c.
II. medic. of broken bones (brixla saman) when they are only rudely healed.
n. reproach, blame; fœra e-m e-t í ~, hafa e-m e-t at brigzlum, to upbraid one with a thing, to throw a thing in one’s teeth; eilíft ~, everlasting reproach.
and brigzl, n., chiefly in pl. blame, shame, Stj. 176. Gen. xxx. 23; b. ok álygi, Hom. 76, Fms. i. 270, ii. 69; eilíft b., everlasting shame, x. 222; færa e-m e-t í brigzli, to throw a thing in one’s teeth, Lv. 59; hafa at brigzlum, Nj. 223; brigzla-lauss, blameless, Fms. viii. 136.
II. medic. callificatio ossium, the callus left after bone-fractures.
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n. pl. words of blame, Nj. 223, v. l.
n. surf (sker ok ~).
n. [A. S. brim = aestus], surf, Fær. 174, Eg. 99; boðar ok b., Grág. ii. 385; sker ok b., Eg. 161, Landn. 84, 276, Hkr. i. 228.
β. poët. the sea.
m. a big, sort of seal, male seal; also as a nickname.
m. pl. lar, [bremol, Ivar Aasen], phoca fetida mas, also called brim-selr = útselr, a big sort of seal, Höfuðl. 5: Brimils-gjá, a local name.
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u, f. anas torquala multicolor.
m. dashing of the surf.
m. the dashing of surf, Ann. 1312.
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n. the roar of surf.
a. surf-less, calm.
adj. (-leysa, u, f.), surfless, calm, N. G. L. i. 139.
m. a kind of duck.
a, m. anas nigra, a duck, Edda (Gl.)
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n. furious surf.
f. pl. poet. ‘surf-curbing’ runes.
f. pl. wave-runes, charms, Sdm.
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adj. salt as the sea.
pp. surf-worn (brimsorfit grjót).
part. (rocks) surf-worn, Eg. 142.
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m. brimstone (?), a nickname, Fms. ix.
m. surf-raising gale.
m. a gale raising surf, Stj. 26, 89.
n. a rope to tug a boat through the surf.
n. a rope used to tug a boat through the surf, Gþl. 427.
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f. a kind of duck, a ‘surf-duck.’
f.
1) chest (hárit tók ofan á bringuna);
e-m skýtr (or slær) skelk í bringu, one gets frightened;
2) brisket (of an animal).
u, f., Lat. sternum, the chest (brjóst, pectus), Nj. 24, Eb. 182, Eg. 719: the phrase, e-m skýtr skelk í bringu, one gets frightened, Eg. 49, Fb. i. 418.
β. the breast-piece, brisket, Stj. 310. Exod. xxx. 27, = bringu-kollr.
γ. metaph. a soft grassy slope, hence Gull-bringur, the golden slopes, whence Gullbringu sýsla in Icel.
COMPDS: bringubein, bringubreiðr, bringukollr, bringusár, bringuteinar.
n. the breast-bone.
n. the breast-bone, Finnb. 256.
a. broadchested.
adj. broad-chested, Ld. 296, Sturl. ii. 133.
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v. above.
n. a wound in the chest.
n. a wound in the chest, Sturl. ii. 138, Ld. 140.
m. pl. = bringspelir.
m. pl. = bringspalir, Fas. iii. 392.
(acc. bringspölu), m. pl. the ‘breast rails’, the lower part of the chest (bar sverðit a kviðnum fyrir neðan bringspölu).
m. pl. (mod. bringspalir, Ísl. ii. 55, 447, or bringsmalir, f. pl.), the ‘breast-rails, breast-bars,’ the brisket or part where the lower ribs are joined with the cartilago ensiformis (the hertespone of Chaucer), Ísl. l. c., Fms. ii. 151, Gullþ. 21; bringspölum (dat.), Grág. ii. 16; bringspölu (acc.), Gísl. 106; bringspala (gen.), Sturl. i. 140; bringspeli (acc.), Grett. 123 new Ed.: often in such phrases as, finna til (to feel pain) fyrir bringspölunum; [cp. Fr. espalier.]
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a, m. a flame, Haustl. 13.
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n., medic. schirrus, gristle, Fél. ix. 208: the phrase, bíta á brisinu, metaphor from a gristly piece of meat.
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adj. fire-hot, see the following word.
(-ar, pl. brikr), f.
1) thin board;
2) low wooden screen;
3) short bench, near the door.
f., gen. ar, pl. bríkr, [Engl. brick; Fr. brique; Swed. bricka; Dan. brikke = chess-man in a game], properly a square tablet, e. g. altaris-brík, an altar-piece, Vm. 10, Bs. ii. 487: in the Sagas often of a low screen between the pillars (stafir), separating the bedrooms (hvílurúm) from the chief room, Gþl. 345, Fms. v. 339, Sturl. ii. 228, iii. 219, Korm. 182:—in mod. usage brík means a small tablet with carved work, one at the foot and one at the head of a bed, (höfða-brík, fóta-brík.)
β. in Norway (Ivar Aasen) used of a small table placed at the door; in this sense it seems to be used Bs. i. (Laur. S.) 854.
COMPDS: bríkarbúningr, bríkarnef.
m. covering for an altarscreen.
m. and bríkar-klæði, bríkar-tjald, n. covering for a tablet, D. I. i. 268, Vm. 10, 24.
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n. a nickname, Bs. i.
m. poet. fire.
a, m. fire, poët., Edda (Gl.): brímir, m., poët. a sword, Lex. Poët.: a mythic. abode, Vsp. 43.
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m. [cp. Fr. braise], fire, poët.,—an interesting mythol. word, now unknown in Icel., except in the adj. brís-heitr, fire-hot, used in the same connection as fun-heitr, q. v. In Norway brising is any beacon or bale-fire, e. g. Jonsoko-brising = the fire kindled on the 24th of June, (in the Alps called Johannis-feuer.) In olden times the necklace of Freyja was called Brísinga-men, n. the flame-necklace; it was said to be hidden in the deep sea; Loki and Heimdal fought at the rock Singa-stone for this necklace; this ancient legend was represented on the roof of the hall at Hjarðarholt, and treated in the poem Húsdrápa, Ld., Edda.
(brjáða, brját), v. to sparkle flicker, gleam.
ð, (cp. braga), to flicker, Stj. 389, Þiðr. 114; brjándi birti, Bs. ii. (in a verse). brjándi, part. flickering, Stj. 389.
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n. showy trifles, in a poem of A. D. 1410; cp. orða-brjál, showy words.
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að, to flutter; to confound, disorder: reflex., Orkn. 204 old Ed. (mod. word). brjálaðr, part. one deranged of mind.
n. cartilage (sem ~ væri þar, sem bein skyldu vera).
n. [Swed. and Dan. brusk], gristle, cartilage, Fas. i. 351; bein eða b., Grág. ii. 12, 120.
n.
1) the front of the chest, breast (hyl vel ~ þitt);
2) woman’s breast; fœða barn á ~i, to feed a child at the breast;
3) fig. the seat of the affections and emotions, mind, heart, feeling, disposition; mun han vera þrályndr í skapi sem faðir hans, en hafa ~ verra, a harder heart mun hann optar mér í ~i (in my mind) en þér;
4) the front (of wave or a battalion);
5) breastwork, protection (hann er sjálfr ~ ok hlífiskjöldr kristni sinnar); vera ~ fyrir em, to be one’s defender, to shield one;
6) vinna eið fyrir ~ e-s, on one’s behalf.
n. (brysti, provinc. Icel.), [Ulf. brusts, f. pl. = στηθος and σπλάγχνα; A. S. breost; Engl. breast; Hel. briost, n. pl.; Swed. bröst; Dan. bryst, n.; Germ. brust, f.]:—the breast; b. ok kviðr, Eg. 579, Nj. 95; önd í brjósti, K. Þ. K. 26; Lat. uber, a woman’s breast, in pl., fæða barn á brjósti, feed a bairn at the breast, Bs. i. 666, Str. 18, Stj. 429: mod. chiefly in pl. = Lat. mammae; hafa barn á brjóstum; brjósta-mjólk, milk from the breast; brjósta-mein, medic. ulcus or abscessus mammarum, Fél. ix. 202; brjósta-verkr, mastodynia (of women), id.
II. with the ancients the breast was thought to be the abode of the mind, as well as of feeling, hence it is poët. called hug-borg, mun-strönd, reið rýnis, minnis knörr, etc., the castle, strand, wain, ship of mind, of thought, of memory, etc., vide Lex. Poët., Edda 105, Höfuðl. 1, Stor. 18; thus brjóst freq. metaph. means feeling, temper, disposition; hafa ekki b. til e-s, to have no heart for it; kenna í brjósti um e-n, to ‘feel in the breast’ for one, feel compassion for; mun hann vera þrályndr sem faðir hans, en hafa brjóst verra, a harder heart, Sturl. …
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n. strength of chest.
n. strength of chest, Sks. 372.
n. a child at the breast, suckling.
n. a child at the breast, Stj. 227, Fs. 154.
f. breast-plate.
f. a breast-plate, Sks. 406.
n. compassion.
n. compassion, Barl. 4.
m. breast ornament, brooch.
m. a breast ornament, brooch, Js. 78.
m. suckling, = spendrekkr.
m. = brjóstbarn, Grág. i. 240.
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n. adj. fixed in the heart, Fms. xi. 433.
(-sta, -str), v., festa sér e-t, to impress on one’s mind.
t, to fix in mind, Barl. 142.
m. peace of mind.
m. peace of mind, 655 xxvii. 16.
f. saddlegirth.
f. a saddle-girth, Stj. 397. Judg. viii. 26, Lv. 82.
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adj. (brjóst-gæði, n. pl.), tender-hearted.
a. having a sound chest.
adj. having a sound chest, Fbr. 94, Mar. 655 xxxii.
f. brooch.
u, f. a ‘breast-disk,’ brooch, Vkv. 24, 34.
n. febbleness of mind.
n. heart-sinking, prostration, Bs. i. 387.
n. strength of mind or heart.
n. strength of mind or heart, Bs. i. 238, Mag. 88.
a. broadchested.
adj. broad-chested, Sks. 227 (of waves).
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m. a suckling, Matth. xxi. 16.
a. enraged.
adj. enraged, Þiðr. 116.
n. breastrope, girdle.
n. a breast-rope, girdle, a nickname, Orkn.
f. front room.
u, f. a front room, D. N. (Fr.)
m. a boil in the lungs.
m. a tubercle in the lungs, Greg. 74.
m. heartburn.
a, m. heartburn, Fas. iii. 392, Fél. ix.
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n. (brjóst-veikr, adj.), chest-disease, Fél. ix.
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adj. having a delicate chest.
n. mother wit.
n. mother-wit, Bs. i. 164, Pass. 44. 17.
f. = brjóstvit.
u, f. id., Bs. ii. 11.
n. front wall, = bjórþili.
n. = bjórþili, a front wall, Sturl. ii. 66, Hom. 94.
a. n., e-m er ~, suffers from difficult breathing.
n. adj., Bs. i. 644, (-þyngsli and -þreyngsli, n.), asthma.
(brýt; braut, brutum; brotinn), v.
1) to break;
~ fót sinn, to break one’s leg;
~ tennr ór höfði manns, to break the teelh out of the head;
~ mann um stein, to break a man on a stone;
~ e-n í hjóli, to break on the wheel;
2) to break open (~ haug, búr);
3) to destroy, demolish (~ hof, skurðgoð, kastala);
~ skip, to break one’s ship, be shipwrecked;
4) to break, violate, transgress (~ heit, lög);
en þér konungr brutuð lög á Agli, you broke the law in Egil’s case;
5) to force, compel (~ menn til kristni);
~ e-n til hlýðni, to force to submission;
6) in various fig. phrases;
~ odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one’s pride, to humble oneself;
~ straum fyrir e-m, to break the stream before one, to bear the brunt of battle;
7) with preps.:
~ af brúna, to break off the bridge;
~ af við e-n, to wrong one;
~ á bak, to force or drive back (~ fylking á bak);
to neglect, disregard (~ á bak ráð e-s);
~ niðr, to demolish, break down (~ niðr hús);
~ niðr blótskap, villu, to put down, abolish;
~ sik niðr við jörðu, to bow down to the earth;
~ saman, to fold (~ saman skikkju); …
pret. braut; 2nd pers. brautt is obsolete; commonly brauzt or brauztu, Ó. H. 24 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 139 (in a verse of A. D. 1050); pl. brutu; sup. brotið; pres. brýt: [this word does not occur in Ulf. and is unknown in Germ.; the A. S. has breâtan, breôtan, but rarely and in the sense to destroy, demolish: but the Scandin. dialects all have it; Swed. bryta; Dan. bryde; whereas the Goth. braican, Germ. brechen, Engl. break are unknown to the Scandin. idioms. Du Cange records a Latin-Spanish britare = destruere; it is therefore likely that it came into Spain with the Goths, although Ulfilas does not use it]:—to break; with acc., Nj. 64, Bs. i. 346; þeir brutu báða fótleggi í honum, Hom. 115; sumir brutu (hurt) hendr sínar, sumir fætr, Bs. i. 10; ef maðr brýtr tennr or höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11; hvárz þat er höggit, eðr brotið, cut or broken, id.; þeir kómu við sker ok brutu stýri, Fms. ix. 307; Þormóðr kvað betra at róa minna ok brjóta ekki, Grett. ch. 50: phrases as, b. á bak, to break the back, Fms. vii. 119; á háls, the neck, Vígl. 21; b. í hjóli (hveli), to break on the wheel, of capital punishment, Fms. …
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m. one that breaks, destroyer.
m. one that breaks, a destroyer, mostly in compds or poët., Hým. 17, Lex. Poët.
1) spike;
2) a kind of shaft = broddör;
3) sting (of an insect);
4) prick, goad;
5) the front of a column or body of men, opp. to hali, the rear (~ fylkingar);
6) vera í broddi lífsins, to be in the prime of life.
m. [A. S. brord; O. H. G. brort; Goth. brozds is suggested], a spike, Eg. 285.
β. a kind of shaft, freq. in Lex. Poët., Fms. vii. 211, Fas. ii. 118; handbogi (cross-bow) með tvennum tylptum brodda, N. G. L. ii. 427; örfa skeptra (shafts) eðr brodda, i. 202.
γ. a sting, of an insect, Grönd. 46: metaph., dauði, hvar er þinn b., 1 Cor. xv. 55.
δ. of the spikes in a sharped horse-shoe or other shoe, mannbroddar, ice-shoes, Þorst. Hv. 46, Eb. 238, 240, Acts ix. 5; in a mountaineer’s staff (Alpen-stock), Bárð. 170.
2. metaph. [cp. O. H. G. prurdi = ordo], milit. the front (point) of a column or body of men, opp. to hali, the rear; b. fylkingar and fylkingar broddr, Al. 56, 32; cp. ferðar-broddr, farar-broddr, Ld. 96, of a train of cattle and sheep.
β. the phrase, vera í broddi lífsins, to be in the prime of life, Al. 29.
γ. the milk of cows and ewes immediately after calving and lambing.
δ. botan. a spike on a plant.
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a, m. a spear-formed piece (geiri, goar) of land, Dipl. iv. 15, Grett. 89, new Ed. brot- wrongly.
n. a blow from a pike.
n. a blow from a pike, Fms. ix. 528.
n. a shot with a shaft (broddr).
n. a shot with a shaft (b.), Fms. viii. 359, ix. 528.
n. a kind of pike (the blade ending in a four-edged point).
n. a pike in the form of a bayonet, Fas. ii. 29.
f., a (mountaineer’s) staff, pole, with an iron spike.
f. a (mountaineer’s) pole with an iron spike, Valla L. 212.
f. a shaft with fouredgepoint, = broddr 2.
f. a shaft, = broddr, Fas. ii. 344.
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n. [Engl. broth; Germ. brod], broth: still used in the east of Icel.: occurs in the compd word broð-gýgr, a broth-cook, in a verse in the Laufás Edda, and wrongly explained in Lex. Poët. to be = brauð-gýgr.
(-ar, pl. brœkr), f.
1) one leg of a pair of breeches (ok lét hann leika laust knéit í brókinni);
2) breeches (but the pl. ‘brœkr’ is more common); vera í brókum, to wear breeches; gyrðr í brœkr, with breeches girt over one’s underclothing.
n. bad, black grass; hence Brok-ey, an island, Landn.; cp. broki, a, m. a nickname, Fms. ix.
m. cart-horse, trotter.
a, m. [brocarius = a cart, Du Cange], prop. a cart-horse, hence a trotter, Karl. 48; from brokk, n. a trot; brokka, að, to trot; freq. but of foreign origin.
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m., prop. a badger (?), [Germ., Scot., and Old Engl. brock.]
β. the name of a dwarf, Edda.
2. a trotter, of a horse.
I)
(-ta, -at), v. to smile;
~ at e-u, to smile at;
~ við, to smile in reply (Guðrún leit við honum ok brosti við).
II)
f. smile (svara með brosu).
u, f. so in old writers, in mod. usage always bros, n.,—a smile: in the phrase, mæla, svara, með (við) brosu, to reply with a smile; við brosu, Sturl. ii. 195; með brosu, Orkn. 464.
I)
(-ta, -at), v. to smile;
~ at e-u, to smile at;
~ við, to smile in reply (Guðrún leit við honum ok brosti við).
II)
f. smile (svara með brosu).
brosti; pres. brosi; sup. irreg. brosat,—to smile; þá brosti Rútr, Nj. 35, Fms. ii. 197; b. at e-u, to smile at a thing; at því brosi ek, at …, id., Þórð. 26, Orkn. 374, Fms. v. 178; b. við, to smile in reply; Guðrún leit við honum ok brosti við, Ld. 246, Fms. vi. 359; b. lítinn þann, Lat. subridere, iv. 101.
f. a fish of the cod-kind.
u, f. gadus monopterygius, a fish, Norse brosme, Edda (Gl.)
a. with smiling face.
adj. of smiling face, Þjal. 18.
a. ridiculous.
adj. comical, Sturl. i. 24, Fms. iii. 113.
n.
1) breaking (cf. skipbrot); sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail;
2) Fragment, broken piece;
3) fracture (beinbrot);
4) a shallow place in a river or a firth;
5) lever;
6) spasm, convulsion, falla í brot, to have an epileptic fit.
n. [brjóta, cp. O. H. G. broti = fragilitas], gener. a broken piece, fragment:
1. esp. in pl., gimsteina brot, 623. 20, 544. 39; brota-silfr, old silver broken to be recast; nú eru tekin Grásíðu brot, Gísl. 18; gullhringrinn stökk í tvá hluti, ok þá er ek hugða at brotunum …, Ld. 126; trogs brotin, 655 xxi; brutu bar í Víkinni ok ætluðu at göra sér skip ór brotunum (a wrecked ship), Grett. 88: in the compds um-brot, fjör-brot, a hard struggle, convulsions, agony; land-brot, desolation of land by sea or rivers.
2. metaph. only in pl. violation; lagabrot, breach of law; mis-brot, af-brot, transgression, freq. in theol. writers: arithm. fractions; tuga-brot, decimals, etc.
3. sing. breaking, bein-brot, q. v.; sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail, Eg. 405 (skips-brot); cp. haugs-brot, hrygg-brot.
β. a fragment; sögu-brot, the fragment of a tale, story; bókar-brot, the fragment of a MS. and the like.
γ. a shallow place in a river, a firth, where the stream breaks and widens, Grág. …
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f. epileptic disease.
f. id., Fms. v. 213, Bs. i, 317.
m. heap of trees felled in a wood (fella brota).
a, m. trees felled in a wood and left lying, Fms. vii. 320; þröngvar merkr ok brota stóra, viii. 31, 60, ix. 357.
(að), to break, be broken; skip ~r í spán, the ship is broken to pieces.
að, [brotinn], to be broken, Lat. frangi, Nj. 19, K. Þ. K. 54, Fms. iv. 263; b. í span, to be broken to pieces, Eg. 405. This word is used instead of pass. to brjóta.
f. breaking.
f. breaking, Hom. 137; rendering of Gr. κλάσις, Acts ii. 42.
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n. leave to go away, vacation, Orkn. 60, Hkr. ii. 158.
n. parting banquet.
n. = brottferðaröl, Fms. i. 58.
adv. away, off, = braut, burt; also á ~, í ~ (fara ~ or á ~, hlaupast á ~ or í ~).
[vide braut II]:—away, in many compds.
m. preparations for departure.
m. preparation for departure, Ísl. ii. 59, Fms. ix. 128.
f. departure.
f. an away-going, departure, Fms. i. 69, Grág. i. 274, Sks. 337, Fs. 7, Eg. 750. brottferðar-öl, n. a parting banquet, Hkr. i. 216.
f. carrying off.
(mod. -ingr, m.), f. carrying off, Grett. 88, Fms. viii. 251.
adv. with eagerness to depart.
adv. (-ligr, adj.), eager to depart, Hkr. ii. 100.
a. eager to depart.
adj. eager to depart, Fms. xi. 128.
f. eagerness to get away.
f. eagerness to come away, Fb. i. 188.
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u, f. transportation, Grág. ii. 358, 379, Jb. 219.
f. = brottferð.
f. = brottterð, Eg. 587, Fms. ix. 129, Grág. i. 151.
COMPDS: brottfararleyfi, brottfararöl.
f. departure.
u, f. departure, Fms. v. 183.
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m. = brottganga.
β. a law term, divorce, Ld. 134 (spelt brautgangr). brottgangs-sök, f. a divorce-case.
n. going away (skip var búit til halds).
n. a going away, Fms. vii. 197.
n. running away.
n. a running away, Fms. iv. 265, Eg. 422.
n. disappearance.
n. disappearance, Fms. ix. 341.
f. taking off.
f. law term, a taking off, Grág. i. 217, 332, 420.
f. coming away.
u, f. a going away, Fms. ii. 298.
f. retreat (after a seabattle), opp. to atlaga.
u, f., naut. a retiring, after battle, opp. to atlaga, Fms. ii. 297.
f. ridingaway.
f. a riding away, Sturl. iii. 25.
m. driving away, expulsion.
rs, m. a driving away, expulsion, Stj. 43.
f. sending away.
f. a sending away, Stj. 41.
f. sailing away.
f. a sailing away, Fms. ii. 95.
m. divine service performed elsewhere than at the parish church.
m. divine service performed out of the curate’s own parish, Bs., Sturl., D. I.
f. taking away, removal.
u, f. (-tekning, f.), a taking away, Ann. 1218.
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adj. removable, Stj. 4.
n. throwing away.
n. a throwing away, Sks. 388.
f. absence.
f. (-vera, u, f.), a being away, absence, Fms. vii. 48.
n. epileptic fit.
n. [Ormul. broþþ-fall], an epileptic fit; the spelling in the Ormulum shews the true etymology, viz. bróð-fall or bráð-fall, a sudden fall; brot- is an etymologizing blunder, 544. 39; féll sveinninn niðr ok hafði brotfall, 655 xxx; hann görði sér órar, ok lét sem hann félli í brotfall, Landn. (Hb.) 214, Bs. i. 335, 317, 120, where spelt brottfall.
COMPD: brotfallssótt.
a. = brotfallinn.
adj. epileptic, Karl. 547.
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n. a crashing sound.
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adj. brittle; b. gler, brittle glass.
a. guilty of an offence.
adj. guilty, Fms. xi. 444, Jb. 55, 112, 339.
n. brotherhood.
n. brotherhood, Lat. fraternitas, Bs. ii. 72, Mar. 24 (Fr.)
(gen., dat., and acc. bróður, pl. brœðr), m.
1) brother;
2) friar.
gen. dat. acc. bróður; pl. nom. acc. bræðr, gen. bræðra, dat. bræðrum: in mod. common usage irregular forms occur, as gen. sing. bróðurs; nom. sing., and gen. dat. acc. are also sometimes confounded, esp. in keeping the nom. form bróðir through all cases, or even the reverse (but rarely) in taking bróður as a nom.; another irregularity is acc. pl. with the article, bræður-nar instead of bræður-na, which latter form only survives in writing, the former in speaking. There is besides an obsolete poetical monosyllabic form brœðr, in nom. dat. acc. sing. and nom. acc. pl.; gen. sing. bræðrs; cp. such rhymes as brœðr—œðri, in a verse of Einar Skúlason (died about 1170); bræðr (dat.) Sinfjötla, Hkv. 2. 8, as nom. sing., Fagrsk. 54, v. l. (in a verse), etc., cp. Lex. Poët. This form is very rare in prose, vide however Nj., Lat. Vers. Johnsonius, 204, 333, v. 1., and a few times in Stj., e. g. síns bræðr, sinn bræðr, 160; it seems to be a Norse form, but occurs now and then in Icel. poetry even of the 15th century, e. g. bræðr nom. sing. rhymes with ræðr, Skáld H. 3. 11, G. H. M. ii. 482, but is quite strange to the spoken language: [Gr. φράτηρ; Lat. frāter; Goth. brôþar; …
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a. brotherly, fraternal (bróðurlig ást).
adj. brotherly, Fms. ii. 21, Hom. 26.
(-ar, pl. brœkr), f.
1) one leg of a pair of breeches (ok lét hann leika laust knéit í brókinni);
2) breeches (but the pl. ‘brœkr’ is more common); vera í brókum, to wear breeches; gyrðr í brœkr, with breeches girt over one’s underclothing.
pl. brækr, [Lat. braca, only in pl.]; this word is of Celtic origin, and identical with the Gaelic braecan = tartan:
I. tartan or party-coloured cloth, from Gaelic breac = versicolor. Roman writers oppose the Celtic ‘braca’ to the Roman ‘toga;’ Gallia Bracata, Tartan Gaul, and Gallia Togata; ‘versicolore sagulo, bracas, tegmen barbarum indutus,’ Tac. Hist. 2, 20, where it exactly answers to the Scot. tartan, the national dress of Celts; a similar sense remains in the Icel. names lang-brók, a surname to a lady because of her tall stature, Nj., Landn.; há-brók, the poët. name of the hawk, from his chequered plumage (?), Gm. 44; loð-brók, the name of the famous mythical Danish king, shaggy coat, though the reason for the name is otherwise given in Ragn. S. ch. I; the name of the Danish flag of war Dannebrog, qs. Dana-brók, pannus Danicus.
II. breeches. Scot. breeks, the sing. denoting one leg; fótinn ok brókina, Eb. 242; ok let hann leika laust knæt í brókinni, Fms. vii. 170: pl. skyrtu gyrða í brækr, Háv. 39, Ld. 136, Stj. 63. Gen. ix. 22, Fbr. 160, Fms. xi. …
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f. nymphomania, Fél. ix.
m. breech-belt.
n. a breeches belt, to keep them up, Sks. 405. Fas. i. 47, Sturl. iii. 190.
n. cloth (wadmal) for breeches.
n. cloth or stuff for b., Rd. 246.
a. breechless.
adj. breekless, Fms. viii. 448.
m. waistbelt = brókabelti.
a, m. a girdle (lindi) to keep up the b., Fbr. 160, Ld. 78.
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m. [bryðja], hard bad food, Snót 216.
f. breach, violation, altercation (for the worse).
f. (m., Stj. l. c., v: l.), [bregða]. breach, violation. Stj. 548, 656 A, Skálda 183.
n.
1) brewing;
2) machination, scheming.
n. brewing, N. G. L. iii. 197.
2. metaph. machination, scheming, Mar. 52, Thom. 37.
(að), v.
1) to brew;
2) to concoct, scheme; ~ or ~ saman svik, to concoct a fraud; ~ em bana, to scheme his death;
3) to break (~ sáttmáli við en).
að. [Germ. brauen; A. S. brewan; Engl. brew; Dan. brygge; Swed. brygga]:—to brew, but rare in this sense, the current word being heita or göra öl, to heat or make ale; cp. öl-hita, öl-görð, cooking, making ale.
2. metaph. with dat. to trouble, confound; b. sáttmáli, Stj. 652: more often with acc., 610: to concoct, scheme (in a bad sense, freq.)
pp. brewed (~ mjöðr).
part. brewed, an απ. λεγ., Vtkv. 7 (b. mjöðr): the sole relic of a strong verb answering to the A. S. breovan, bráv, and the old Germ. strong verb.
f. brewing can.
u, f. a brewing can, Fr.
m. brewing kettle.
m. a brewing kettle, Fr.
n. = brúðlaup, brúðkaup.
v. brúðkaup.
n.
1) bud;
2) point of time (í þetta ~).
I. neut. a bud, Lat. gemma; þá hit fyrsta tók brum at þrútna um várit á öllum aldinviði til laufs, Sks. 105; af bruminu, Bs. ii. 165; birki-brum, a birch-bud, Eyvind (in a verse), Lex. Poët.
II. metaph. and masc. spring, only in the phrase, öndverðan brum (acc.), in the early spring time, Sighvat (in a verse); í öndverðan brum þinna daga, Bs. ii. 7.
β. a moment, in the phrase, í þenna (sama) brum; í þenna brum kom Hringr Dagsson, in the description of the battle at Stiklastað, Ó. H. 218, cp. Fms. v. 81 (where v. l. tíma); ‘í þessu bruni,’ Fms. ix. 24. is certainly a misspelling for ‘í þenna brum:’ cp. also the compd word nýa-brum, novelty, newfangledness.
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part. budded, Lex. Poët.
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m. a burnt fleck (spot), Fms. xi. 38.
(að), v. to advance with great speed, to rush (~ fram).
að, to advance with the speed of fire; b. fram, of a standard in the heat of battle, Mag. 2: of ships advancing under full sail, Fins, viii. 131, 188: freq. in mod. usage, Helius rann upp af því fagra vatni, og brunaði fram á það eirsterka himinhvolf, Od. iii. 1. Bb. 3. 18.
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n. the torrid zone.
m. a sentence to be burnt.
m. a sentence to be burnt, Stj. 46.
n. burnt lavafield.
n. a burnt lava-field, Bárð. 179.
m. the torid zone.
= brunabelti, Sks. 197.
m. smell of burning.
m. a smell of burning, 656 B.
f. the burning age, the (heathen) time when the dead were burnt (opp. to haugsöld).
Hkr. (pref.), Fms. i. 34.
f. the burning age, the (heathen) time when the dead were burnt (opp. to haugsöld).
f. the Burning-age, i. e. the heathen time when the dead were burnt, preceding the Hauga-öld (Cairn-age) according to Snorri, Hkr. pref.; at vér munim hafna átrúnaði várum þeim er feðr várir hafa haft fyrir oss, ok allt foreldri, fyrst um Bruna-öld, ok síðan um Hauga-öld, i. 141: the ‘Burning-age’ is in Scandin. pre-historical; relics are only found in the mythological time (v. above s. v. bál) and in law phrases and old sayings, such as branderfð, q. v., til brands ok báls, v. brandr: ‘brendr’ is synonymous to ‘dead’ in the old Hm.; at kveldi skal dag leyfa, konu er brend er, praise no wife till she is ‘burnt’ (i. e. buried), 70; and blindr er betri en brendr sé, nýtr mangi nás, better to be blind than burnt, i. e. better blind than dead and buried, 80; but it does not follow that burning was used at the time when the poem was composed; the saving had become proverbial.
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m. [Germ. brunft], semen animalium, Sti. 45. brund-tíð, f. the time when the ewes are blæsma (in Icel. usually the month of December), Bs. i. 873, Vm. 80.
m. burning heat, fire; fig., burning passion (~ öfundar, lostagirndar, heilagrar trúar).
a, m. [cp. Ulf. brunsts; Engl. to burn, burning]
1. burning, heat; sólar-bruni, Hkr. i. 5; þá er húsit tók at falla ofan af bruna (from the fire), Orkn. 458; reykr eðr b., Nj. 201, Sks. 197.
β. a barren heath or burnt lava-field as a local name in the west of Icel.
2. metaph. a burning passion, mostly in bad sense; b. öfundar, of envy, Fms. ii. 140; losta b., of lust, K. Á. 104; but also trúar b., fire of faith (but rarely), Fms. v. 239: medic. caustic, 655 xi. 2.
COMPDS: brunabelti, brunadómr, brumaflekkr, brunahraun, brunavegr, brunaþefr, Brunaöld.
m.
1) spring;
2) well.
(old form bruðr), m. [Ulf. brunna; A. S. bærne; Scot. and North. E. burn; O. H. G. brunna; Germ. brunn, all of them weak forms, differing from the Scandin.-Icel. brunnr; Dan. brönd; Swed. brunn]:—a spring, well; the well was common to all, high and low, hence the proverbs, (allir) eiga sama til brunns að bera, i. e. (all) have the same needs, wants, wishes, or the like; allt ber að sama brunni, all turn to the same well, all bear the same way, Grett. 137; seint að byrgja brunninn er barnið er í dottið, it is too late to shut the well when the bairn has fallen in; cp. the Engl. proverb, ‘It is useless to lock the stable door when the steed is stolen.’ In mythol., the brunnr of Mímer (Edda 10, 11) is the well of wisdom, for a draught of which Odin pawned his eye; probably symbolical of the sun sinking into the sea; the pit Hvergelmir (Edda 3) answers to the Gr. Tartarus; Stj. 612, Fms. ii. 83: the word may also be used of running water, though this is not usual in Icel., where distinction is made between brunnr and lækr, Grág. ii. 289, vide brunn-lækr.
2. metaph. …
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m. a brooklet coming from a spring, = bæjarlækr, Grág. ii. 289, Jb. 247, Ísl. ii. 91, Fms. ii. 201.
m. defiler of wells, fox.
a, m. ‘mingens in puteum,’ a kind of hobgoblin who polluted the wells, Hálfs S. ch. 5. Fas. ii. 29, mentioned only here, and unknown to the present Icel. legends:—name of the fox, Edda (Gl.); cp. the proverb, skömm hundum, skitu refar í brunn karls, shame on the hounds, the foxes defiled the carl’s burn, Fms. vii. 21.
f. an instrument to, get at water under ice or snow.
u, f. a third horn in the forehead of an ox with which he opened the ice during winter to get at the water; hit fjórða horn stóð ór enni, ok niðr fyrir augu honum, þat var b. hans, Ld. 120.
n. spring water.
n. spring-water, Bs. ii. 177.
f. consecration of a well.
u, f. consecration of wells, Bs. i. 450, cp. Ísl. Þjóð.
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(brutl, n., brutlan, f.), að, [brytja]:—to waste, spend, esp. in trifles; prop. to chop.
(-ar, pl. -ar, -r, brýr), f. bridge.
gen. brúar; nom. pl. brúar, Grág. i. 149, ii. 277, Eg. 529; brúr, Bs. i. 65 (Hungrvaka), is a bad spelling, cp. Landn. 332 (Mantissa); mod. pl. brýr, which last form never occurs in old writers; dat. sing. brú, gen. pl. brúa, dat. brúm: [A. S. brycg and bricg; Scot. brigg; Germ. brücke; Dan. bro; cp. bryggja]:—a bridge, Sturl. i. 244, 255, 256, iii. 24. In early times bridges, as well as ferries, roads, and hospitals, were works of charity, erected for the soul’s health; hence the names sælu-hús (hospital), sælu-brú (soul-bridge). In the Swedish-Runic stones such bridges are often mentioned, built by pious kinsmen for the souls of the dead, Baut. 41, 97, 119, 124, 146, 559, 796, 829, 1112, etc. The Icel. Libri Datici of the 12th century speak of sheltering the poor and the traveller, making roads, ferries, churches, and bridges, as a charge upon donations (sálu-gjafir); þat fé þarf eigi til tíundar at telja, er áðr er til Guðs þakka gefit, hvart sem þat er til kirkna lagit eðr brúa, eðr til sælu-skipa, K. Þ. K. 142, cp. D. I. i. 279, 402.
COMPDS: brúarfundr, brúargörð, brúarsporðr.
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að, to bridge over, Fms. i. 123: metaph., Sks. 788.
m. the battle of the Bridge.
m. the battle at the Bridge, Sturl. ii. 256 (A. D. 1242).
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f. bridge-making, Grág. ii. 266.
m. head or end of a bridge.
m. [sporðr, the tail of a fish], tête-de-pont, Germ. brückenkopf, whereas the Icel. takes the metaphor from fishes touching the banks with their tails, Nj. 246, Bs. i. 17.
f.
1) doll, puppet;
2) chairpost; á brúðum stólsins var skorinn Þórr, Thor was carved on the chairposts.
u, f. a doll, puppet, Fms. xi. 309; stól-brúða (literally chair-bride), the pillar in carved work on the side of an old-fashioned chair; in Fbr. 98 the head of Thor was carved on the chair; Gríma kona Gamla átti stól einn mikinn, en á brúðum stólsins var skorinn Þórr, ok var þat mikit líkneski, cp. the classical passage Eb. ch. 4; var hár hennar bundit við stólbrúðurnar, Bárð. 175 (in the vellum MS. distinctly bruðrnar UNCERTAIN): a distinction in form and inflexion is always made between brúðr, a bride, and brúða, puppet; hence the saying, ‘to sit like a brúða,’ i. e. motionless, not stirring a limb; bláum skrýddr skrúða, skikkanlegri en brúða, more quiet than a b., Sig. Pét. 229; the sense of κόρη and νύμφη in Greek is analogous.
m. the bride’s bench.
m. = brúðbekkr.
n. a bride to be, bride elect.
n. a bride to be, bride-elect, Bárð. 175.
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m. the bridal procession; both the procession to and from the church (first the maids and women, then the ladies, and the bride, as the chief person, last); and again, the procession of the bride and ladies from the bride’s room (brúðarhús) into the hall, where the men were assembled with the bridegroom. After grace had been said, both in the stofa, to the men, and in the bride’s-bower, to the ladies, two dishes were served; a toast, called Heilags Anda skál or Heilags Anda minni (Holy Ghost’s toast), perhaps a continuation of the heathen Bragarfull, was then given; at this signal the marshal (siðamaðr) went up to the bride’s room and summoned the brides (ladies) to come down to the stofa and join the men; this was the second procession. The bride then sat on the bride’s chair, and every one took his lady, and the feast went on in common. This custom is obsolete, but the word remains: a slow, stately walk, with an air of importance in measured steps, is called in Icel. a ‘bride’s walk,’ like that of brides on a wedding day; [cp. Germ. brautgang.]
n. bride’s chamber.
n. a bride’s chamber, the room where the bride and ladies were seated at a wedding during the morning and the beginning of the wedding feast, 625. 167.
n. bride’s veil.
n. the bride’s veil; the bride was veiled during the wedding, and according to Þkv. 19 she took the veil when she set out for the ‘brúðför.’ This was the only time in life when a woman was veiled, hence ganga und líni, to walk under veil, to be veiled, is synonymous with to wed, marry; giptu Karli, gékk hón und líni, Rm. 37; setjask und ripti, id., 20; bundu þeir Þór þá brúðar líni, Þkv. 191, 15; laut und línn, lysti at kyssa, he (viz. the bridegroom) louted under the veil, him list to kiss, 27; Guðrún (the bride) sat innar á þverpalli, ok þar konur hja henni, ok hafði lín á höfði, i. e. she sat wearing a veil, Ld. 296.
m. bride’s chair.
m. the bride’s chair, N. G. L. i. 184.
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f. a ‘bridegroom’s ride;’ at weddings the bridegroom, as the host, had to meet his guests (boðsmenn) a quarter of a mile from his house; here he entertained them in tents, where they remained and enjoyed themselves till evening; when darkness began to set in, the party rode home in a procession drawn up two and two; this was called brúðguma-reið. The last bridegroom’s ride on record in Icel. was that of Eggert Olafsson, just a hundred years ago, at his wedding at Reykholt in the autumn of 1767 A. D. A minute description of this last Icel. b. exists in a MS. (in the possession of Maurer, in Munich). An interesting treatise upon the wedding feasts in Icel. in the Middle Ages, down to the 18th century, is among the Icel. MSS. in the Bodleian Library, no. 130.
f. = brúðferð.
f. = brúðferð, Sturl. iii. 177.
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f. holding a wedding, Fs. 21, K. Þ. K. 114, N. G. L. i. 16.
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n. a wedding-garment, Matth. xxii. ii.
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m. the cost of a wedding, D. N. iv. 174.
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u, f. a wedding meeting, wedding feast, Nj. 40, Fms. ii. 49, vi. 395.
f. wedding feast.
u, f. a wedding feast, Fms. vii. 278, ix. 345, Hkr. iii. 404.
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n. a marriage-witness, Gþl. 224.
(gen. -ar, dat. and acc. -i, pl. -ir), f.
1) bride (konur skipuðu pall, ok var ~in döpr);
2) esp. pl. brides-maids = brúðkonur; sat Þórhalla milli brúða, Th. was seated among the bridesmaids = milli brúðkvenna.
f., dat. acc. brúði; pl. brúðir: [Ulf. renders the Gr. νύμφη by bruþs, Matth. x. 35 (where the Gr. word means nurus); John iii. 29 (where it means bride) is lost in UIf., but no doubt ‘bruþs’ was also used there: A. S. bryde; Engl. bride; O. H. G. prut; Germ. braut; Dan.-Swed. Brud]:—a bride; Germans use ‘braut’ in the sense of betrothed, but Icel. call a girl festar-mey (betrothed) from the espousal till she sets out for the wedding journey, when she becomes ‘bride’; in mod. usage the word only applies to the wedding day; konur skipuðu pall, ok var brúðrin döpr, Nj. 11; sat Hallgerðr á palli, ok var brúðrin allkát, 18; var brúðrin í för með þeim, 50; brúðr sat á miðjum palli, en til annarrar handar Þorgerðr dóttir hennar, 51; brúðr sat á midjan pall ok Þorlaug á aðra ok Geirlaug á aðra (the ladies’ seat of honour was nearest to the bride on her right and left hand), Lv. 37; konur sátu á palli, ok sat Helga hin Fagra næst brúðinni, Ísl. ii. 251.
β. in a wider sense, the bridesmaids (= brúðkonur) sitting on the ‘bride’s bench’ are called brides; sat þá Þorgerðr (Ed. and MSS. wrongly Þórhalla) meðal brúða, then Thorgerda was seated among the ‘brides,’ i. …
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m. = brúðarbekkr.
m. the bride’s bench; in old wedding feasts the bride and bridesmaids were seated on the bride’s bench, the bride in the middle; the ladies were seated on the pallr or þverpallr (the dais or ladies’ bench), turning their faces to look down the hall; the brúðbekkr was the seat of honour, and the central part of the dais; cp. the phrase, brúðr sat ‘a midjum palli,’ i. e. ‘á brúðbekk,’ Ld. 296, Sd. 151, Lv. 37, Ísl. ii. 250, Nj. 50; vide bekkr, pp. 56, 57.
n. bride’s fee or gift.
n. a bride’s fee; cp. the ‘duty to the priest and clerk’ in the Engl. service; the bride’s fee is mentioned in the beautiful heathen poem Þrymskviða (our chief authority in these matters), 29, 32; where it is a fee or gift of the bride to the giant maid. It seems to be a fee paid by the guests for attendance and waiting. Unfortunately there is a lacuna in verse 29, the last part of which refers to the bekkjargjöf (vide 57); the poem is only left in a single MS. and the text cannot be restored. It is carious that Þkv. 32 calls this fee ‘shillings,’ cp. Germ. braut schilling (Grimm); it shews that the bride’s fee was paid in small pieces of money.
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and brúð-för, f. a bride’s journey, Landn. 304, cp. Fs. 124, Rd. 255, Fms. iv. 180, Eg. 701, Grág. i. 441 A; as a rule the bridegroom was to carry his bride home, or she was carried home to him, and the wedding feast was held at the house and at the cost of the bridegroom or his parents. The bride came attended and followed by her bridesmaids, friends, and kinsmen, sometimes a host of men; hence originate the words brúðferð, brúðför, and perhaps even brúðhlaup, etc. ‘Dress the hall! now the bride is to turn homeward with me,’ says the bridegroom-dwarf in the beginning of the poem Alvísmál; so the bride Freyja travels to the wedding at the giant’s, Þkv., cp. Rm. 37;—báðu hennar, ok heim óku, giptu Karli, gékk hón und líni, Ld. ch. 7, Nj. ch. 34, Harð. S. ch. 4, Sturl. iii. 181 sqq. In some cases, to shew deference to the father of the bride, the feast might be held at his house, Nj. ch. 2 (skyldi boð vera at Marðar), ch. 10, 14, Lv. ch. 12; cp. the curious case, Sturl. i. 226. In Icel., where there were no inns, the law ordered that a bride and bridegroom, when on the bride’s journey, had the same right as members of parliament on their journey to the parliament; …
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m. bridegroom.
a, m. [Ulf. uses bruþfaþs, not bruþguma; A. S. brydguma; Hel. brudigomo; O. H. G. prutigomo; Germ. bräutigam; Dan. brudgom; Swed. brudgumme; from brúðr, a bride, and gumi, a man = Lat. homo; the Engl. inserts a spurious r, bridegroom]:—a ‘bride’s man,’ bridegroom; svá sem gumi er kallaðr í brúðför, Edda 107, Grág. i. 175, Nj. 25, Sturl. iii. 182, Ísl. ii. 250.
COMPD: brúðgumareið.
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n. pl. the wedding pair.
f. bridal bed.
u, f. a bridal bed (lectus nuptialis), Bret.
n. wedding feast, bridal (at bjóða mönnum til kaups).
and brul-laup, n. a wedding feast, bridal; these two words are identical in sense, but different in etymology; brúðkaup, prop. bride’s bargain, refers to the old notion, that marriage was a bargain or purchase, not that the bride was bought herself, but the word refers to the exchange of mundr (by the bridegroom) and heimanfylgja (by the bride’s father), vide these words; hence the allit. phrase, mey mundi keypt, and mundr and mey (‘mund’ and maid); again, brullaup, [qs. brúð-hlaup, bride’s leap, cp. Germ. brautlauf, M. H. G. brûtlouf, Swed. bröllopp, Dan. bryllup; Grimm mentions an A. S. brydlop (not found in Grein’s Glossary or Bosworth’s A. S. Dictionary); the full form brúðhlaup scarcely occurs in very old MSS., it is found in the Játv. S. MS. A. D. 1360, but only assimilated, Grág. i. 303, 311, l. i] refers either to the bride’s journey = brúðför, or to some bridal procession on the wedding day, probably the first; but in fact both words are only used of the wedding feast, the Engl. ‘bridal,’ A. S. bryd-eala. At the wedding feast the contract, though agreed upon at the espousals (festar), was to be read: …
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f. bridesmaid.
u, f. a bridesmaid; hafi bann (viz. the bridegroom) brúð-menn, en hon (the bride) brúð-konur, N. G. L. i. 27: þá skal hann (the bridegroom) sitja millum brúðmanna, en hon (the bride) millum brúð-kvenna, ii. 305.
m. bridegroom’s man, bridesman.
m. a bridegroom’s man, N. G. L. i. 27: collect. the bridesmen and bridesmaids when on a bride’s journey, Grág. i. 436, Eg. 201, Rd. 270.
f. marriage service.
u, f. the marriage-service, H. E. i. 527.
n. a heap (brúkum in heaps); esp. a heap of seaweed (= þarabrúk).
n. dried heaps of sea-weed, Bs. i. 527, Sturl. ii. 69, Njarð. 380, Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse): metaph. big words, Grett. 101 C.
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að, [cp. Lat. Frūgi, frux, fructus, frui; A. S. brucan; Germ. brauchen; Dan. bruge; Swed. bruke, borrowed from Germ.]:—to use, with acc., borrowed from Germ. through Dan.; it seems not to have come into use before the 17th century; it never occurs in the Icel. N. T., and even not in Pass.; in Vídalín (died A. D. 1720) it is used now and then; and at present, although used in common talk, it is avoided in writing. It is curious that the language has no special expression for to use, Lat. uti (hafa, beita neyta, or other words indirectly bearing that sense are used); derived forms—as brúkandi, brúkanligr, adj., óbrúkanligr, adj. unfit, useless—are used, but sound ill. brúkan, f. use, is preferred for brúk, n., Dan. brug = use, etc.
I)
(pl. brýnn), f.
1) brow, the projecting edge of a cliff or hill (cf. fjalls, heiðar, isbrún);
2) eyebrow; láta síga brýnn á nef fyrir brár, ofan fyrir augum, setja síða ~ hleypa brúnum, to kni tthe brows lypta brúnum, hefja upp brún, to lift the eyebrows, become cheerful, brighten up; also impers., hefr em upp ~, one brightens up; lypti þá mjök brúnum manna, therfaces brightened up; em bregðr í ~, one is amazed.
II)
(pl. brúnir), f. a kind of stuff.
1. f., old pl. brýnn, mod. brýr; the old form remains in the phrase, bera e-m e-t á brýn (qs. Brýnn):—eye-brow (brá = eye-lid), Fms. xi. 274; kom (the blow) á brúnina, ok hljóp hón ofan fyrir augat…. bindr upp brúnina, Þorst. St. 49; ór brúnunum ofan nefið, Ísl. ii. 368; skegg ok brýnn, Stj. 318; brá eðr brúna. Edda 109.
β. in reference to frames of mind; to lift the eye-brows denoting a pleasurable state; to drop them, a moody frame; in phrases, bregða í brún ; (brýnn?), to be amazed, v. bregða; lypta brúnum, to lift the eye-brows, to be glad, cheerful, Fs. 18: hóf þá upp brún (impers.), their faces cleared, Bs. i. 637, Eg. 55; síga lætr þú brýnn fyrir brár, cp. the Engl. to knit the brows, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; er hann sá at Þórr lét siga brýnnar ofan fyrir augun, Edda 28; hleypa brúnum. id., Eg. 305, hence létt-brýnn. glad; þung-brynn, moody; brún-ölvi, id.; hafa brögð undir brúnum, to look uncanny, Band.; vera (so and so) undir brún at líta, to look so and so, esp. in an uncanny sense, Nj. 55, Orkn. 284; bera e-m e-t á brýnn (vide bera B. 1. β), Greg. …
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a. darkcoloured, brown.
adj. (dark) coloured, Fms. viii. 217, Sks. 286.
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n. pl. the bones of the brow, Sturl. i. 180, Heiðarv. S. (in a verse).
a. heavybrowed.
adj. heavy-browed, Eg. 304.
a. having overhanging brows.
adj. having long overhanging brows. Eg. 304, v. 1.
m. cutting the hair straight across the brows.
m. cutting the hair straight across the brows (as in the later Roman time), Ld. 272.
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u, f. a brown mare.
I)
a.
1) brown;
2) of polished metal, bright (beit brún egg).
II)
m. black horse.
adj. [A. S. brún; Germ. braun], brown, Hkr. iii. 81, Fas. iii. 336; brún klæði, black dress, of the dress of a divine, Bs. i. 800: ‘svartr’ is never used of a horse, but brúnn, dark-brown, whereas a bay is jarpr, Nj. 167, Grett. 122 A, Bs. i. 670, cp. Sturl. ii. 32; a black horse is called Brúnn, a mare Brúnka; dökk-brúnn, rauð-brúnn, dark-brown, red-brown, etc. The word is not much in use.
m. ridge-pole, ridge-piece.
m. the wall-plate, i. e. the beam (áss) along the edge (brún) of the walls on which the cross-beams rest, Nj. 114, 202, Bs. i. 804.
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n. ‘brown-grass,’ probably Iceland moss, Finnb. 214; or = brönngrös, q. v. (?)
a. white-browed.
adj. white-browed, epithet of a fair lady, Hým. 8.
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u, f. ‘brown-bell,’ name of an insect found in stagnant pools, Eggert Itin. § 600.
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adj. (a horse) of mouse-grey colour with a black stripe down the back, Hrafn. 5.
a. = brúnasíðr.
adj. = brúnasíðr, with overhanging brows, Þiðr. 179.
a. frowning.
adj. a word spelt in different ways, found in about three passages. brúnölr, Bjarn. 62; brúnvolvi, Fb. i. 186; brúnvaulfi, iii. 357; brúnölvi, Fms. xi. 114; brúnölfr, Jómsv. S. 32 (Ed. 1824):—frowning, with a wolfish brow, look, [from brún and úlfr, a wolf.]
m. buck, he-goat.
a, m. a buck, he-goat, Edda (Gl.): name of a giant, Fms. iii. 214. In Norway (Ivar Aasen), a lock of hair on the forehead of animals is called ‘bruse.’ In Icel.
α. an earthen jar, to keep wine or spirits in (cp. Scot. greybeard, Scott’s Monastery, ch. 9), no doubt from their being in the shape of a bearded head. This has given rise to the pretty little poem of Hallgrím called Skeggkarlsvísur, Skyldir erum við Skeggkarl tveir, a comparison between Man and Greybeard (Skeggkarl = Beard-carle); cp. leir-brúsi = brúsi; flot-brúsi, Hym. 26.
β. a bird, columbus maximus, called so in the north of Icel., but else heimbrini, Eggert Itin. § 556.
II. a pr. name of a man, Landn.
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m. a ‘brush,’ tuft of hair, crest of a helmet, etc.
m. pavement.
m. pavement, Eb. 120.
(-dda, -ddr), v.
1) to prick, goad;
2) to rough shoe (aka jó óbryddum á ísi hálum);
3) to show the point (bryddu upp ór þokunni kollarnir);
4) impers., af þessi gørð herra páfans bryddi (arose) svá mikla styrjöld, at.
dd, [broddr], to prick, point:
α. to sharp or rough a horse, in shoeing him, Hm. 89: to spit, pin, Sturl. iii. 85 C.
β. to shew the point; svá langt sem bænar-krossinn á Sævarlandi bryddir undan Melshorni, of a view, just shewing the point, Dipl. iii. 11: metaph. to prick, torment, Str. 25; b. á illu, ójafnaði, to shew, utter, evil, injustice.
II. to line a garment, (akin to borð, borði.)
f. bordering, edging.
f. lining, N. G. L. iii. no. 2 and 10, D. N., freq. in mod. use.
f. a sort of trough.
u, f. a sort of trough, Stj. 178. Gen. xxx. 38.
II. a rude woman, a hag, v. the following word.
f. a sort of trough.
bruddi, brutt, no doubt qs. brytja, prop. to chop with the teeth, used of chewing biscuits or other hard brittle food: cp. provincial Ital. rottà, which is used in the very same sense, from Lat. rumpere, as bryðja comes from brjóta, brytja.
f.
1) gangboard, gangway; skjóta bryggjum, to shoot out the gangway;
2) landingstage, pier, quay (lágu langskip konungs með endilöngum bryggjum);
3) rarely, bridge, = brú.
u, f. [v. brú, Scot. brigg]
1. a pier, landing-stage, gangway, Eg. 75, 530, Hkr. ii. 11, Ld. 190, Fms. i. 158, ix. 478, 503, xi. 102. The piers were movable, and were carried about in trading ships; hence such phrases as, skjóta bryggjum (skut-bryggja), to shoot out the gangway, for embarking or loading the ship.
2. seldom = bridge, D. I. i. 404. In English local names, Stanfurðu-bryggja, Lundúna-bryggja, Stamford-bridge, London-bridge, Hkr., Fms. vi.
COMPDS: bryggjubúð, bryggjufótr, bryggjuker, bryggjulægi, bryggjumangari, bryggjusporðr.
f. storehouse on a pier.
f. a pier-shop, N. G. L. iii. no. 49.
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m. the head (end) of a pier, a cognom., Fms.
n. a tub at a pier?.
n. a tub at the pier, Fms. x. 153.
n. landingstage.
n. a lying with the gangway shot out, Grág. i. 92, Hkr. ii. 213.
m. shopkeeper at a landing pier.
a, m. a ‘bridge-monger,’ shopkeeper at a landing-pier, N. G. L. iii.
m. the head of a pier.
m. the end, head of a pier, Grág. i. 92, Eg. 121, Fms. iv. 41.
f. coat of mail.
að, to cover with a coat of mail, Róm. 219; mostly in part. pass. brynjaðr, wearing a coat of mail, Fms. v. 161, Orkn. 148: reflex. to put on a coat of mail, El. 103.
f. coat of mail.
u, f. [Ulf. brynio; A. S. burn; Hel. bry-nio; O. H. G. brunja; Swed. brynja; Dan. brynie]:—a coat of mail, in olden times woven of rings (hringa-brynja, ring-mail), hence in poetry called hring-skyrta, a chain-mail sark or shirt, with epithets such as ‘iron sewed, knit, woven,’ and the like, Lex. Poët.: the breast-plate, spanga-brynja (Fms. vii. 264, viii. 95, 388), is of later date, viz. of the time of the Crusades and the following ages, vide Fms. i. 43, ii. 309, iv. 65, vi. 410, 411, vii. 45, 46, viii. 403, xi. 137, v. 1. etc. etc., Bs. i. 526, 528, 624.
COMPDS: brynjubítr, brynjubönd, brynjuhattr, brynjuhálsbjörg, brynjuhringr, brynjulauss, brynjumeistari, brynjurokkr.
m. ‘mailbiter’, sword.
m. mail-biter, name of a sword, Sturl.
n. pl. cords to fasten the coat of mail.
n. pl. cords to fasten the b., Karl.
m. = brynhattr.
and -hetta = brynhattr.
f. the neckpiece of a hauberk.
f. a hauberk,
m. a ring of a coat of mail (hringabrynja).
m. the ring of a coat of mail, Fas. i. 197.
a. without a coat of mail unprotected.
adj. without a coat of mail, uncovered, Sturl. ii. 146, Fms. vi. 416 (in a verse).
m. maker of coats of mail.
a, m. a smith of a b., N. G. L. ii. 246.
m. military tunic (worn over the coat of mail).
m. a coat [Germ. rock] of mail, Karl.
(-ta, -t), v. to water, give water to (~ nautum).
t, [brunnr], to water cattle, with dat. of the beasts; b. nautum, Skálda 163, Dropl. 34.
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f. war-breeches, Sks. 405.
m. war-glove, gauntlet.
a, m. a war-glove, gauntlet, N. G. L. i. 247, El., Karl., etc.
m. war-hood.
and -höttr, m. and -hetta, u, f. a war-hat, Al. 78, Karl. 179, 239.
f. war-hose, greave.
u, f. war-hose, greaves, Stj. 461, Sks. 405. 1 Sam. xvii. 6.
m. a sort of weapon used in defending a besieged castle.
m. a sort of weapon, = Lat. lupus, Sks. 419.
m. warknife.
m. a war-knife, dirk, Sks. 406.
f. a mailcap (worn under the helmet).
u, f. = mid. Lat. collare, a collar of mail, Fms. viii. 404.
m. mailjacket.
m. a mail-jacket, Fær. 110, Lv. 107.
f. mailsleeve.
u, f. a mail-sleeve, Fms. ii. 323, viii. 387.
n. a sort of halberd.
n. a sort of halberd, Ld. 148, Valla L. 208, Eg. 121, 122, K. Þ. K. 170, Thom. 343, Stj. 461. 1 Sam. xvii. 7, where the translator says of the spear of Goliah—slikt er mí kallat b.
n. combat (poet.).
n. a fray of arms, Sdm.
m. a sort of halberd (= bryntröll).
a, m. a sort of halberd, probably synonymous to bryn-tröll, defined in Eg. 285, Fas. iii. 387.
from bresta.
n. = brjóst, Stef. Ól.
I) (gen. brytja or bryta), m. bailiff, understeward;
konungs ~, a steward on royal estates.
II) from brjóta.
old gen. brytja, mod. bryta, m. [A. S. brytta = villicus; old Dan. bryde], a steward, bailiff. This word occurs twice or thrice in Icel. books, of the bailiffs, of private farms, Nj. 201, Þorf. S. Karl. 408, Fs. 147; also of the two bishops’ bailiffs, Bs. i. 247, 477, 839, 848, where bryti is inferior to ráeth;smaðr, a steward, and denotes the head-labourer in the bishop’s homestead. In Denmark it was more in use, cp. a treatise of N. M. Petersen (‘Bonde og Bryde’) upon the subject, publ. in Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1847; even used in Denmark as a pr. name, as Steward, Stewart in the Brit. Isles, Hkr. i. 228; bryta eðr hinum bezta manni er í bæ er staddr, Gþl. 428: the bryti was in Norway the head-bondsman, tveir þrælar, þjónn ok bryti, N. G. L. i. 70, 36.
(að), v. to chop (~ mat);
~ lið heiðingja, to put to the sword;
~ niðr, to cut down.
að, [brjóta-brotinn; A. S. bryttjan = to deal out], to chop, esp. of butcher’s meat, Ísl. ii. 337; svá brytju vér grísina, Sd. 163; b. búfé, Al. 80, Stj. 411. Judg. xiv. 6 (as he would have ‘rent’ a kid); b. niðr, to cut down, as a carcase, Fms. vii. 123; b. mat, to chop meat, viii. 221.
f. chopping.
f. chopping, Grág. i. 148, 466.
f. chopper (kallar hann þat sverð ~ sína).
f. a chopper, Gísl. 80.
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n. a butcher’s trough, Þryml. 3. 60.
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n. a witch, Edda ii. 494.
(-da, -dr), v.
1) to whet, sharpen (~ ljá, kníf, sverð);
2) ~ upp skipi, to drag a boat or ships half ashore, put it on the ‘edge’ of the seaboard;
3) to egg on; ~ hug es, to encourage.
1. d, [brún], to whet, sharpen, ‘bring to an edge’; b. ljá, kníf, sverð, to whet a scythe, knife, sword, Edda 48, Ísl. ii. 348, Fs. 62.
β. naut. to drag a boat or ship half a-shore, put her on the ‘edge’ of the sea-board; b. upp skipi, Nj. 19, Fs. 145, 147, Fms. viii. 333, v. 1.
2. metaph. to egg on, incite, Al. 33.
2. u, f. whetting; mowers call ‘brýna’ the amount of mowing done before the scythe wants whetting again.
n.
1) whetstone;
2) spaces (ekki hafa þeir salt við mat ok ekki ~).
n. a whetstone, Ísl. ii. 348, Fas. iii. 43, 44.
2. metaph. spices (rendering of the Lat. incitamenta gulae), Róm. 306.
f.
1) whetting, sharpening;
2) fig. egging on, incitement.
f. a whetting, sharpening, esp. metaph. egging on, sharpening; ek veit görst um yðr sonu mína, þurfi þér brýningina, Ld. 240; segir, at þá hefði þeir tekið brýningunni, Hkr. ii. 239.
a. = brýnn;
er brýnligt um e-t, it is promising, likely.
adj. = brýnn.
I)
a. prompt, ready; ef brýn féföng lægi fyrir, ready means; brýn sök, just, cogent cause; brýn vörn, a clear case for defence; ~ byrr, straight, fair wind.
II)
f. pl., from brún, brow.
adj. [brún], prop. ‘edged’; but only used metaph. prompt, ready; ef brýn féföng lægi fyrir, ready means, Fms. iv. 298; brýn mála-efni, an evident, plain case, Ld. 66, Gísl. 119, 123; brýn sök, a just, cogent cause, Sturl. iii. 237; brýn vörn, a clear case of defence, Band. 15 new Ed.; brýnt erindi, a pressing errand, business; brýnn byrr, a straight, fair wind, Skúlda 163, Fagrsk. 173 (in a verse).
2. [brún, brow], having such or such a brow, in compds, þung-brýnn, létt-brýnn, sam-brýnn, q. v.
I)
(-dda, -ddr), v.
1) to melt (~ jökul, snjó, ís);
2) to tar, pitch (~ skip).
II)
(-dda, -ddr), v. to hurry, make haste (nú seinkaða ek, en þú bræddir heldr).
dd, [bráð], to melt, Sks. 145; b. jökul, snjó, ís, Fms. iii. 180, ix. 355, K. Á. 6; b. lýsi, to make oil.
2. metaph. to hurry; nú seinkaða ek, en þú bræddir heldr, I tarried, but you hurried, Dropl. 25.
3. [bráð, n.], to tar, pitch; b. hús, skip, timbr, kirkju, etc., Fms. i. 291, v. 331, Vm. 62, Eg. 90, N. G. L. ii. 247, Gþl. 81.
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f. [bráðr], anger, ire, temper, Eluc. 41; í bræði, in a passion, Fms. vii. 130, Pass. 8. 14; með bræði, with ire, Stj. 153. brœði-mæli, n. pl. angry language, Sks. 25.
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u, f. [bróðir], a female first cousin, Grág. i. 346, Fms. vii. 274, Post. 656 A. ii. 15.
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m. [bróðir], a first cousin (agnate), Grág. i. 171, ii. 172; also = bræðrunga; hón var bræðrungr, he was first cousin, Ásnýjar, Grett. 87.
COMPDS: bræðrungsbarn, brœðrungsbaugr.
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n. child of a first cousin, Gþl. 244.
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u, f. a brackish, bad taste. brækir, m. a cognom., Landn.
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m. pl. [brók], ‘breechlings,’ a nickname of the Irish, Morkinsk. (Fr.)
(að), v. to bleat (~ sem geit).
t, [Dan. brœge; Ivar Aasen, bræka, brœkta], to bleat; b. sem geit, to bleat like a she-goat, Fbr. 212 (rare).
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1. d, [Fr. brûler], to burn, in the allit. phrase, brenna ok bræla.
2. u, f. thick smoke and fire (= svæla).
a. crafty, cunning.
adj. [bragð], crafty, cunning, Eg. 283, Glúm. 379, Háv. 56.
a. crafty, sly.
adj. cunning-looking, Mag. 7.
(-lta, -lt), v. to toss or tumble about.
t, [bratl and bratla, Ivar Aasen], to tumble about (as a cow in a bog), Ld. 328, Nj. 27, Jómsv. S. (Ed. 1824), p. 38 (breylti); Fms. xi. 129 has a false reading breysti. brölt, n. a tumbling about.
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adj. brindled, of a cow; see brandkrossóttr.
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m. [A. S. brœr], a briar, Haustl. 14; the explanation given in Lex. Poët. is scarcely right.
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n. a noise, crackling, Eb. 97 new Ed. note 1.
adv. boastingly; láta liga, to brag.
adv. (-ligr, adj.), in the phrase, láta b., to brag, Sturl. i. 140 C, [cp. braska = to twist, Ivar Aasen.]
m. share of weregild due a first cousin.
and bræðrunga-baugr, m. the share of weregild due to first cousins, N. G. L. i. 75, Grág, ii. 185.
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u, f. a purse, (mod.)
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a, m. a fire, a απ. λεγ., Edda. (Gl.)
m. small box (originally a box to keep herbs and balsams in).
bauðkr, Art. 7, mod. contr. baukr, m. [a for. word derived from Gr. αποθήκη; mid. Lat. apotheca; Ital. bottega; Fr. boutique; O. H. G. buttick; mod. Germ. böttich; hence Germ. böttcher, Dan. bødker, mod. Icel. beykir = a cooper]:—a box, originallv a box to keep herbs and balsams in; tvá buðka með balsamum, Bs. i. 872, Mar. 43: buðkr nokkurr er húsfreyja átti, Glúm. 378, Stj. 215: Bauka-Jón, Pillbox-John, was a nickname given to a bishop in Icel. for having made money by dealing in medicine-boxes; kölluðu óvinir hans hann Bauka-Jón, sögðu hann hafa selt i smá-baukum, þat er hann léti sem væri dýrindi nokkur, Espol. Árb. 1685; hence prob. banka, q. v.
COMPD: baukagröss.
m. poet. king.
m. a king, poët., Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.
n. buffet (slá em ~).
n. [Engl. buffet], a buffet, Gisl, 27.
(-tta, -ttr), v. to buffet.
tt, (for. word), to buffet, Bær. 20, Mar. 60.
(að), v. to bow, bend.
að, to bow; in fishing for trout with nets people in Icel. say, buga fyrir, to draw the net round; but mostly used metaph. and in compds, vfir-buga, to bow down, subdue; 3rd pers. pret. reflex. bugusk, from an obsolete strong verb bjúga, baug, occurs in Eyvind, bugusk álmar, bows were bent, Fms. i. 49.
No entry
u, f. a bow or bent, of a serpent’s coil.
m. bend, curve; the bight (inside) of a ring (í bug hringinum); of the bent fingers (~ fingranna); the concave side of the sails (sá af landi í bug allra seglanna); a curve, disorder, of a line of men or ships (rétta þann bug, er á var orðinn flotanum); aka em á bug, aka bug á em, to make one give way, repel.
m. pl. ir, a bowing, winding; so Icel. call the bight or bend of a river, brook, creek, or the like; renna í bugum, to fiow in bights, hence ár-bugr, lækjar-bugr: the bight (inside) of a ring, finger, bow-string, etc.; í bug hringinum, Eg. 306; b. fingranna, Sturl. i. 189; grípa í bug snærum, poët. to grip the bight of the bow-string, Jd. 27: the scythe has þjó-bugr, q. v.: the concave side of the sails, sá af landi í bug allra seglanna, Fms. vii. 94: a curve, disorder, of a line of men or ships (in battle), rétta þann bug, er á var orðinn flotanum, i. 174; hence the phrase, aka e-m á bug, vide aka; vinda (göra) bráða-bug að e-u, to make haste, Grett. 98 A: á bug, Scot. abeigh (aloof), Úlf. 3. 27; mein-bugir, impediments.
β. convexity; b. jarðar, Rb. 468, unusual in this sense.
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n. bowing, servile homage: bugta, að, to make many bows, Snót 163.
β. a bight, bay, Dan. bugt (for. and rare).
γ. [boughtes, Spencer] = bugða, Fms. iii. 190, or false reading = beit (?).
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m. a crooked staff, Band. (MS.)
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að, to knock; hver bukkar mín hús, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 508.
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n. the blood of he-goats, 544. 39.
n. the skin of he-goats.
n. the skin of he-goats, Sks. 184.
f. = bukkaskinn.
u, f. id., Bs. ii. 177, Sks. 184.
m.
1) buck, he goat;
2) battering ram.
m. [A. S. bucca; Engl. buck; Germ. bock; Swed.-Dan. bukk; cp. bokki]:—a he-goat, rare; hafr is the common word, Stj. 177, Ó. H. 15:—Lat. aries, a battering ram, Al. 89.
COMPDS: bukkablóð, bukkaskinn, bukkavara.
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m. the scapular of a ram, Vm. 70.
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n. a buck-ram, ram, Vm. 124, Dipl. iii. 4 (a for. word).
COMPD: bukkramshökull.
n. the boss of a shield.
n. [mid. Lat. bucula], the boss of a shield, Al. 40, (a for. word.)
f. = bukl.
u, f. the boss of a buckler, Sturl. i. 196.
m. strap of a buckler.
m. the strap of a buckler, Sturl. i. 147.
m. buckler, shield.
a, m. [Fr. bouclier], a buckler, shield, Sks. 374, Eg. 202, Fms. viii. 170, 317, ix. 533, Fas. i. 179, Sturl. ii. 44, 221, etc.
COMPDS: buklarabóla, buklarafetill.
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að, to emit a murmuring sound: buldran, f., N. T.
No entry
1. að, to boil up; b. og sjóða; cp. Lat. ebullire: metaph. to chat, talk nonsense, and bull, n. nonsense:—all mod.
2. u, f. the shaft in a churn or pump, bullu-fótr, m. a pr. name, Grett.
m. pile of logs, firewood.
m., proncd. buðlungr, [bolr, bulr], a pile of logs, fire-wood, Stj. 593, Ísl. ii. 417.
f. drum (berja á bumbur).
u, f. [onomatopoëtic, cp. Engl. bomb, to boom, etc.], a drum, Stj. 289, Sks., Al., Karl., Fas. iii, etc.
2. the belly of a tub, kettle, or any big jar; ketil-bumba, Od. viii. 436.
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að, to gush out, of blood, water-spring, etc.
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u, f. [akin to ben], a stream of purling water; lækjar-buna, vatns-buna: bunu-lækr, m. a purling brook, Jónas 137; blóð-buna = blóðbogi.
2. one with the stocking hanging down his leg, ungartered; a cognom. (Björn buna), Landn.
n. sheaf (of corn).
n., mod. byndini, Pass. 17. 27, [binda], a sheaf, bundle, Stj. 192. Gen. xxxvii. 7, Greg. 40; korn-bundin, a sheaf of corn, Blanda MS.
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u, f. elevation, convexity.
m. heap, pile, = búlki (rare).
a, m. a heap, pile, v. búlki.
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m. a sort of whale, Edda (Gl.)
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n. the short bark of a dog (from the sound); ormrinn rak upp bupp þá ball honum höggið núna, Skíða R. 163.
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að, (a for. word; vide burt), to tilt, Þiðr.
m. birthday.
m. a birthday, Hom. 106; b. Maríu, the nativity of the Virgin Mary, Rb. 8.
m. bearer, carrier.
m. a bearer, Fms. i. 271.
m. errand-boy.
m. an errand-boy, Fms. vii. 222.
m. birthtime.
a, m. birth-time, Stj. 97; natal hour, 101.
m. diference of birth.
m. distance of birth, Fs. 125.
(-ar, -ir), m.
1) carriage, bearing, of the limbs or body (~ líkamans birtir hugskotsins ráð);
2) birth (frá Krists burði); of domestic animals, lambing, calving (þær kýr, er bezt búast til burðar);
3) fetus, the thing born, offspring (fíll gengr tvó ár með burðinum; hinn hæsti ~ várr dróttinn J. Kr.);
4) pl., burðir, birth, extraction; heiðinn at burðum, heathen by birth burðir ok ætt, birth and kinship.
ar, m. pl. ir, [Engl. birth; Hel. giburd; Germ. geburt; cp. bera A. II]:—birth, esp. of the birth of Christ; frá Guðs, Drottins, Krists burði, Bs. i. 112, 145, 158, 173; frá hingað-burði Christi, id., 64, 75, 79, 85; til burðar Christi, Rb. 84: of men, sótt burðar = jóðsótt, labours, K. Á. 104.
2. of domestic animals, calving, lambing, hence sauð-burðr, the lambing-time; þeim kúm er bezt búast til burðar, Bs. i. 194.
3. birth, the thing born, an embryo; Fíllinn gengr tvö ár með burðinum, Stj. 70; at þær (viz. the ewes) skyldi sinn burð geta, 178; fæða sinn burð, 97; með konum leysisk burðr (abort), Bs. i. 798.
4. in pl. birth, extraction; heiðinn at burðum (MS. sing.), heathen by birth, Ver. 40; burðir ok ætt, kith and kin, Fms. i. 83; er ekki er til Noregs kominn fyrir burða sakir, ix. 389; Hákon jarl hafði burði til þess, at halda foðurleifð sinni, ok hafa jarlsnafn, i. 223; þykkjumk ek hafa til þess burði ok frænda styrk, Eg. 474; hence in mod. usage burðir means one’s ‘physique,’ strength; burðamaðr mikill, a mighty strong man; hafa litla burði, to have little strength; …
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of high birth.
adj. [Germ. ge-bürtig], of high birth, Grett. 161 A, Stj. 238 (unclass.)
m. burgess.
m. [Fr. bourgeois; Chaucer burgeis; a for. word, of Teut. origin, from burg]:—a burgess, Fas. iii. 358: in mod. usage, a big man.
m. borax (for. word).
m. (a for. word), borax, N. G. L. iii.
No entry
a, m. [Scot. bracken or breckan, cp. Engl. brake,], the common fern, Hjalt.
(-ar, -ir), m. poet. son.
m., gen. ar, pl. ir, a son, akin to bera and barn, but poët., being used in prose only in allit. phrases such as, eigi buri við bónda sínum, Stj. 428; sem burr eðr bróðir, Fms. xi. 75; áttu börn og buru (acc. pl.) grófu rætr og muru is a standing peroration of Icel. nursery tales, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 319, vide Lex. Poët.: else in prose only used in the weak form in the compd words tví-buri, twins; þrí-buri, three at a birth, (in modern statistics even fleir-buri.)
f.
1) bristle, bristles; draga ~ ór nefi em, to draw a bristle out of one’s nose, to cheat one;
2) gablehead or ridge of a house.
f.
I. [A. S. byrst, Germ. borste; Swed. bösta], a bristle, Hb. (1865) 22; but also of a hog’s back and bristles, Edda 70; cp. Gullin-bursti, Gold-bristle, the mythical hog of the god Frey; Fas. i. 532 (of the sónargöltr, the sacred hog); Fms. v. 165: the phrase, draga bust ór nefi e-m, to draw a bristle out of one’s nose, to cheat, gull one, Ölk. 36, does not occur anywhere else that we know of; the Engl. say, ‘to lead one by the nose,’ in much the same sense.
II. metaph. the gable of a house (hús-burst), Hkr. iii. 14 (of a shrine), Mar. 106, Konr. 57; og gogginn á bustinni brýnir (of a raven sitting on the top of a house and whetting his bill), Sig. Breiðfjörð.
COMPDS: burstakollr, burstarhár.
n. bristly hair.
n. bristly hair, Fas. i. 105.
m. bristle-scalp, an assumed name.
m. bristle-scalp, a nickname, Nj. 181.
m. bristly hair.
a, m. a brush, Dipl. v. 18:—from bursta, að, to brush.
m. hedgehog.
m. a hedge-hog, Thom. 145, 147; vide bjarnígull.
I)
adv. = brott.
II)
f., in the phrase, riða á ~, to ride a tilt.
[Ital. bagordo; Fr. bohourt; bord in Chaucer; vide Du Cange s. v. bohordicum], in the phrase, ríða burt, to ride a tilt; hence burt-reið, f. a tilt, tournament, Bær. 17, Fas. ii. 295, Karl., Þiðr., etc.; freq. in romances.
COMPDS: burtreiðarmaðr, burtreiðarvápn, burtstöng.
m. tilter.
m. a tilter, Mag. 8, Fas. iii. 241.
n. tiltweapon.
n. a tilt-weapon, Fas. ii. 281.
I)
adv. = brott.
II)
f., in the phrase, riða á ~, to ride a tilt.
v. brott-.
f. a lance for tilting.
f. a lance for tilting, Mag. 8, Fas. iii. 369, Karl., etc.
No entry
a, m. a bad, clumsy knife.
No entry
n. (a for. word), a cask, bushel, Art. 99.
No entry
adj. (see búza), stout, portly, Skýr. 447.
f.
1) bristle, bristles; draga ~ ór nefi em, to draw a bristle out of one’s nose, to cheat one;
2) gablehead or ridge of a house;
3) a kind of fish.
n. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)
No entry
n. bustle, Ísl. ii. 59, Snót 217; of a fish splashing in the water, Bb. 2. 28: bustla, að, to bustle, splash about in the water.
No entry
and butraldi, a cognom., Dipl. v. 26, Fbr.: short, cp. bútr; Dan. butted.
f. a sort of merchant-ship.
u, f. [a for. woid; mid. Lat. bussa; O. H. G. buzo; Dutch buise; Engl. herring-buss], a sort of merchant-ship, Fms. vii. 289, ix. 304, xi. 425; freq. in the Ann. of the 14th century; it occurs first A. D. 1251, then 1299: in the 14th century, during the Hanseatic trade with Icel., nearly every ship was called buza, vide Ann.
COMPD: buzuskip.
No entry
n. = búza, Ann. 1251, etc., Hkr. iii. 118.
n.
1) household, farming;
þat er bú, er maðr hefir málnytan smala, it is ‘bú’, if a man has a milking stock;
gøra, setja, reisa bú, to set up a home for oneself;
bregða búi, to give up farming;
eiga bú við e-n, to share a household with one;
fara búi, to remove one’s household;
vera fyrir búi, to manage a household;
búa búi sínu, to have one’s own household;
búa úmegðarbúi, to have many dependants (unable to work);
2) the stock of a farmstead (sumir lágu úti á fjöllum með bú sín);
drepa niðr bú, höggva bú, to kill or destroy one’s stock;
3) housekeeping;
fá til búsins, to procure necessaries for the maintenance of the household;
einskis þurfti í bú at biðja, there was plenty of everything;
4) farm, estate;
fara milli búa sinna, to go from one estate to another;
eiga bú, to own an estate;
5) home, house (reið Hrútr heim til bús síns);
vera at or á búi með e-m, to live at one’s house.
n. [Hel. bû = domicilium; O. H. G. bû; mod. Germ. bau = tillage, cultivation; Hel. also uses beo or beu, = seges, cp. also Teut. bouwt = messis, in Schmeller Heliand Glossary:—the root of this word will be traced more closely under the radical form búa; here it is sufficient to remark that ‘bú’ is an apocopate form, qs. ‘bug’ or ‘bugg;’ the root remains unaltered in the branch to which Icel. bygg, byggja, and other words belong]
1. a house; bú and bæ (býr) are twins from the same root (bua); bær is the house, bú the household; the Gr. οικος (Ϝοικος) embraces both; þeir eta upp bú mitt, Od. i. 251; biðla til móður minnar og eyða búi hennar, 248; bú mitt er á förum, iv. 318; gott bú, ix. 35; etr þú upp bú hans bótalaust, xvi. 431; svo hann er fær uni að veita búinu forstöðu, xix. 161; hús og bújörð, og góðan kvennkost, xiv. 64; the Prose Translation by Egilsson. In the Northern countries ‘bú’ implies the notion of living upon the produce of the earth; in Norway and esp. in Icel. that of living on the ‘milk’ (málnyta) of kine, ewes, or she-goats; þat er bú, er maðr hefir málnytan smala, it is ‘bú’ if a man has a milking stock, Grág. …
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(bý; bjó, bjoggum or bjuggum; búinn), v.
1) to prepare, make ready;
~ skip í för, to make a ship ready for a voyage;
~ ferð sína, to make ready for a journey (voyage);
~ veizlu, to prepare (make preparations) for a feast;
~ mál á hendr e-m, to take out a summons against one, be in a lawsuit;
2) to dress, attire, adorn, ornament;
bjó hón hana sem hón kunni bezt, she dressed her as well as she could;
sá þeir konur vel búnar, well dressed;
~ beð, rekkju, to make a bed;
~ öndvegi, hús, to make a high seat, adorn a house (for a feast);
öll umgjörðin var búin gulli ok silfri, adorned (mounted) with gold and silver;
vápn búit mjök, much ornamented;
3) to fix one’s abode in a place, = byggja (þegar munu jötnar Ásgarð ~);
4) to deal with, to treat;
þeir bjuggu búi sem þeim líkaði, they treated it as they liked, viz. recklessly;
Haraldr bjó heldr úsparliga kornum Sveins, used S.’s stores rather unsparingly;
5) to live, dwell (~ í tjöldum);
þeir bjuggu þar um nóttina, they stayed there during the night;
sá maðr bjó á skipi (had his berth) næst Haraldi;
6) to have a household (cattle, sheep, and milk); …
pret. sing. bjó, 2nd pers. bjótt, mod. bjóst; plur. bjoggu, bjöggu, and mod. bjuggu, or even buggu; sup. búit, búið, and (rarely) contr. búð; part. búinn; pret. subj. bjöggi, mod. byggi or bjyggi; pres. sing. indic. bý; pl. búm, mod. búum: reflex. forms býsk or býst, bjósk or bjóst, bjöggusk, búisk, etc.: poët. forms with suffixed negative bjó-at, Skv. 3. 39: an obsolete pret. bjoggi = bjó, Fms. ix. 440 (in a verse); bjöggisk = bjósk, Hom. 118. [Búa is originally a reduplicated and contracted verb answering to Goth. búan, of which the pret. may have been baibau: by bûan Ulf. renders Gr. οικειν, κατοικειν; Hel. bûan = habitare; Germ. bauen; Swed. and Dan. bo. The Icel. distinguishes between the strong neut. and originally redupl. verb búa, and the transit. and weak byggja, q. v.: búa seems to be kindred to Gr. φύω, εφυσα (cp. Sansk. bhû, bhavâmi, Lat. fui); byggja to Lat. făcio, cp. Swed.-Dan. bygga, Scot. and North. E. to ‘big,’ i. e. to build; cp. Lat. aedificare, nidificare: again, the coincidence in sense with the Gr. οικος, οικειν, Lat. vicus, is no less striking, cp. the references s. …
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(pl. búendr), m. = bóndi.
a, m. = bóndi, q. v.
m. farmer (karl eða þorpari).
m. a farmer; b. eðr þorpari, Fms. ii. 48, Eg. 49.
a. peasantlike, stout, sturdy.
adj. yeomanlike, sturdy, stout, Ld. 274.
m. = bóndi.
m. = búandi. Grág. i. 479, 480, Fms. v. 77.
No entry
m. = búakviðr, Grág., Nj.
m. verdict of neighbours.
m. a verdict of neighbours, opp. to tylptarkviðr, q. v., Nj., Grág.
f. summoning of neighbours.
f. a summoning of neighbours, Grág. ii. 52.
f. a fixing compensation by verdict of neighbours (búar).
f. a fixing compensation by verdict of neighbours, Grág. ii. 343.
I)
f.
1) temporary dwellings booth;
farmanna ~ir, merchants’ booths; esp. of the temporary dwellings at the Icelandic parliament;
tjalda ~, to fit up a booth (with tent-roof and hangings);
2) abode, dwelling place;
fara ~um, to change one’s abode;
hafa harða, kalda ~, to have a hard, cold abode.
II)
(= búið, búit), used as adv., may be;
~ svá sé til ætlat, may be, it will come so to happen;
~ eigi hendi hann slíka úgiptu í annat sinn, may be he will not have such misfortune again.
f.
I. [Engl. booth; Germ. bude; Dan. bod: not from búa], a booth, shop; farmanna búðir, merchants’ booths: setja búðir, Eg. 163; hafa búðir á landi, Grág. i. 91, the booths in the harbour being but temporary and being removed as soon as the ship went to sea.
β. specially used of the temporary abodes in the Icel. parliament, where, as the meeting only lasted two weeks a year, the booths remained empty the rest of the year; hence tjalda (to dress) búðir, viz. during the session for the use of its owner. But every goði (priest) and every family had their own ‘booth,’ which also took their names from a single man or ruling family, e. g. Allsherjar b., Sturl. ii. 44; Snorra b., 125; b. Skapta, Nj. 220; b. Hafliða, Sturl. i. 44: from families or districts, Ölfusinga b., Nj. 181; Möðruvellinga b., 182, 247; Skagfirðinga b., 182; Jöklamanna b., Sturl. ii. 158; Austfirðinga b., 158, 159; Saurbæinga b., 82; Dalamanna b., Nj. 48; Mosfellinga b., 164; Rangæinga b., 48, 180; Ljósvetninga b., 183, 223; Norðlendinga b., 228; Vatnsfirðinga b., 248; Vestfirðingu b., Bs. i. 21; Svínfellinga b., Lv. 18; Skarðverja b., Sturl. …
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að, to pitch a booth, Safn i. 89.
f. dwelling in a booth.
f. dwelling in a booth, Sturl. i. 147.
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n. pl. door of a booth, Lv. 11, Nj. 37, 165, Eb. 196, Grág. i. 31.
n. pl. utensils of a booth.
n. pl. implements of a booth, Grág. ii. 399, 402.
m. a rock upon which a booth is erected.
m. a pier or rock for embarking, Eb. 196.
m. booth kettle.
m. a booth-kettle, Eb. 196.
m. a sort of verdict given by the inmates of a booth.
m. a law term, a sort of verdict given by the inmates of a booth at the parliament, a kind of búakviðr, defined in Grág. ii. 84, 85, where it is laid down that the inmates of the booths of shopkeepers, jugglers, and beggars cannot be summoned to serve on a jury, nor the dwellers in a booth which has not at least five inmates (five being a minimum in a jury).
n. the inmates of a booth.
n. the inmates of a booth, Sturl. i. 32.
m. inmate of a booth.
m. an inmate of a booth, Fær. 222.
m. booth-peg.
a, m. a booth-peg, Stj. 388. Judges iv.
n. lodging in a booth (biðja, kveðja e-n ~s).
n. lodging in a booth, Grág. i. 24, ii. 55, Lv. 93.
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m. = búðsetumaðr, Nj. 236.
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m. a booth-stand, N. G. L. i. 342.
n. passage, lane between two booths.
n. a passage, lane between two booths, Band. 5, Grett. 115.
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f. the walls of a (deserted) booth, without thatch, Rd. 274, Nj. 166, Ísl. ii. 194.
m. the wall of a booth.
m. the wall of a booth, Ld. 290, Eg. 724.
n. a fortification round a booth.
n. a fortification round a booth, Sturl. ii. 126, cp. Virkisbúð.
f. lodging in a booth (hafa ~ með e-m).
f. a lodging in a booth, Lv. 11.
(gen. búðarvarðar), m.
1) cooking, cookery;
halda búðarvörð, to take care of the cookery;
2) food, meat;
eigi hafða ek þína veðra mér til búðarvarðar, the rams of my flock I have not eaten;
ráða til búðarvarðar, to prepare for a meal.
or búðar-verðr, m. [verðr = cibus], the cooking and stewardship in a vessel, work which the crew was bound to do in turn day by day; cooking and dairy work was thought unworthy to be the sole business of a man, and therefore the sailors were obliged to take it turn about, cp. Eb. 194, 196, 220:—metaph. meat, meal, eigi hafða ek þina veðra … mér til búðarvarðar, the rams of thy flock I have not eaten, Stj. 181. Gen. xxxi. 38; lofa mér at búa þér búðarvörð, ‘let me set a morsel of bread before thee,’ in the Engl. V., Stj. 493. 1 Sam. xxviii. 22; ráða til b., to prepare for a meal, Fms. v. 287, viii. 357; honum þótti þar gott til blaut-fisks ok búðarvarðar, Bs. i. 853, D. N. i. 311, ii. 16, Fas. ii. 209.
m. cottager (þeir eru búðsetumenn en eigi bœndr).
m. a cottager, answering to ‘husmand’ in Norway, or búandi bóndi in Icel., Nj. 236, Grág. i. 294; vide bóndi above.
m. fellowinmate of, companion in, a booth.
m. a fellow inmate of a booth, Grág, i. 34, 35.
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adj. living in a booth, Grág. i. 32.
f. living in a cottage.
u, f. living in a cottage.
COMPD: búðsetumaðr.
m. value in live stock.
m. = búeyrir, Grág. i. 428.
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f. = búdrift, D. N.
n. food for cattle.
n. food for cattle. Fms. v. 219.
m. = búfjárhagar.
m. = búfjárhagi, Grág. i. 435.
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adj. a being in proper condition, of cattle, D. N.
m. pl. pasturefields on an estate, esp. the homepastures.
m. pl. the pasture fields on an estate, esp. the home-pastures or closes, used daily for the home cattle, and opp. to afréttr, q. v.: hence the phrase in Nj., ríða upp ór b., denoting a pale of about three or four miles, 34; í b., within the pale of the b., Glúm. 355. Eb. 54.
m. condition of the live stock.
m. the condition of stock, Vápn. 30.
n. keeping of live stock.
n. the keeping of stock, Grág. i. 427.
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adj. living without stock, Grág. i. 294.
f. rent of live stock.
u, f. the rent of stock, Gþl. 62.
m. food for cattle, stores of fodder.
m. food for cattle, stores of fodder, Fms. x. 400.
m.
1) dweller, inhabitant, esp. in compds. (berg~, hellis~, ein~);
helvítis búar, inhabitants of hell;
himna búar, inhabitants of heaven, angels;
2) neighbour = ná~ (Steinólfr ~ hans);
3) a law term, neighbour acting as juror;
kveðja búa, to summon the neighbours.
a, m. [búa].
I. a dweller, inhabitant, only in compds as haug-búi, hellis-búi, berg-búi, a dweller in cairns, caves, rocks, of a ghost or a giant; ein-búi, an anchorite, a bachelor; himin-búi, an inhabitant of heaven, an angel; lands-búi, Lat. incola; ná-búi, a neighbour; í-búi or inn-búi, incola, Snót 71; stafn-búi, q. v.
II. a neighbour = nábúi; kom Steinn at máli við Þorbjörn búa sinn, Krók. 36; við Bárðr búi minn, Nj. 203; þau sýndu búum sínum úþokkasvip, Fs. 31; Steinólfr b. hans, Landn. 269; cp. búi-sifjar, búi-graðungr, búi-maðr (below), rare in this sense.
2. hence a law term in the Icel. Commonwealth, a neighbour acting as juror; the law distinguishes between neighbours of place and person; as, vetfangs-búar, neighbours of the place where (e. g.) a manslaughter was committed; or neighbours either of defendant or plaintiff, e. g. heimilis-búar, home-neighbours, opposed to dómstaðar-búar, Grág. ii. 405, and þingvallar-búar, neighbours of court or parliament: the number of the neighbours summoned was various; in slight cases, such as compensation for damage or the like, they were commonly five—sem búar fimm meta; …
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m. bull kept at the mountain-dairy, opp. to heimagriðungr.
m. a neighbour’s bull, Vápn. 46.
m. neighbour-man.
m. a neighbour-man, Sturl. i. 82 C, 167.
(-s, -ar), m.
1) body, trunk, esp. the trunk without the head;
2) belly, = kviðr.
m. [Hel. bûc = alveus; Germ. bauch], the trunk, body, Eg. 289; esp. the trunk without the head, Nj. 123, Fms. i. 218, Bs. i. 625.
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að, to be bulky;
f. the estate of the búlki.
f. the edge of the b. as it stood out of the ship, Jb. 398, 407, Fbr. 62 new Ed., where a sailor kept the look out, Sturl. iii. 106.
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adj. bulky.
m. pl. the bulwark fencing the búlki in the middle of the ship.
m. pl. the bulwark fencing the búlki in the middle of the ship, Edda (Gl.) In mod. usage,
m. cargo (stowed in the middle of the ship, cf. fyrir framan or aptan búlka); binda búlka, to bind bulk, cover in the hold; leysa (rjúfa, brjóta) búlka, to break bulk.
a, m., in mod. spelling bunki, heap [cp. a ship’s bunks]; this form occurs in the Hrokkinsk., a MS. of the 15th century, vide the references below; [cp. Engl. bulk, in the naut. phrase, to break bulk or begin to land a cargo]:—the cargo or freight of a ship; the allit. phrase, binda bulka, to bind bulk, shut the hold, just when the ship is bound for sea, and leysa b., to break bulk, when in harbour; fyrir framan or aptan búlka, the b. was, namely, in the middle of the ship, Fms. vi. 108, 378, 381, N. G. L. i. 340, 371, Eb. 196, Grág. i. 209, Nj. 134, Fms. ix. 145, 468, Bs. i. 422, Fbr. 53.
COMPDS: búlkabrún, búlkastokkar, búlkast, búlkalegr.
(gen. -ar), m.
1) household, housekeeping; reisa, setja búnað = reisa, gøra bú, to set up a household; fara búnaði sínum = fara búferli, to remove one’s household;
2) equipment, dress, = búningr;
3) preparations (for a voyage, freebooting expedition, etc.);
4) = búningr 4.
m., gen. ar, [búa.]
I. household, housekeeping, Bs. i. 76; reisa búnað—reisa bú, Sturl. iii. 106; færa b. sinn—fara búferli, to move one’s household, Jb. 288; búnaðar-maðr = búmaðr, O. H. L. 30; Búnaðar-bálkr, the name of the section in the code of law Jb. answering to the Landbrigða þáttr of the Grág., treating of household matters; and in mod. times the name of the very famous poem (of Eggert Olafsson), the Icel. ‘Georgics’ (marked Bb. in this Dict.)
II. dress, equipment, = búningr, Skálda 181, Fms. iv. 75, xi. 331; but esp. with the notion of ornaments in gold, silver, tapestry, Nj. 131, Eg. 701 (of a shield); altaris dúkr glitaðr með búnaði, Am. 95.
β. baggage, luggage, Bjarn. 19.
γ. a getting ‘boun’ (ready) for sea; in the naut. term, halda á búnaði sínum, Fms. ii. 254.
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að, dep., in the phrase, e-m b. vel, illa, one has good, bad, luck in his business as bóndi.
m.
1) dress, attire;
2) equipment of a ship (reiði ok ~);
3) the dressing and arrangement of a table;
4) ornaments (kyrtill með búningi).
m. [búa], dress, clothing, attire; hvers dags b., every day dress, K. Þ. K. 140; opp. to spari b., Sunday dress; karlmanns b., a man’s dress; kvennmanns b., a woman’s dress, etc., Nj. 190.
β. equipment, of a ship; reiði ok b., Fms. v. 103: the dressing and arrangement of a table, Bjarn. 27.
γ. ornaments, laces, Nj. 48, v. l.
COMPDS: búningsbót, búningslauss, búningsmunr.
f. improvement in dress.
f. dress-improvement, a piece of new or smart attire, Ld. 208, Fas. ii. 329.
a. without ornaments.
adj. without ornament, Pm. 65.
m. deference in apparel.
m. difference in apparel, Sturl. ii. 94.
n.
1) women’s apartment;
2) pantry (búr þat er konur hafa matreiðu í);
3) storehouse.
n. [Hel. bûr = habitaculum; A. S. bûr; Engl. bower; Scot. and North. E. byre; Germ. bauer], a word common to all Teut. idioms, and in the most of them denoting a chamber; this sense only occurs a few times in some of the old poems, esp. the Völs. kviður, and even only as an allit. phrase, Brynhildr í búri, Og. 18; björt í búri, Gkv. 2. 1: in prose now and then in translations of foreign romances, El. 22.
2. in Icel. only in the sense of larder, pantry (the North. E. and Scot. byre = cow-stall); this sense is very old, and occurs in Hallfred, Fs. 89, where búri (not brúði) is the right reading, as the rhyme shews—’stæri’ ek brag, fyrir ‘búri;’ skellr nú lass fyrir búrin þeirra Reykdælanna, Bs. i. 512. 601, Ld. 242; defined, búr þat er konur hafa matreiðu í, Grág. i. 459.
β. a house where stores are kept = úti-búr, Nj. 74; now called skemma. In Icel. a game, in which children try to force open one’s closed hand, is called að fara í búr e-s, to get into one’s larder.
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a, m. and búr-hvalr, m. a sort of whale, physiter macrocepbalus Sks. 177 B: for a popular superstition as to this whale v. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 629.
n. breaking into a pantry.
n. the breaking into a pantry, Sturl.
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u, f. the ‘larder-drift,’ a popular legend that in the new year’s night at a certain hour there falls a drift sweet as honey, filling all larders and covering all the ground; but, unless caught at the moment, it vanishes ere morning. The tale is told in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 571, and in a lay of Eggert Ólafsson (Búrdrífan á Nýjársnótt).
f. pl. pantrydoor.
n. pl. a pantry-door, Bs. i. 601.
f. pantryshelf.
u, f. a pantry-shelf, Glúm. 367.
m. the door ring of a búrhurð.
m. the door ring of a búrhurð, D. N.
m. watchdog, at a storehouse.
m. a pantry-dog, Fs. 89.
f. the door of a búr.
f. the door of a ‘búr,’ Gpl. 344.
m. pantrykey.
m. a pantry-key, Sturl. iii. 7.
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a, m. = búrhundr, Ld. 112.
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f. a kind of rural bacchanalia of the shepherds on St. Thorlac’s Day (21st of July), H. E. i. 300 (note).
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adj. stout, thick, fat, Skýr. 446.
f. pl. remains of stores.
f. pl. remains of stores, Grág. i. 299.
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m. pl. implements of husbandry, Grág. i. 200, 220, 221, Dipl. iii. 14, Bs. i, D. I. (freq.)
n. pl. household goods.
n. pl. household goods, Sturl. i. 197.
n. = búfar.
n. = búfar, Bs. i. 477.
n. pl. management of household affairs, = búráð (taka til forráða = taka við búráðum).
n. pl. management of household affairs, Sturl. i. 131, Grett. 107.
n. = búgagn.
= búgagn, Jb. 166.
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m. the state, condition of a ‘bú,’ Fas. ii. 469.
m. pl. = búhlutir.
= búsbúhlutir, Hrafn. 22.
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n. pl. comfortable income derived from a ‘bú,’ Bs. i. 688, Hrafn. 22.
n. household utensils, = búferski.
n. movables of a household, Grág. ii. 339 A, 249, where búskerfi, an obsolete and dubious word.
f. settling of a household.
f. the settling of a household, Fms. ii. 68.
n. pl. household cares.
n. pl. the care, troubles of a ‘bú,’ business, Band. ii.
f. managment of a bú.
u, f. the management of a ‘bú,’ Ld. 22. Eg. 333, 334. Band. l. c.
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m. a log of wood. búta, að, to cut logs of wood.
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u, f. a dairy-maid; cp. deigja; (Norse.)
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f. a drove of cattle, D. N.
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m. value in stock, D. N.
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n. domestic necessaries. K. Á. 176.
n. household condition.
n. household condition, Sturl. i. 216, Bs. i. 477.
m. starvation of livestock.
m. a failing of stock, starvation of stock, Bs. i. 743.
n. chattels belonging to a household; fara ferli sínu, to remove, change one’s household and home; esp. live stock; hafði hann með sér skuldalið (dependants, family) ok ferli (live stock).
n. household, in the phrase, fara búferli, or b. sínn, to move, change one’s household and home; Ólafr fór þangað b. sínu, Eg. 138, Fms. iii. 107: esp. live stock, Hallsteinn fór hit efra með búferli, Gullþ. 12; hafði hann með sér skulda-lið (people, family) ok b. (stock), Eb. 8: but sometimes the word is evidently used masc., an emigrant, mover of one’s household, cp. Róm-ferlar; en búferla (v. l. búferlar) eigu utan at fara þeir er ómögum sínum megu vörð um veita, Grág. ii. 409.
n. domestic or household utensils.
n. = búskerfi, Grág. ii. 339 B.
n. live stock, esp. the milch kine.
n. live stock, esp. the milch kine, Dipl. v. 28, Grág. i. 414, 427, ii. 301, Jb. 192, Eg. 532.
COMPDS: búfjáreyrir, búfjárferð, búfjárfóðr, búfjárgangr, búfjárgildr, búfjárhagar, búfjárhagr, búfjárhald, búfjárlauss, búfjárleiga, búfjármatr.
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n. fellowship in housekeeping, Fb. ii. 340.
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adj. able to set up a house.
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u, f. a removing of one’s household, Landn. 207.
n. household utensil, = búsgagn.
n. household utensils, B. K. 20.
m. farm (esp. a big one).
m. a farm, esp. a big one, Fms. iii. 85, 251, xi. 422.
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f. the making a household, Sturl. ii. 21, Bs. i. 658.
f. a saving of household provisions.
f. a sparing of provender, Fms. v. 306.
m. an implement of husbandry.
= búsbúhlutr above.
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m. a thriving householder.
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f. a farm, estate.
m. farmer, = búandkarl.
m. = búandkarl, Fms. v. 186, vi. 139.
n. small farm, cottage.
n. a cottage, Hkr. iii. 131.
n. joint housekeeping.
n. joint housekeeping, Sturl. i. 64, 75.
n. home land.
n. [Hel. bûland = arvum], home land, Grág. ii. 315, 324, Jb. 51.
a. having no household.
adj. having no ‘bú,’ opp. to búandi, D. N. ii. 14, Jb. 12.
f. rent of cattle.
u, f. rent of a ‘bú,’ H. E. i. 394.
m.
1) husbandman, farmer (~ sáði akr sinn);
2) = búsýslumaðr; ~ mikill, a skilled, stirring, husbandman.
m. a husbandman; góðr, mikill b., a good householder, skilled husbandman, Band. 8, Finnb. 334.
f. loss in stock.
u, f. loss in stock, Gþl. 389.
f., in the phrase, til nautnar, for household use.
f., in the phrase, til b., for household use, Vm. 96, D. I. i. 419.
f. milk of sheep and cattle.
f. the milk of sheep and cattle, on a farm also more usually called málnyt or málnyta, Jb. 375, Hkr. i. 110.
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m. a curate-farmer, Vm. 59.
m. farmdog.
a, m. a shepherd’s dog.
n. household management.
n. household management, Nj. 51, Grág, i. 333.
n. a kind of robbery, theft (to the amount of three cows at least or three cows’ value).
n. a law term, a kind of burglary, theft, to the amount of three cows at least, or three cows’ value; defined N. G. L. i. 180: metaph. damage, Bs. i. 350.
f. munificent or hospitable housekeeping.
u, f. the keeping open-house, Sturl. i. 194.
f. pl. relations between neighbours; góðar ~, good neighborhood; var illa í sifjum þeirra, they were not on good terms as neighbours; veita em þúngar sifjar, to be a troublesome neighbour to one.
[qs. búi-sifjar, from búi, a neighbour], f. pl. relation between neighbours; góðar b., a good neighbourhood, Karl. 536; the phrase, veita e-m illar, þungar b., to be a bad neighbour, aggressive, Eg. 730, Fms. iii. 222; má vera at þá batni b. okkar, Fs. 31.
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m. household life, state of life as ‘bóndi,’ D. N.; cp. the saying böl er b., hrygð er hjúskapr, illt er einlífi, og að öllu er nokkuð.
f. milkpail.
u, f. a pail for measuring milk, Jb. 375.
m. failure of stores.
m. the failure of stores, Nj. 18.
a. n., hafa skylft, to have an expensive household.
n. adj.; eiga b., to have an expensive household, Sturl. i. 136.
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n., in búslits-maðr, m. a ‘bóndi’ without homestead, Gþl. 330.
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f. cattle and chattels, household gear.
m. cattle, esp. milch cows.
a, m. sheep and cattle, sometimes also including horses; naut ok sauði ok annan b., Fs. 26; esp. the milch cattle, Ld. 96, where it is opp. to barren cattle, Fms. i. 151; vide smali.
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commonly proncd. búk-sorg, f. care for worldly affairs, esp. in a bad sense; thirst for gain.
m. dwelling place, abode; taka sér stað, to fix one’s abode.
(bóstaðr, Grág. ii. 222), m. a dwelling, abode, Fs. 31; taka sér b., to fix one’s abode, Eg. 127, Landn. 37, 56, Nj. 173.
f. management of household affairs.
f. management of household affairs, Eb. 204.
f. a female housekeeper.
u, f. a female housekeeper, Gullþ. 13, Háv. 39.
f. household business.
u, f. household business, Glúm. 335, Ísl. ii. 68; búsýslu-maðr = búmaðr, Eg. 2.
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f. wealth, abundance in a household, Bb.
n. dairy work (milking, churning and the like).
n. dairy work in the morning and evening, milking, churning, and the like, Fs. 72; vinna heima b. með móður sinni (as a taunt), Fas. iii. 595; hence búverka, að, to do the dairy work; búverka-tími, a, m. the time, morning and evening, when dairy work is to be done: in the Grág. i. 147 búverk means generally every kind of household work, but esp. the lower part of it.
m. husbandman (bœndr ok þegnar); illr þegn, a bad (evil) husbandman.
m. a husbandman, in allit. phrases, bændr ok b., Fms. i. 33, Sks. 603; illr b., a bad husbandman, Fms. i. 69, where it is used in a morally bad sense; elsewhere a bad householder, vi. 102, Skálda 203.
f.
1) colonization (frá Íslands ~);
2) abode, habitation; setja, hefja ~ sína es staðar, to fix one’s abode in a place; fœra ~ sína, to remove; banna (lofa, leyfi) em ~, to forbid (allow) one to settle in a place;
3) inhabited land or district, opp. to ‘úbygðir’, deserts.
f. [búa, byggja]
I. gener. habitation:
1. a settling one’s abode, colonisation; Íslands b., colonisation of Iceland, Íb. (begin.); Grænlands b., id.
2. residence, abode; var þeirra b. ekki vinsæl, Ld. 136; the phrase, fara bygð, or bygðum, to remove one’s house and home, change one’s abode, Grág. i. 457, Nj. 25, 151; færa b. sína, to remove, Fas. ii. 281; banna, lofa e-m bygð, to forbid or allow one’s residence, Grág. l. c.; hitta b. e-s, abode, home, Band. 10: metaph., Hom. 16.
II. inhabited land, opp. to úbygðir, deserts; but also opp. to mountains, wild woods, and the like, where there are no human dwellings: bygð thus denotes the dwellings and the whole cultivated neighbourhood; thus in old Greenland there was Eystri and Vestri bygð, the Eastern and Western colony, and úbygðir, deserts, viz. the whole Eastern side of this polar land, cp. Landn. 105, Antt. Amer., and Grönl. Hist. Mind, i-iii. In Norway distinction is made between bygðir and sætr, Fms. i. 5. Icel. say, snjór ofan í b., when the mountains are covered with snow, but the lowland, the inhabited shore, and the bottom of the dales are free; …
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m. inhabitant of a district.
m. a neighbour, Stj. 197.
a. rumoured through the district.
adj. rumoured through the bygð, Jb. 161.
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n. the people of a neighbourhood, Fms. ii. 88.
n. district, neighbourhood; taka sér lag í em stað, to settle in a place.
n. a district, neighbourhood, county, Grett. 101 A, Jb. 223, Fs. 50.
n. land for settling on; taka sér land es staðar, to settle in a place.
n. and in possession or to be taken into possession, Stj. 74.
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n. leave to settle, Fs. 31, Valla L. 208, Grág. i. 457.
m. inhabitants of a district.
m. the people of a land, Bs. ii. 80.
m. pl. inhabitants of a district.
m. pl. id., Fs. 31, Stj. 649, Dipl. v. 19, Fms. i. 226, etc.
m. rumour going about in the neighbourhood.
m. a rumour going about in the neighbourhood, Krók. 34.
f. districtmeeting.
u, f. a meeting of the neighbourhood, D. N.
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n. a cabin (?), some part of a ship, Edda (Gl.)
a. = bygðarfleyttr.
bygð-fleyttr, = bygðarfleygr, N. G. L. i. 389.
n. barley.
n. [Scot. and North. E. bigg; Swed. bjugg; Dan. byg; Ivar Aasen bygg; derived from byggja]:—barley, a common word over all Scandinavia, cp. Alm. 33, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 99, Bs. ii. 5, 532. 5; vide barr II.
(pl. -byggjar), m. inhabitant;
only in pl. compds. (fram-, aptur-, stafn-, Eyr-byggjar).
or byggvi, m. an inhabitant, obsolete, but in compds as Eyr-byggjar, stafn-byggjar, fram-byggjar, aptr-byggjar, etc.
f. letting out land for rent (~ jarðar).
f. habitation, colonisation, Landn. 24, v. l., Stj. 176.
2. tenancy, letting out land for rent, H. E. i. 495: in compds, byggingarbréf, b. skilmáli, an agreement between tenant and landlord.
β. buildings or houses, Matth. xxiv. 1; scarcely occurs in old writers in this sense; cp. Dan. bygning, Scot. and North. E. biggin, = building.
a. habitable.
adj. habitable, Hkr. i. 108.
I)
(-ða, -ðr), v., older form byggva;
1) to settle in a place, as colonist; sumar þat, er þeir Ingólfr fóru at ~ Ísland, when I went out to settle in Iceland; Ingólfr bygði fyrstr landit, was the first settler; absol., Helgi bygði norðr í Eyjafirði, settled in E.;
2) to people (eptir Nóaflóð lifðu átta menn, er bygðu heiminn) Ísland bygðist (was peopled) ór Norvegi;
3) to inhabit, live in a country (þá er landit hafði sex tigi vetra bygt verit); þess get ek, at menn byggi húsit, that the house is inhabited; ~ bœ, to settle on a farm (hann bygði bœ þann er í Eyju heitir); absol., kona, er bygði (lived) í einum afdal; hvar byggir þú, where dwellest thou?;
4) to dwell in, occupy (~ höll, helli); ~ eina sæng, to share the same bed (of a niarried couple; also absol., ~ með erri); bygði hann í skipuin, he dwelt (lived) in ships.
II)
(-ða, -ðr), v.
1) to let out (konungr má ~ almenning hverjum sem hann vill); nú byggir maðr dýrra (lets out at a higher rent) en vandi hefir á verit;
2) to lend money at interest (engi skal ~ dautt fé á leigu); Hrútr bygði allt féit, H. …
older form byggva, ð, [for the etymology v. búa], gener. to inhabit, settle, people, always in a transitive sense—not neut. as. búa—but often used absol. or ellipt., land being understood:
α. to settle as a colonist; Hrollaugr bygði austr á Síðu, Ketilbjörn bygði suðr at Mosfelli, Auðr bygði vestr í Breiðafirði, Helgi bygði norðr í Eyjafirði, all these instances referring to the first settlers of Icel., Íb. ch. 1. 2; en þat vas es hann tók byggva landit, id.; sumar þat er þeir Ingólfr fóru at b. Ísland, the summer before Ingolf settled in Iceland, ch. 6; Íngólfr … bygði fyrstr landit, i. e. Ingolf was the first settler, id.; so in numberless instances, esp. of the Íb. and Landn., e. g. Landn. 42, 334, Eb. 8, Hrafn. 4, Eg. 99, 100; eptir Nóa-flóð lifðu átta menn þeir er heiminn bygðu (peopled), Edda (pref.)
β. to inhabit, live in a country; þesskonar þjóð es Vínland hefir bygt, Íb. ch. 6; þá er landit hafði sex tigi vetra bygt verit, Landn. 321; þeir b. þat hérað á Vindlandi er Ré heitir, Fms. xi. 378, H. E. i. 494, Bret. 100: allit. phrases, á bygðu bóli, i. e. among men, where men live; bygðr bólstaðr, possessed land, Grág. …
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= bygging, D. N. (freq.), Fr.
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byggjandi, pl. byggendr, byggvendr, inhabitants, mostly in poetry, Stj. 399, Haustl. 10.
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= byggiligr.
n. barley bread.
n. barley-bread, 655 xxi. 4.
m. barley rick.
m. a barley-rick, Magn. 516.
f. barley barn.
u, f. a barley-barn, Stj. 344.
m. barley loaf.
m. a barley-loaf, Stj. 393, Rb. 82.
n. = hlaða.
n. a barley-barn, Orkn. 196.
n. barleymeal.
n. barley-meal, Gþl. 100.
n. barley-seed.
n. barley-seed, N. G. L. i. 385.
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m. [Germ. bügel], a stirrup, Gþl. 359.
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u, f. = bygging, D. N.
(gen. pl. bylgna), f. billow.
u, f. [cp. Dan. bölge, Swed. bölja, akin to bólginn, belgr], a billow, Stj. 27, Fs. 142, etc.
(bylr, buldi, bulit), v. to resound, roar (buldi í hömrunum).
buldi, pres. bylr, old byll, to resound, roar, of a gale; byll í öllum fjöllum, Al. 35; buldi í hömrunum. Fas. i. 425; freq. in mod. use.
a. gusty (veðr nökkut byljótt).
adj. gusty, Bs. i. 138.
(pl. -ir, dat. -jum), m. squall, gust of wind; þá er býlirnir kómu, when the squalls came along.
m. pl. bylir, gen. sing. byljar or rarely byls, a squall, gust of wind; kom b. á húsit, Gísl. 22; þá er bylirnir kómu, when the squalls passed over, Fms. viii. 52.
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u, f. a heavy fall, Grönd. 147; bylting, f. a revolution; and bylta, t, with dat. to overthrow.
I)
(rða, rðr), v. to weave in (figures).
II)
f. a large box or bin.
1. ð,
I. [borði], to embroider, Gkv. 2. 16.
II. [borð], to board, in compds = sí-byrða, inn-byrða, to pull on board; þykkbyrt, Fms. viii. 139.
2. u, f. a large trough, Stj. MS. 127, Ed. 178 reads bryðjum, N. G. L. i. 255, B. K. 52.
n. board (side) of a ship.
n. the board, i. e. side, of a ship. Edda (Gl.), Jb. 147.
m. merchant-ship.
m. [old Dan. byrthing, from byrðr], a ship of burthen, merchant-ship, Eg. 53, Nj. 281, Fær. 12, 195, 196, Fms. iv. 255, vii. 283, 286, 310, viii. 208, 274, 372, ix. 18, 44, 46, 299, 470, x. 25, xi. 430, etc.; this is the genuine Scandin. word, wilst kjóll, kuggr, karfi (q. v.) are all of foreign origin.
COMPDS: byrðingsmaðr, byrðingssegl.
m. a merchant seaman.
m. a merchant-seaman, Fær. 4, Fms. ix. 18.
n. the sail of a byrðingr.
n. the sail of a byrðingr, Fms. iv. 259.
(-ar, -ar), f. burden, load.
(mod. byrði), f., gen. ar, pl. ar, mod. ir, [bera A. I.]:—a burthen, Nj. 19, Edda 74, Fas. ii. 514, Fms. v. 22, vi. 153, Fb. i. 74: hver einn mun sína byrði bera, Gal. vi. 5.
β. metaph. a burthen, task. Fms. ix. 330; hafi sá þá byrði er hann bindr sér sjálfum, 671. 1.
I) n. enclosure, fence.
II) from bjarga.
n. [borg; A. S. byrgen = sepulcrum], an enclosure, fence, Eb. 132; helvítis byrgi, the gates of hell, Stj. 420, Post. 656 C. 6: metaph., b. hugar = hugborg, the breast, Hom. 148.
COMPDS: byrgiskona, byrgisskapr.
f.
1) closing, shutting up;
2) close, conclusion, end.
f. a shutting up, Grág. ii. 110.
f. concubine.
u, f. a concubine, N. G. L. i. 327 (where spelt birg-), Bs. i. 663.
m. concubinage.
m. concubinatus, Fms. iii. 145.
(-ða, -ðr), v.
1) to close, shut (~ dyrr eða vindaugu); ~ sinn munn, to shut the mouth; ~ aptr húsit, to close the house; ~ en inni, to shut one in (í húsum); fig. to outwit one (~ en inni fyrir vitsmuna sakir); ~ et fyrir em, to exclude one from; ~ en úti, to shut one out; ~ et úti, to prevent, preclude (~ úti váða);
2) ~ e-t með skömmu máli, to comprise it within a small compass.
ð, [borg; cp. A. S. byrgjan, byrian; Engl. to bury]:—to close, shut; b. dyrr eðr vindaugu, Grág. ii. 286; byrgja hús, Grett. 91 new Ed.; Hallfreðr byrgði húsit, Fms. ii. 83; b. sinn munn, to shut one’s mouth, Bs. i. 786; í byrgðum kviði sinnar móður, 655 xxvii. 10: metaph., byrgð syndum, overwhelmed with sins, Greg. 41.
2. adding prepp. aptr, inn, to shut; Grettir byrgði aptr húsit, Grett. l. c. MS. A; b. aptr garð, to shut a fence, Grág. ii. 283; b. aptr hlið á garði, id., Jb. 242; b. inann inni í húsum, to shut a man up in a house, Grág. ii. 110, Sks. 140; hvárki byrgðr né bundinn, 656 C. 32.
3. metaph. to hide, veil, of the face of God, the sun, or the like; sólin því ljóma sinn fékk byrgt, Pass. 44. 1; himna-ljósið var honum byrgt, 3. 2; byrg þig eigi fyrir minni grátbeiðni, Ps. lv. 2.
4. the phrase, b. e-n inni, to shut one in, outwit; alla menn byrgir þú inni fyrir vitsmuna sakir, Fms. x. 247, xi. 31; b. e-n úti, to leave one outside in the cold, and metaph. to prevent, preclude; b. úti váða, to prevent mishap, x. 418, Sks. 44, Mar. 656 A. …
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I)
(að), v.
1) to originate (ór himninum ~st öll gœzka);
2) to beget esp. in pass., ~st, to be begotten (á þeirri sömu nótt sem hann ~ðist);
3) to enter upon, begin;
~ ferð sína, to begin one’s journey;
4) ~ mál es, to plead (support) one’s cause (ek skal ~ þitt mál sem ek kann);
~ rœðu, to deliver a speech (= flytja rœðu);
hefir þú fram ~t (stated) erendi þitt.
II)
(að), v. impers. with dat. to behove, beseem;
sem ~ (as it behoves) hlýðnum syni;
sem þeim ~ði at manntali, in due proportion to their number.
III)
(að), v. impers., em ~r vel (illa), one gets fair (foul) wind (~ði þeim vel um haustit).
in compd úbyrja.
I)
(að), v.
1) to originate (ór himninum ~st öll gœzka);
2) to beget esp. in pass., ~st, to be begotten (á þeirri sömu nótt sem hann ~ðist);
3) to enter upon, begin;
~ ferð sína, to begin one’s journey;
4) ~ mál es, to plead (support) one’s cause (ek skal ~ þitt mál sem ek kann);
~ rœðu, to deliver a speech (= flytja rœðu);
hefir þú fram ~t (stated) erendi þitt.
II)
(að), v. impers. with dat. to behove, beseem;
sem ~ (as it behoves) hlýðnum syni;
sem þeim ~ði at manntali, in due proportion to their number.
III)
(að), v. impers., em ~r vel (illa), one gets fair (foul) wind (~ði þeim vel um haustit).
að, [Swed. börja; lost in Dan., which has replaced it by begynde; Germ. beginnen; and probably also extinct in the mod. Norse dialects, vide Ivar Aasen, who seems not to have heard the word; it is in full use in Icel. and is a purely Scandin. word; the root is the part. pass. of bera A. II]:—to begin.
I. in the phrase, b. mál e-s, to plead one’s cause, O. H. L. 5; ek skal byrja (support) þitt mál, sem ek kann, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 65; hann byrjaði hennar mál við Ólaf konung, x. 310; með einum hundraðs-höfðingja þeim er byrjaði mál hans, Post. 645. 96; hefir þú fram byrjat þitt erindi, 655 xxx. 13, Al. 159: this sense, however, is rare and obsolete.
II. to begin; b. ferð, to begin one’s journey, to start, Edda 1, Fms. iv. 232, Eg. 106, Ld. 162; b. ræðu, to begin a speech, Sks. 238; b. e-t upp, to begin, Bs. i. 825: reflex., Rb. 210: the word is not very freq. in old writers, who prefer the word hefja, incipere, hence upphaf, beginning; in mod. writers hefja is rather archaïc, but byrja in full use, and is used both as act., impers., and reflex.; Icel. say, sagan byrjar, söguna byrjar, and sagan byrjast, all in the same sense. …
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f. beginning.
(að), v. to pour out; ~r hann í hornin he fills out the cups; with dat., to serve (a cup) to one (Snjófrið byriaði ker mjaðar fullt konungi).
að, [A. S. byreljan and byrljan; whence the word is probably borrowed]:—to wait upon, with dat., esp. to hand the ale at a banquet, (answering to bera öl, Fs. 121); stóð þar upp Snjófrið dóttir Svása, ok byrlaði ker mjaðar fullt konungi, Fms. x. 379, Hkr. i. 102; hann setti annan mann til at b. sér, Post. 656 C. 32: metaph., hann byrlar optliga eitr sinnar slægðar mannkyninu, Fms. ii. 137: to fill the cup, síðan byrlar hann í hornin, Fas. ii. 550: in mod. use, to mix a beverage, esp. in bad sense, by putting poison in it.
m. cup-bearer.
a, m. [A. S. byrele], a cup-bearer, Fms. i. 291.
m. = byrlari.
a, m. = byrlari, Fms. x. 302.
(-jar, -ir), m. fair wind;
e-m gefr vel byri (acc. pl.), one gets a fair wind;
bíða byrjar, liggja til byrjar, to wait, lie by, for a fair wind;
~ rennr á, a fair breeze begins to blow;
~ tekr at vaxa, the wind freshens.
gen. byrjar, nom. pl. byrir, acc. byri: [Swed.-Dan. bör; cp. usage of Gr. ουριος]:—a fair wind; it is freq. used in pl., esp. in the impers. phrase, e-m gefr vel byri (acc. pl.), one gets a fair wind, rarely, and less correct, byr (acc. sing.), Nj. 10, Vápn. 9, but sing. Nj. 4, Eg. 98; byri gefr hann brögnum, Hdl. 3; með hinum beztuni byrjum, Bs. i. 781; bíða byrjar, Fms. i. 131; liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind, Eg. 183; byrr rennr á, a fair breeze begins to blow; þá rann á byrr ok sigldu þeir, Nj. 135, Eg. 158; þá féll byrrinn, Eb. 8; þá tók byrr at vaxa, Eg. 390: allit, naut. phrases, blásandi byrr, blíðr byrr, beggja skauta byrr; hagstæðr byrr, fagr byrr. hægr, óðr byrr, Hm. 89; hrað-byri, etc.: also metaph., hafa góðan, mikinn, lítinn byrr, to be well, much, little favoured: in poetry in many compds, byrjar drösull, the horse of the wind, a ship; byr-skíð, byr-rann. a ship; byrr always denotes the wind on the sea. byrjar-gol, n. a fair breeze, Fms. ix. 21.
(-sta, -str), v.
1) to furnish with bristles;
2) to cover as with bristles; borg gulli byrst, with the gablehead mounted with gold;
3) refl., ~st, to bristle up, to show anger.
t, [bursti], to furnish with bristles or spikes, Sks. 418; gulli byrstr, Fas. i. 184.
2. metaph. the phrase, b. sik or byrstask, to raise the bristles, to shew anger, Fms. ii. 174, Finnb. 248, Pass. 26. I.
n. favourable wind (fá gott ~).
n. a favourable course, Fms. x. 291, Sks. 175.
f. lack of a fair wind.
u, f. lack of fair wind, or a foul wind, Ann. 1392.
a. gently blowing.
adj. gently blowing, Hkr. ii. 143.
a. promising a fair wind (því at ekki er byrligt);
ekki ~ draumr, a bad dream.
adj. (-liga, adv.), promising a fair wind; því at ekki er byrligt, Sd. 174, in the phrase, blása byrlega, to blow fair for one; ekki b. draumr, a bad dream, Fas. i. 14.
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adj. of a light (but fair) breeze, Fms. iv. 297.
a. lucky in getting fair wind.
adj. having good luck, fair wind, Fms. x. 314.
a. promising a fair wind.
byrvænn, adj. promising a fair wind, Orkn. 332, Fms. ii. 5.
(busti), v. to gush (busti blóð á brímis eggjar).
[Dan. buse; Swed. busa = to gush], to gush, a defect, verb, occurs only twice or thrice, viz. in pres. sing. býss, Ó. H. (in a verse), busti (pret. sing.), gushed, of blood, Hkv. 2.8; of tears, Edda (append.) 217: the infin. never occurs, and the word is never used in prose.
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u, f. [Lat. pyxis], a box, Vm. 117, D. N.: mod. a gun (Germ. büchse).
(að), v. to come to the bottom.
að, [botn], to come to the bottom, Krók. 20 new Ed.: metaph., b. á e-m, to tell on or against one.
f. small tub, pail, bucket.
u, f. [Dan. bötte], a pail, small tub, K. Þ. K. 82, Stj. 444, Fms. x. 54, Jm. 29, N. G. L. i. 3–27: of the bucket for baling a ship with, Fbr. 131, Grett. 95; hence byttu-austr, the old mode of pumping is defined, Fbr. and Grett. l. c.
(-ta, -t), v., ~ sér, to jump (síðan byxti hann sér á sjóinn).
t, to box, Bev. Fr.; byxing, f. boxing, Finnb. 344 (Engl. word).
I) n. bee.
II) from búa.
n. [Lat. apis; the Goth. word is not on record; A. S. beo; Engl. bee; O. H. G. pia; Germ. biene, and older form beie, Grimm i. 1367; Swed.-Dan. bi]:—a bee; the spelling in Icel. with ý is fixed by long usage, and by a rhyme in the Höfuðl., Jöfurr sveigði ý | flugu unda bý, where ý (a bow) and bý (bees) rhyme; because perhaps an etymology from bú floated before the mind, from the social habits of bees, Barl. 86; the simple by is quite obsolete in Icel. which only uses the compd,
f. pl. clumsy feet;
rétta ~, to stretch out the legs.
f. pl. the feet, with a notion of awkwardness; retta býfur, to stretch the legs out in an awkward manner; þar lá Kolfinnr son hennar, ok rétti býfur hölzti langar, Ísl. ii. 416: the passage Od. ix. 298—τανυσσάμενος δια μήλων—Egilsson in his rhymed translation renders graphically, ok meðal búfjár býfur rétti.
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n. [ból], an abode, mostly in compds, á-býli, etc.
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adj. [ból], living, in compds, ár-býll, harð-býll, þung-býll.
(-jar, -ir), m. = bœr.
v. bær.
n. and f. wonder, portent (þetta eru stór ~).
n. [cp. A. S. bysen, bisen, which means example, whilst the Icel. word means] a wonder, a strange and portentous thing; commonly Used in pl., urðu hverskonar býsn, 625. 42; þar sem þessi býsn (acc. pl.) bar fyrir, Fms. xi. 13; þetta eru stór býsn, 64; slíkt eru banvæn býsn, Fas. iii. 13 (in a verse); sing., Fms. xi. 10, 64: in mod. use fem. sing., Fb. i. 212, Pr. 76, 91; býsna-veðr, portentous weather, Fms. iii. 137; býsna-vetr, a winter of portents, when many ghosts and goblins were about, Bs., Sturl. i. 115; býsna-sumar, in the same sense, Ann. 1203. In mod. use býsna- is prefixed to a great many words in the sense of pretty, tolerably, Germ. ziemlich; býsna-vel, b. góðr, langr, fljótr, pretty well, pretty good, etc. in early writers the sense is much stronger.
(að), v.
1) to bode, portend (þetta ~r tjón ok sorg);
2) ~ skal til batnaðar, things must run to an extreme before they get better.
að, to portend, bode; þetta býsnar tjón ok sorg, Karl. 492; the proverb, býsna skal til batnaðar, i. e. things must be worse before they are better, Old Engl. ‘when bale is highest, bote is nighest,’ Fms. v. 199, (spelt bisna, O. H. L.); er býsna skal at betr verði, x. 261.
(-tta, -tt), v.
1) to deal out (býtti Hrafn silfrinu);
2) to exchange (býttum við jörðum okkar).
tt, [bútr], to deal out, give, with dat. of the thing; býtti Hrafn silfrinu, Fas. iii. 256: esp. býta út, or út býta, to give alms, Hebr. xiii. 16, Gal. vi. 6.
β. to exchange, Dan. bytte; býttum við jörðum okkar, Dipl. i. 12, H. E. i. 561.
n. exchange, barter.
n. exchange, barter, Krók. 65; býting, f. spending, Ann. 1408.
f. = bý.
u, f. a ‘bee-fly,’ bee, Edda 12, Stj. 91, 210, etc.; bý-flygi, n. id., Bs. i. 210, Stj. 411.
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n. the ship of the bees, the air, sky, poët., Höfuðl. 17 (dub.)
I) (n. dual from báðir, used as), conj.,
1) ~ … ok, both … and;
~ vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold;
~ at lærdómi ok vitrleik ok atgervi, both in learning, and wisdom, and accomplishments;
2) ~ … enda, both … and also, and indeed.
II) from biðja.
[v. báðir, where in p. 54, col. 2, 1. 7, the words ‘rarely Norse’ should be struck out], used adverbially, both, Scot. ‘baithh,’ with conjunctions connecting two parts of a sentence:
α. bæði, … ok, both … and; bæði vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold, Nj. 6; b. blár ok digr, Fms. vii. 162; vitandi bœði gott ok illt, knowing both good and evil, Stj. 145. Gen. iii. 5; b. fyrir sína hönd ok annarra, Bs. i. 129; b. at viti ok at öðru, 127; b. at lærdómi, vitrleik, ok atgörvi, in learning, wisdom, and accomplishments, 130 (where the subdivision after bæði is triple); b. lönd ok kvikfé, Ísl. ii. 61; mun nú vera rofit bæði búlkinn ok annat, Fms. vi. 381; bæði var at hann kunni betr en flestir menn aðrir, ok hafði betri færi á …, Bs. i. 129; sometimes in inverse order, ok … bæði; hér og á himnum bæði, Pass. 24. 7; fagrt ok fátítt b., Hom. 117; undruðu ok hörmuðu b., 120.
β. bæði… enda, where the latter part of the sentence, beginning with ‘enda,’ is of a somewhat disjunctive character, and can scarcely be literally rendered into English; it may denote irony or displeasure or the like, e. g. það er b. hann er vitr, enda veit hann af því, i. …
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f. thwarting.
f. thwarting, Finnb. 344.
a. cross-grained.
adj. cross-grained, Fms. iii. 95; bægni, f. peevishness; orð-bæginn, q. v.; mein-bæginn, pettish.
m. ‘lame-foot’, a nickname of one who was haltr.
m. [bágr], ‘lame-foot,’ a cognom., Eb.; Egilsson renders αμφιγυήεις (Od. viii. 349) by bægi-fótr.
(-ða, -t), v.
1) to make one give way, to fish, with dat.; ~ skipi ór lægi, to push the ship from her moorings; ~ heraðsvist, to remove from the district; honum bægði veðr ok bar hann til eyja þeirra er Syllingar heita, the weather drove him out of his course and he was carried to the Scilly Islands;
2) to hinder (ef eigi ~ nauðsyniar þeirra);
3) refl., ~st við en, to quarrel or strive with one (þá vill hann eigi við þá ~st).
ð, (an old pret. bagði, Haustl. 18), [bágr], with dat. to make one give way, push one back; tröll-konan bægir honum til fjallsins, Bs. i. 464; b. skipi ór lægi, to push the ship from her moorings, Fms. vii. 114; b. vist sinni, to change one’s abode, remove, Eb. 252; þeim bægði veðr, of foul wind, Eg. 245; honum bægði veðr, ok bar hann til eyja þeirra er Syllingar heita, the weather drove him from his course, and he was carried to the islands called Scilly, Fms. i. 145.
β. absol. to binder; ef eigi b. nauðsynjar, Grág. i. 446.
2. metaph. to treat harshly, oppress one, Bs. i. 550. 3. reflex. with the prep. við; b. við e-n, to quarrel; þá vill hann eigi við þá bægjask, Ld. 56; þá var við enga at bægjask (none to dispute against) nema í móti Guðs vilja væri, Bs. i. 128.
β. bægjask til e-s, to contend about a thing, but with the notion of unfair play; betra er at vægjask til virðingar en b. til stór-vandræða, Fms. vii. 25.
γ. impers., bægðisk honum svá við, at …, things went so crookedly for him, that…, Grett. MS.
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v. beyki; bæki-skógr, m. a beech-wood, Fms. xi. 224.
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m. [bók], a ‘bookling,’ little book, Lat. libellus, Bs. i. 59.
(-da, -dr), v. to consume by fire (brenna ok ~).
d,
I. [bál], to burn = bræla, in the allit. phrase brenna ok b., 671. 4, Fms. iv. 142, vi. 176; vide bræla, Fas. i. 4.
II. [ból], to pen sheep and cattle during the night; reflex., dýr bælask í þeim stöðum, Greg. 68.
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n. [ból],
1. in the Norse sense, a farm, dwelling, = býli, Gþl: 452.
2. in the Icel. sense, a den, Fas. ii. 231, of a vulture’s nest; arnar-bæli, an eyry, a freq. local name of farms in Icel., Landn.; dreka-bæli, orms-bæli, a dragon’s lair, serpent’s den, Edda; even used of the lair of an outlaw, Grett. 132 (Grettis-bæli), Ld. 250.
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and bón, f. [biðja], prayer, request, boon; these two words are nearly identical in form, and sometimes used indiscriminately as to sense; but in most cases they are different, bæn having a deeper sense, prayer, bón, request, boon; we may say biðja e-n bónar, and biðja e-n bænar, but the sense is different; only bæn can be used of prayer to God; göra e-t at bæn e-s, Fs. 38; er su bæn allra var, at …, we all beg, that…, Eg. 28; skaltú veita mér bæn þó er ek mun biðja þik, Nj. 26; fella bæn at e-m, to pray one earnestly, Ísl. ii. 305.
β. prayer to God, often in plur.; vera á bænum, to be at prayers; hon var löngum um nætr at kirkju á bæuum sínum, Ld. 328; hann hellir út bænir fyrir dómstól Krists, Hom. 13, 156; bæn ok ölmusugjafir, Bs. i. 370, Pass. 4. 22, 44. 17: the phrase, vera e-m góðr (illr) bæna (gen. pl.), to turn the ear (or a deaf ear) to one’s prayers, Hom. (St.) 95; ver mér nú svá bæna, sem þú vilt at Guð sé þér á dómsdegi, Orkn. 174; Drottinleg bæn, the Lord’s Prayer; kveld-bæn, evening prayer; morgun-bæn, morning prayer; lesa bænir sínar. to say one’s prayers, etc. …
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d, to pray, entreat one; bændi hann til at hann skyldi, Fms. x. 387; prestr sá er bændr er. requested, K. Þ. K. 8, 40; því ætla ek at senda hann til keisarans sem hann bændi (asíed) sjálfr, Post. 645. 98, cp. Acts xxv. 25; grát-bæna, to pray ‘greeting,’ i. e. with tears.
β. bæna sik, (in mod. use) to cover the face with the hands in prayer.
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n. a letter of entreaty, Ann. 1330; bónar-bréf, 1392.
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n. pl. prayers, entreaties, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 235, Sks. 515.
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f. support of prayers, Fms. vi. 114.
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n. a holding of prayers, Landn. Hi, Gþl. 41; bænahalds-maðr, a man who prays to God, a religions man, Bs. i. 72, Hom. 154.
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n. a chapel, Grág. i. 459, Bs. i. 646; b. tollr, 647: a house of prayer, Matth. xxi. 13.
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m. entreaty, intercession, prayer; þat er b. minn til allrar alþýðu, Nj. 189; ek ætlaða, at þér munduð láta standa minn b. um einn maun, Fms. vi. 101; göra e-t fyrir bænastað e-s, to do a thing because of one’s intercession or prayer, Lv. 13: supplication, Bs. i. 740; með beztu manna ráði ok b., Gþl. 13.
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ð, esp. theol. to hear one’s prayer, N. T.
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u, f. the hearing one’s prayers, eccl., N. T., Vídal.
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= bænahús, Pm. 41, Dipl. iii. 2, iv. 9, Vm. 78.
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adj. diligent in prayer, Hkr. ii. 191.
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bœr, or býr, gen. baejar or býjar; gen. biar also occurs, esp. in Norse MSS. of the 14th century, Fb., but is rare and unclassical; pl. -ir, gen. -ja, dat. -jum. In Icel. people say bær; in Norway bö in Swed. and Dan. (always with y) by; the root word being búa, bú: this word is very freq. in local names of towns and villages throughout the whole of Scandinavia; and wherever the Scandinavian tribes settled the name by or bö went along with them. In the map of Northern England the use of this word marks out the limits and extent of the Norse immigration, e. g. the name Kirkby or Kirby; about twenty or thirty such are found in English maps of the Northern and Midland Counties, denoting churches built by the Norse or Danish settlers, as Whitby, Grimsby, etc., cp. Kirkjubær in Icel. In Denmark and Sweden local names ending in -by are almost numberless.
I. a town, village, this is the Norse, Swed., and Dan. notion; þeir brenna býi at köldum kolum, Fms. xi. 122; til bæjarins (of Niðarós), vii. 30; of Bergen, viii. 360, 438; Tunsberg, ix. 361; of the town residence of the earl of Orkney, Nj. 267: …
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(-ði, -t), v. impers., gekk áin undir þat þá er meirr bærði, when the waves (bárur) rose higher.
ð, [bera, báru], to move, stir, esp. reflex. to stir a limb, Bb. 3.31; enginn sá hans varir bærast, no one saw his lips move.
a.
1) able to be carried (~ á herðum);
2) fit, seemly.
adj. fit, seemly, Stj. 141.
a. entitled to; ~ er hverr at ráða sínu, every one has a right to dispose of his own property.
adj. due, entitled to, cp. Germ. gebührend; the proverb, b. er hverr at ráða sínu, every one has a right to dispose of his own property, Ísl. ii. 145; vera b. at dæma um e-t, to be a fit judge in a matter (a proverb); unbecoming, Yt. 11.
(-ta, -tr), v. to drive cattle into the stall (= bása).
t, [báss], = bása, to drive cattle into stall, Gísl. 20; the saying, fyrr á gömlum uxanum at b. en kálfinum, Fms. vi. 28.
m. (one born in a báss), a child of an outlawed mother.
m., prop. one born in a báss (q. v.); hence, as a law term, the child of an outlawed mother; þat barn er ok eigi arfgengt (that child is also not entitled to inheritance), er sú kona getr er sek er orðin skógarmaðr, þó-at hon geti við bónda sínum úsekjum, ok heitir sá maðr bæsingr, Grág. i. 178. Is not the name Bastard, which first occurs as. the surname of the Conqueror, simply a Norman corruption of this Scandin. law term? The son of an outlawed father was called vargdropi, q. v.
2. poët. the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.) This word is, we believe, derived from báss, a ‘boose’ stall, Goth. bansts; its original sense would then be, one born in a stall or crib; hence as a law term, a bastard; hornungr from horn (a corner) is an analogous term, cp. Germ. winkel-kind, for in ancient Teut. laws and language the bastard or outcast was considered as being born in an out-of-the-way place. Both words, bastarðr and bæsingr (q. v.), are, we believe, one in sense and origin, bastarðr being the older form, bæsingr the later; from Goth. banst-s was formed bastarðr, qs. banstarðr; …
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tt, [bót; Ulf. bôtjan = ωφελειν; Hel. bôtian; A. S. bêtan; O. H. G. bôzau; Germ. büssen]:—to better, improve, amend, also t o restore, repair, Nj. 163, Gþl. 411; b. aptr, to restore, Grág. ii. 336; b. upp, to restore, atone for, Fms. ix. 43; b. at e-u, to repair, 367; bæta ráð sitt, to better one’s condition, to marry, Nj. 2: theol. to better one’s life: Guð bætti honum af þessi sótt, God restored him to health, Fms. ix. 391; with gen. of the sickness, O. H. L. 84.
β. to mend, put a patch on a garment.
2. reflex., e-m bætisk, one gets better, is restored to health; at föður hans bættisk helstríð, Landn. 146: absol., bættisk honum þegar, he got better at once, Bs. i. 318, 319, 325: with gen., bættisk Búa augna-verkjarins, Ísl. ii. 428 (rare); cp. heilsu-bót, recovery of health.
II. a law term, to pay weregild, the person slain in acc., the money in dat.; Hrafnkell bætti engan mann fé, i. e. H. paid no weregild whomsoever he slew, Hrafn. 4; ek vil engan mann fé b., 9; Styrr vá mörg víg, en bætti engin (viz. …
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mod. bæxli, n. [bógr], the shoulder (Lat. armus) of a dragon, whale, shark, or the like, Fms. vi. 351, Bret. 544.16, Gullþ. 7.
(gen. böðvar), f. poet. battle.
f., gen. böðvar, [A. S. beadu], a battle, only in poetry, in which it is used in a great many compds; hence come the pr. names Böðvarr, Böðvildr, Böðmóðr, vide Lex. Poët.
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m., dat. böðli, [Dan. böddel; A. S. bydel, Engl. bedel, O. H. G. putil, Germ. büttel], an executioner, (mod. word.)
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að, dep. to rave, Hðm. 21.
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m., dat. böggvi, an obsol. word, a bag; breiðr b., a big bag, in a metaph. sense, Glúm. (in a verse): the dimin. böggull, m. a small bag, is in freq. use as a nickname, Arn. S. Bs. i. bögla, að, to shrivel, v. bagla.
(dat. bölvi; gen. pl. bölva), n. bale, misfortune (þá er bótin næst, er bölit er hæst).
n., dat. bölvi, gen. pl. bölva, [cp. Goth. balva-vesei and balveins = βάσανος, κόλασις; A. S. balew; Engl. bale; Hel. balu; O. H. G. balv; lost in mod. Germ. and Dan.]:—bale, misfortune; allit. phrases, böl and bót, ‘bale’ and ‘bote;’ bölva bætr, Stor. 22; þegar böl er hæst er bót næst, ‘when bale is hest, bote is nest,’ Morris, E. Engl. Spec, 100; svá skal böl bæta at bíða annat meira (a proverb), Grett. 123, Fbr. 193; böl er búskapr (a proverb).
(gen. ballar, dat. belli; pl. bellir, acc. böllu), m.
1) ball, globe (~ jarðar);
2) ~ svínfylkingar, the front of a phalanx.
m., gen. ballar, dat. belli, [Engl. ball; O. H. G. balla]:—a ball, globe: the ball, in the game of cricket, Gísl. 26 (in a verse, A. D. 963), but hardly ever used, knöttr being the common word: a globe, Al. 18; b. jarðar, Sks. 205 B; b. sólar, id., v. 1.: the front of a phalanx, belli svínfylktar fylkingar, 384 B: a small body of men, Lat. globus, Fms. viii. 406, where some MSS. read bjöllr, probably to avoid the ambiguity: a peak, mountain, in the local name Ballar-á, a farm in the west of Iceland, Eb.
2. anatom. the glans penis, Grág. ii. 16.
a. ballshaped, round like a ball (böllótt eggskurn).
adj. ball-shaped, Sks. 634; b. eggskurn, Stj. 12; b. manna höfuð, Fms. v. 343, Rb. 466.
(að), v.
1) to curse, with dat.
2) to swear.
að, [Ulf. balvjan = βασανίζειν], to curse, with dat. or absol., Stj. 37, 199, Sks. 539, 549, Hom. 33.
β. to swear, Sturl. iii. 239. bölv, n. swearing, (mod.)
f. curse, imprecation.
f. a curse, Stj. 37, 483: swearing, Fær. 239, Hom. 86.
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f. imprecation, Sks. 435, Anecd. 10.
f. malice.
f. malice, O. H. L. 32.
a. evil minded.
adj. bent on evil, ill-willed, Band. (MS.)
a. ‘balewise’, malignant, mischievious.
adj. [Ulf. balva-vesei, Hel. balu-veso, = diabolus], ‘bale-wise,’ detestable, Hbl. 23: a nickname, Hkv.
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m. [Dutch and Germ. barg; Engl. barrow], a barrow-hog, Hd., Lex. Poët.
(gen. barkar, dat. berki), m. bark (á berki ok á baðmi).
m., gen. barkar, dat. berki, bark, Stj. 177, Pr. 473, Am. 17; börku (acc. pl.), N. G. L. i. 242: a pr. name of a man, Landn.
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að (?); baurluðumk ek hér fyrir, Clem. 129 (Unger).
m. a kind of tree;
~ skjaldar, warrior (poet.).
m. a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.
II. a son = burr.
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m., poët. an ox, Edda (Gl.)
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f., pl. böstlar, arrows, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.