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= ofbeldi, Thom. 405.
f. sacramental wafer.
or oblát, f. [Lat. word], a sacramental wafer, oblát, acc., 625. 192; oblátu buðkr, Vm. 6.
m. overman (who gives the casting vote); umpire.
m. [Dan. op-mand, qs. ‘odd-mand’]:—the third man, who gives the casting vote, the odd man (third, fifth …): as in the saying, oddamaðr er opt inn þriði, | jafntrúr skal sá beggja liði, Mkv.; hvart sem tveir megu eða fleiri göra sátt, enda verða þeir eigi ásáttir, þá er rétt at þeir taki sér oddamann, Grág. i. 485; þeir skyldi sjálfir semja sættir sínar, en Rafn vera oddamaðr, ef þá skildi á Sturl. iii. 179.
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u, f. an odd number.
m.
1) triangle, point of land;
2) odd number; fig., standast (skerast) í odda, to be at odds, at variance.
a, m. a triangle, a point or tongue of land, Landn. 294, v. l.; vaxinn með þremr oddum, Fms. x. 272.
II. metaph. from the triangle, an odd number, opp. to even; ein er bæn, eða þrjár, fimm, eða sjau, því er bæna tal í odda, en eigi í jafna tölu, at sú tala er í odda er, merkir eining, ok má eigi deila í tvá hluti jafna, 625. 187: hence the metaph. phrase, standask í odda, to be at odds (Shakesp.), quarrelling; stóðsk allt í odda með þeim Þormóði ok Gesti, Fb. ii. 204 (skarsk í odda, Fbr. 81 new Ed. less correct); hefir nú ok í odda staðizk með oss um hríð, Ísl. ii. 180.
III. freq. in local names, of a tongue of land; Oddi, Odda-staðr, whence Odda-verjar, m. pl. the men from Oddi:—as a pr. name, Oddi, Stjörnu-Oddi = star-Oddi, Oddi the astronomer, an Icelander of the 12th century skilled in astronomy, from whom proceeded the computation called Odda-tal, n. the calculus of Oddi, Rb. 6.
COMPDS: oddamaðr, oddatala.
(-s, -ar), m.
1) point of a weapon; með oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, at the sword’s point, by force (heimta, eyða e-t með oddi ok eggju); brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one’s pride, to humble oneself;
2) spear (fölvir oddar);
3) spur (þótt vér jói óra oddum keyrum);
4) leader (hann var o. ok œsir fyrir þessum úráðum);
5) the front (hann hafði yxnum skipat í odd á liði sínu).
m. [A. S. ord; Germ. ort = ‘point’ of land, spot, place, but in early Germ. = Lat. cuspis; Dan.-Swed. od, odd]:—a point of a weapon Am. 59, Karl. 506, K. Þ. K. 96, and in countless instances, knífs-oddr, nálar-o., als-o., spjóts-o. (but blóðrefill of a sword): the allit. phrase, oddr ok egg, Hom. 33; með oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, at the sword’s point, by force, Nj. 149, Grág. ii. 13; ætla ek at sækja oddi ok eggju frændleifð mína, Ó. H. 32; brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one’s pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94: poët. a point, spear, fölvar oddar, Hkv. 1. 52; seðja ara oddum, 2. 7; oddar görva jarli megin, see jarl.
2. a spur, which in olden times had a single point, see Worsaae, No. 356.
II. metaph. the front; hann hafði yxnum skipat í odd á liði sínu, Fms. x. 404.
2. a leader; hann var oddr ok æsir fyrir þessum úfriði, Fms. viii. 57, v. l.
III. a pr. name, Oddr as well as Oddi: in compds, of men, Odd-björn, Odd-geirr, Odd-leifr, Odd-marr; of women, Odd-björg, Odd-fríðr, Odd-katla, Odd-laug, Odd-leif, Odd-ný, and in the latter part Þór-oddr, Arn-oddr, Landn. …
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a. skilled in wood-carving.
adj. skilled in wood-carving, Bs. i. 143, Fas. i. 292.
f. the first rhyming syllable, when at the beginning of a line.
f. a metrical term, when the first rhyming syllable stands at the head of a verse; thus in haf-löður skeflir the syllable ‘haf’ is an oddhending, Edda (Ht.) 121: in mod. usage, in Ballads (Rímur), it means two rhyming syllables in the first, and one in the second line, three being an odd number of rhyme syllables—thus, sveipaðr mundd | á silki hrund | sat eg undir kvendi is an oddhending.
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adj. written in the metre oddhending, Edda 139.
a. sharp-pointed.
adj. sharp-pointed, Bs. ii. 172.
m. leader, chief (~ liðs-ins, fyrir liðinu).
a, m. a leader, chief, who marches ahead, Hkv. Hjörv. 10, Hkv. 2. 10, Ó. H. 61, 214, Niðrst. 108.
I)
prep.
1) with dat. and acc., over = yfir (fara of fjöll; sitja of borði); of time, = um; of haust or of haustum, in the autumn; of aptaninn, in the evening; of hríð, for a while; of allt, always;
2) with acc. of, about (bera vitni of e-t);
3) in a casual sense, poet.; of sanna sök, for a just cause, justly.
II)
an enclitic particle, chiefly placed before verbs; ek drykk of gat ens dýra mjaðar, I got a draught of the precious mead.
III)
n.
1) great quantity, number; of fjár, immensity of wealth; of liðs, a vast host of men;
2) excess; við of, to excess; þótti hirðmönnum hans við of, they thought it was beyond measure;
3) pride, conceit (kirkjan verðr eigi svá mikil, at þar muni of þitt allt í liggja).
IV)
adv.
1) with adjectives and adverbs; too; of gamall, ungr, langr, stuttr, too old, young, long, short; of mjök, too much; of lengi, too long;
2) with the neuter of a past part. over-much, too much; hafa of drukkit, to have drunk too much; hafa of gört, to have transgressed; hafa of mælt, to have said too much; …
1. prep. with dat. and acc., the form varies; umb is an obsolete and rare form, hence um, sounded umm, which is far the most common form in old writers, and has altogether superseded both umb and of: [the ‘of’ answers nearest to Ulf. uf; O. H. G. oba; Germ. ob; Gr. ὑπό; Lat. sub; Sansk. upa.] Most of the oldest vellums, as also the poets, prefer to use ‘of,’ yet not all, for the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda in nine cases out of ten writes um, so also did the Cod. Acad. primus (the Kringla) of the Hkr.; and this is important, for these two vellums are our chief sources for old poetry; on the other hand, the Cod. Reg. of the Snorra Edda prefers ‘of.’ Among other vellums the old fragment of the Orkn. S. (Arna-Magn. No. 325) mostly uses ‘of’ as of nóttina, Orkn. 110; of hans daga, 178; of Jól, 180; of daga þeirra bræðra, 182; but also ‘um’ e. g. ofan um sik, ofan um hann, id. The word will be given in full under letter U, so that a few references may suffice here:
I. in the sense over, Lat. super, with dat. and acc.,
α. jörð grær of ágætum barma, Eg. …
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u, f. overbearing (= of 1); frétt hefir öld ofu þá, (pride, pomp?), Am. 1; létt sésk Atli ofu þína, A. little heeds thy overbearing, Skv. 3. 31.
adv.
1) from above, down, downwards;
falla ~, to fall down;
taka ~ húsin, to pull down the house;
2) on the uppermost part, at the top (klettrinn var víðr ~);
3) above the surface of, with gen. (~ jarðar);
4) with preps.:
~ af, down from (~ af landi);
~ á or ~, down upon (leggr Refr á hann ~ aptr klæðin, ok þar leggst Álfdís ~ á klæðin);
besides (á þetta ~ allt gerði hann suðr at oss þrettán skútur);
þola hverja skömm á aðra ~, to bear one disgrace after another;
~ á or á ~, to boot, into the bargain, = þar á ~;
~ eptir, down along (reið hann þá ~ eptir dal);
~ frá, below (var verkr í enni hœgri kinn ~ frá auganu);
~ fyrir, down over (hann féll dauðr ~ fyrir klettinn);
fyrir ~, above (arfasáta, er hér stendr fyrir ~ húsin);
steinveggr var fyrir ~, above, higher up.
adv., the mod. Faroe dialect has oman, [Goth. obana; A. S. ofan; Germ. oben]:—from above, down, downwards.; falla ofan, to fall down, 623. 24, Eg. 240: taka ofan hús, to pull down, 100; fóru ofan þangat, Nj. 68; hann klauf ofan allan skjöldinn … reist ofan allan fótum, from top to bottom, 246; hann hjó frá ofan höndina, separated, cut off the hand, 160: metaph., telja e-t ofan, to ‘talk down,’ dissuade, Fms. xi. 11; taka ofan, to uncover the head.
II. with prepp. denoting motion from above; ofan af landi, Eg. 32; ofan af himnum, down from heaven; ofan til skipa, 244; ofan eptir dal, ofan eptir eyrum; hann féll ofan fyrir klettinn, he fell down over the rock, Fær. 31; ofan fyrir bjargið, ganga ofan í fen, to sink, plunge into the fen, Nj. 21; veit þá heldr fyrir ofan, it sloped downwards, Fær. 40.; detta ofan í, to sink down into the mire, of cattle; þeir riðu ofan í Skaptártungu, Nj. 261; ofan í fjöru, ofan í dalinn, ofan í gröfina, etc.; ofan á herðar, mitt læri, ofan á belti, 2; ór himni ofan, down from heaven, Clem. 21; ofan frá merkjá, Eg. 100; hann lét (the garment) falla ofan um sik … sem klæðit hrundi ofan um hann, Orkn. …
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n.
1) downfall;
2) downpour of rain (var veðrátta ill ok ofanföll).
n. a downfall, Fms. ii. 276. Fbr. 88: a down-pour, of rain, Sturl. i. 163, Ann. 1391, Fas. i. 64, Karl. 527.
f. descending, descent.
f. a descending, Ísl. ii. 339.
f. descending, descent.
u, f. a descent, Sturl. i. 180, Eb. 218, Eg. 229, Stj. 365.
n. cutting down.
n. a cutting down, Pr. 414.
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f. payment into the bargain:—rebuke.
f. riding downwards.
f. a riding downwards, Sturl. iii. 245.
a.
1) the upper, uppermost, opp. to neðanverðr;
hann hjó í ofanverðan skjöldinn, in the uppermost part of the shield;
á ofanverðu fjallinu, on the top of the mountain;
breiðr at ofanverðu, broad at the top;
2) of time, in the later part of a period, opp. to öndverðr;
ofanverða nótt, towards the end of the night, late in the night;
á ofanverðum dögum Haralds, in the later part of the reign of King Harold.
adj., opp. to neðanverðr (q. v.), the upper, uppermost; í ofanvert bjargit, Hkr. i. 290; komnir í ofanvert riðit, Fms. ii. 5; skegg á ofanverðu barðinu, 310; breiðr at ofanverðu, Ísl. ii. 345; á ofanverðu fjalli, Str. 54; á ofanverðri Heiðmörk, Fb. ii. 292; frá öndverðu til ofanverðs, from top to bottom, Hom. 118; frá ofanverðu allr prjónaðr, John xix. 23.
2. temp. in the later part of a period, opp. to öndverðr; ofanverða nótt, towards the end of the night, late in the night, Fms. iv. 54, Gullþ. 27; öndurða … ofanverða æfi sína, Ver. 25, Rb. 410; á ofanverðum dögum Haralds, Fh. ii. 182, Gísl. 3.
adv.
adv. = ofarliga, in a temp. sense, towards the end of a certain length of time; á hans dögum ofarla, 623. 11, Fms. iv. 24, xi. 201; o. á Langa-föstu, v. 168:—metaph., the phrase, bíta e-m ofarla, to bite sharply, Hm. 119.
adv. compar.
1) higher up (annat augat mun ~ en annat);
fig., lát eigi o. koma þessa fólsku, let not this nonsense go farther;
2) later, move advanced in time;
3) o. meirr = ~.
adv., compar. answering to of, upp, yfir, opp. to neðarr, q. v.; superl. ofarst, but better efst, q. v.:—above, higher up; sumir ofarr sumir neðarr, Hkr. i. 71; annat augat mun ofarr en annat, Fms. vi. 206; ofarr á legsteininum, Al. 65; ofarr í ánni, Edda 75; o. en nú gangi flóð, Grág. ii. 354; draga segl ofarr, Hkv. 1. 29.
2. temp. later, more advanced in time; því meirr er ofarr var, Bs. i. 137.
3. metaph., hættú, hættú! ok lát eigi ofarr koma þessa fólsku, stop, stop! and let not this nonsense go farther, Bs. i. 810.
4. with a compar., ofar meir, ‘upper-more,’ higher up, Fms. ix. 406: temp. later, 499; sem ofar meirr (below, in a book) mun heyrask mega, Stj. 13; sem ofar meirr mun sagt vera, 44.
II. superl. ofarst, uppermost, = efst (q. v.), Edda 2, Fms. vii. 64, N. G. L. i. 59, Hkr. i. 146, Grág. ii. 402.
adv.
1) high up, in the upper part (~ í dalnum);
þeim mun í brún bregða ok ~ klæja, they will make a wry face and their pates will tingle;
fig., bíta e-m ~, to bite one sharply;
2) of time, towards the end of a certain period;
~ á dögum Ólafs konungs, in the later part of the reign of King Olaf (= á ofanverðum dögum).
adv. high up, in the upper part, opp. to neðarliga, q. v.; o. í dalnum, o. í skálanum, o. á fjöllum, Grett. 111, Fms. v. 197, K. Á. 70, N. G. L. i. 14.
2. metaph., þeim mun í brún bregða ok ofarliga klæja, their upper part will itch, i. e. in the vital parts of their body, = sorely, Nj. 239, cp. Hm. 119; at faðir þinn tæki o. til launanna, thy father was made to smart for it, Ölk. 37; o. mun liggja újafnaðr í þér, of bare-faced impudence, Grett. 134.
3. temp., ofarliga á Jólum, Fms. vii. 272; ofarliga á hans dögum, Orkn. 136; o. á æfi Sigurðar konungs, Fms. vii. 162.
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in compds, = of, vastness: ofa-fé, mikit ofafé, a vast amount of money, Fær. 11; ofafé mikit, Fms. vii. 232: ofa-mikill, adj.; ofamikit fé, Hkr. i. 182, 284; ofamikit herfang, Orkn. 378.
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adj. overbearing, Stj. 8.
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m. an overbearing man, Stj. 85.
n. offering (fórnir eða offr; offr hins heilaga Ólafs).
n., also spelt ofr, [Lat. offertum; Germ. opfer], an offering, Fms. ix. 277, Sks. 699, 781, Hkr. iii. 66, Bs. i. 820, Anecd. 8; fórnir ok heilög offr, id.; einskis þeirra offr skal taka til heilags altaris, K. Á. 208; til prests offrs, 102; prestinum til offrs, Vm. 118; at hann hefði sukkat gózi ok offri hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, þá hann hafði með at taka offrinu, Bs. i. 820.
(að), v.
1) to make an offering, sacrifice (o. e-m e-t);
2) to make a gift, to present; o. e-m e-u (hann ~ði miklu fé til grafar drottins).
að, [Germ. opfern; Engl. offer], to make an offering, sacrifice; offra e-m e-t, Mar.: o. sik Guði, K. Á. 58.
2. to make a gift, to present, in an eccl. sense, Al. 17: with dat. of the thing, hann offraði miklu fé til grafar Dróttins, Fms. vii. 92; offraði frú Kristín borðkeri miklu, x. 87; hann lét göra kirkju ok offraði þar til gullhring, 153; þeir vóru leiddir til altaris at offra, ix. 277: reflex., H. E. i. 405.
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f. an offering, Stj. 109.
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f. an offering, Hom. 113, Str. 80.
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f. = obláta, q. v.
a. full of pride.
adj. full of pride, 625. 90.
m. overproud man.
m. an over-proud man, Vígl. 17, MS. 677. 11, Stj. 36.
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adj. arrogant, Bs. i. 854.
(-s, -ar), m. oven, furnace.
m., spelt omn, Blas. 46; an older form ogn, Boldt 48, answering to Goth. and Swed.: [Ulf. auhns = κλίβανος; Engl. oven; Swed. ugn; Dan. ovn, kakkel-ovn; Germ. ofen; cp. Gr. ἴπν-ος]:—an oven, furnace, esp. in Norway, where there are no hot springs for bathing, Rb. 386, Ver. 29, Stj. 273, Fms. vii. 245, Bs. i. 223, Eb. 47 new Ed.; stein-ofn, a furnace of bricks (?), referring to the year 1316, Bs. i. 830, where the passage may refer to warming the apartments.
2. an oven for baking; gékk hón til nauðig ok bakaði í ofninum, Hom. 113; in olden times, as at the present day, baking and dairy work were in the women’s charge.
COMPDS: ofnseldr, ofngrjót, ofnreykr, ofnstofa.
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m. the name of a serpent, Gm., Edda (Gl.)
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m. an oven-fire, Stj. 112.
n. oven-stones.
n. pl. oven-stones, bricks (?), Fms. vii. 323, viii. 166 (referring to the latter part of the 12th century).
m. smoke from an oven.
m. smoke from an oven, Stj. 124.
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u, f. an ‘oven-closet,’ close stove, bath-room, Fms. vi. 440, where it is stated that king Olave the Quiet (1066–1093) was the first who introduced ovens or stoves (ofn-stofa) into the hall instead of the old open fires, see eldr (II); these stoves served for bathing and for heating the rooms; hann lét ok fyrst göra ofnstofur ok steingólf vetr sem sumar. The account of the death of the Berserkers in Eb. ch. 28, referring to the 10th century, may therefore be an anachronism and not an historical fact, for it is reported as extraordinary for Iceland that a bishop of Hólar (a Norseman) in the year 1316 built a ‘stone-oven’ (brick-oven) in his house, Laur. S. l. c.
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adv. [cp. Goth. ufar; Engl. over; O. H. G. upar; Germ. über; Lat. super; Gr. ὑπέρ]:—over-greatly, exceedingly: with gen. but rarely, ofr fjár is perh. only a misprint for of fjár, Lv. 103 (paper MS.); otherwise as a prefix chiefly to substantives and adjectives.
COMPDS: ofrafl, ofrást, ofrborð, ofrdýrr, ofrefli, ofreflismenn, ofrfjöldi, ofrgangr, ofrgarpr, ofrgjöld, ofrharmr, ofrhefnd, ofrhiti, ofrhugi, ofrhugr, ofrkapp, ofrkappsmaðr, ofrkuldi, ofrlengi, ofrlið, ofrligr, ofrmáta, ofrmenni, ofrmikill, ofrmælgi, ofrmæli, ofrskjótt, ofrvald, ofrverkr, ofryrða, ofryrði, ofrþraut, ofrþungi, ofrölvi.
(að), v.
1) to brandish, wave in the air, with dat. (o. vápnum sínum);
2) to raise, lift (o. líkam hins helga Ólafs); þegar er sólu var ofrat, as soon as the sun had risen; o. sér, to raise the head, appear (líðr þá eigi langt áðr gömul úhlýðni ofrar sér);
3) refl., ofrast, to become known (Guðmundr vildi eigi þat o. láta); to pride oneself (af e-u).
1. að, to brandish, wave in the air, with dat. of the thing brandished; þegar er Birkibeinar ofruðu vápnum sínum, Fms. viii. 43, Eb. 60; ofra vröngum ægi, to pull the oar backwards, Bragi.
2. to raise; ofra lofi e-s, to put forth one’s praise, Edda (in a verse); þegar er sólu var ofrat, when the sun had risen, Ld. 216; ofra sér, to raise the head, appear, Bs. ii. 80, 132; bið ek at eigi ofrir þú reiði þinni, Stj. 392: acc., ofra sinn hug, Bs. ii. 112.
II. reflex., Guðmundr vildi þat eigi heyra né ofrask láta, G. would not let it be known, Sturl. i. 141; þat ráð sem nú var ofrat (put forth, proposed), Sturl. iv. 104, (Bs. i. 770 efnat): to pride oneself, Hom. 49, Bs. ii. 24.
2. að, see offra and offr.
(gen. -ar), m. notification, disclosure; bera e-t á ofrað, to make known, divulge.
m. [Ulf. ufarassus = abundance]: in the phrase, bera e-t á ofroð, to shew up, divulge, Stj. 619.
II. gen. ofraðar, adv. exceedingly; ofraðar lengi, for a long time to come, Korm. (in a verse); ofraðar þrekmaðr er sjá, an exceeding strong man is he, Niðrst. 6; ofraðar maðr er sjá, a mighty hero is he, 645. 107; ofraðar rangt, exceeding wrong, 677. 5; ofraðar vel, exceedingly well, Fms. xi. 47; ofraðar synd, pride, presumption, = ofmetnaðr, Mar.
f. pride, self-assumption.
f. pride, insolence, Bs. ii. 44: savageness, N. G. L. i. 80.
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adv. = offrá, from, off, Vþm. 7; whence the contr. form áfrá, Fms. x. 395, 404.
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m. pl. powerful men, bearing all down, Nj. 75, Eg. 425, 520.
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a, m. a rambler, Grág. i. 192; see lands-ofringi.
m. overbearing man.
m. a fierce, stubborn man, Fs. 52, Glúm. 373, Ísl. ii. 369, Fas. i. 119.
n. = ofrefli, ofríki.
n. = ofrefli, Grág. ii. 192.
f. passionate love.
f. passionate love, Fms. vii. 357.
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n. overboard; in the metaph. phrase, detta fyrir ofrborð, to fall overboard, lose heart and courage.
a. over-dear.
adj. over-dear, Þórð. 65.
n.
1) overwhelming force (þessi maðr brýzt í móti miklu ~);
2) Oddr kvað sér þat eigi ~, O. said it was not beyond his strength;
3) excess, immensity (~ frosts ok kulda).
n. overwhelming force, odds, Eg. 351, Fms. i. 199, viii. 90, Ísl. ii. 363: beyond one’s strength, Oddr kvað sér þat ekki ofrefli Korm. 38, Eb. 112, Fms. i. 203; með ofrefli, Al. 134: excess, immensity o. frosts, Sks. 36 new Ed.; mikit o. gulls, Mar.: gen., ofreflis fjöldi, immensity, Stj. 95.
m. immense host.
a, m. an immense host, Karl. 506.
m. = ofgangr.
m. = ofgangr, Sks. 18, 33 new Ed.
m. overdaring man.
m. an overdaring man, Grett. 156 new Ed.
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n. pl. fearful, dire retribution, Skv. 2. 4.
m. overwhelming sorrow.
m. an overwhelming sorrow, Fb. i. 512, Fas. i. 181.
f. fearful vengeance.
f. a fearful vengeance. Am. 72.
m. excessive heat.
a, m. an overwhelming heat, Hrafn. 15, Mar.
m.
1) a fearless, daring man;
2) = ofrhugr.
a, m. a fearless, daring man, Nj. 220, Fms. i. 155, ii. 66, vi. 324, Fs. 54, Korm. 90: = ofrhugr, ákefð ok o., Fms. ii. 319.
m. dauntless courage.
m. dauntless courage, Edda (pref.)
n. excessive zeal, stubbornness (verja mál með ~i).
n. fierceness, stubbornness, Ld. 178, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. vi. 146, 417, Eb. 98, Fb. ii. 51.
m. excessive cold.
a, m. excessive cold, Sks. 87.
adv. very long.
adv. very long, Hkr. i. 102.
n. overwhelming force; bera e-n ~i, to overpower.
n. overwhelming force; bera e-n ofrliði, to overpower, Fms. i. 154, Hkr. ii. 371, Barl. 190.
a. excessive.
adj. excessive; ofrligt er um örleik þinn, Skíða R. 26.
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adv. beyond measure, Fas. iii. 424.
n. mighty champion.
n. a mighty champion, Eb. 248.
a. very great.
adj. very great, Sks. 141, Hkr. iii. 65.
f. great babbling or vaunting.
f. high words, vaunting, Vþm. 10.
n. = yrði.
n. big talk, Edda 57.
adv. very soon.
n. adj. very soon, Hkr. ii. 190.
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n. = ofrefli.
m. violent ache or pain.
m. a violent ache or pain, Bs. ii. 29.
(-ða, ðr), v. to address in big words.
t, to address in big words, Þiðr. 256.
n. high words.
n. pl. high words, Edda 57, Karl. 509.
f. hard trial.
f. a great trial, Konr.
m. crushing weight.
a, m. a crushing weight, Bs. ii. 81.
a. having over-drunk, the worse for drink.
adj. the worse for drink, Hm. 13.
(að), v. to puff oneself up, be arrogant (o. sér til vansa);
refl., ofsast, to grow unruly (Jupiter þótti fólkit ofsast).
að, to overdo, do to excess; hinum bótum er þeir ofsa eðr vansa er í dómum sitja, N. G. L. i. 184; opt eru íll vitni ofsuð fyrir skaps sakir, 247:—ofsa sik, to puff oneself up, be haughty, arrogant; ef þú ofsar þik eigi þér til vansa, Hrafn. 29.
II. reflex. to grow unruly; Jupiter þótti fólkit ofsask, Bret. 6; opt verðr ofsat til vansa, a saying = pride goes before a fall, Al. 138.
2. hence mod. afsast, dep. to rave, rage.
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adj. excessive.
m. overbearing man.
m. an overbearing, violent man, Eg. 174, Nj. 89, Fms. vi. 155, vii. 113.
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n. a violent gale.
m. overbearing, tyranny.
a, m. overbearing, tyranny; fyrir o. Haralds konungs, Fs. 123; biskup kvaðsk vænta at menn munu þessum ofsa af sér hrinda, Fb. iii. 450; ofsi ok löglausa, Ó. H. 238, Eb. 116; ofsa ok yfirgang, Fms. vi. 26; ofsi ok újafnaðr, Eg. 8; ofsa ok údáðir, Fms. i. 208; at eigi mætti ofsi steypa lögunum, Hkr. i. 72; at sjatna mundi þeirra o., Ísl. ii. 386: extravagance, meir með ofsa en fyrirhyggju, Ld. 186; Þorsteini þótti nokkut svá vita ofsa þarvist þeirra ok eigi með fullri forsjá, Fs. 13; til ofsa ok frásagnar, Gþl. 275.
II. gen. prefixed, excessively; ofsa hörð veðr, vehement gales, Bs. i. 893; ofsa kláði, a sore itch. Fél. x; ofsa þrútuligr, Hkr. 642 new Ed.
COMPDS: ofsalegr, ofsamaðr, ofsaveðr.
m. proud man.
read ofrkappsmaðr, Bjarn. 34.
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see opt.
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or of-vallt, adv. always, Orkn. 90, etc.; see ávalt or ávallt.
n. over-eating, gluttony.
n. (afát, Hom. 31, 53, 71), over-eating, gluttony, Skálda 208, Greg. 25, Barl. 42.
n. violence, overbearing.
proncd. obbeldi, n. [qs. ofveldi], violence, overbearing, Fms. i. 221, vii. 20, Al. 10, N. G. L. i. 458, H. E. i. 470.
COMPDS: ofbeldisfullr, ofbeldismaðr.
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bauð, only impers. mér ofbýðr, it amazes, shocks, me.
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f. cowardice, Sks. 75.
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n. a shock, terror; í ofboði, in amazement:—ofboðs, adv. shockingly, very, ofboðs-legr, adj. shocking.
f. passion, rashness.
f. passion, impatience, Hom. 85.
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n. too much honour; það er o. fyrir mig, (conversational.)
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f. pl. quarrelsomeness, Hom. 85.
f. foolhardiness, impudence.
f. foolhardiness, K. Á. 232, Fms. iii. 68, vii. 18, 161, H. E. i. 504, Str. 50. ofdirfðar-fullr, adj. foolhardy, H. E. i. 473.
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u. f. = ofdirfð, passim in mod. usage.
n. arrogance, conceit.
n. arrogance, conceit, Edda 7, Ó. H. 88, Sks. 462. ofdrambs-fullr, adj. conceited, Fms. v. 217, Hom. 123.
f. indulgence in drink.
u, f. (af-drykkja, Hom. 31, 53), indulgence in drink, Fms. viii. 251, ix. 424, Barl. 42, Gþl. 276, Skálda 208. ofdrykkju-maðr, m. a drunkard, 623. 15, Fms. viii. 252, Barl. 137.
f. too great conceit.
f. great conceit, Finnb. 300.
n. ‘over-door’, lintel.
n. (umdyri, Hom. 82 thrice), the ‘over-door,’ the lintel, Ver. 21, Stj. 279, Gþl. 345.
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u, f. pertness, Sks. 519, v. l.
a. having gone too far; verða ~ við e-n, to transgress against one.
adj. having gone too far, doing wrong; verða offari, Fms. iii. 21, viii. 237, xi. 436, Bs. i. 296, 837.
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u, f. too much stoutness.
n. presumption.
n. insolence, Grett. 110 A, Fms. v. 181. offors-fullr, adj. insolent, Grett. 70 new Ed.
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f. intruding oneself, Sks. 295.
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f. over-temptation, Barl. 158.
f. surfeit, gluttony.
f. surfeit, Al. 153, Hom. 31: medic. dropsy.
m. excess; ganga ofgangi (ofgöngum) yfir e-n, to tyrannize.
m. ‘over-going’ excess, Fms. iii. 39; ganga ofgöngum, Gísl, 79, N. G. L. i. 169; ganga ofgangi, Fms. vii. 269: o. sjóvar, Barl. 19; elds o., D. N. ii. 95; o. frosts ok jökla, Sks. 12 new Ed.
a. over-prevailing.
adj. over-prevailing, Sks. 339.
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m. a great shock, Hom. (St.)
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f. bragging, Hom. 85.
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f. pl. paying into the bargain, Nj. 18, v. l.
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m. a crime, Art. 20.
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n. pl. great advantages, Hkr. iii. 285.
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f. prevalence, Sks. 339, v. l.
m. excessive grief.
m. affliction, Fms. iii. 166.
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f., medic. a tingling in the head, Fél. x.
m. excessive heat.
a, m. excessive heat, Hom. 87.
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hlóð, to overload: of-hleðsla, u, f. overloading,
m. immoderate laughter.
m. immoderate laughter, Hom. 85.
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m. a calm, poët., Alm. 23.
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f. ‘over-flesh,’ proud flesh, of a wound, Fél. x.
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f. over-comfort, easy life, Hom. 86.
m. ‘over-earl’, over-match (verða mér sumir ~ar hér í heraðinu).
m. an ‘over-earl,’ an over-match; verða mér sumir ofjarlar hér í héraðinu, Valla L. 206; Jóab, er mér verðr ofjarl fyrir stórleika sakir, Stj. 537: in a play of words, Einarr þambar-skelfir sá þetta ok mælti, ofjarl, ofjarl, fóstri!—Kann ek ekki við því, at yðr þykki sumt ofjarl en sum ekki at manna, Fms. vi. 53.
n. stubbornness.
n. stubbornness, Gþl. 199, Bret. 38, Sturl. ii. 15, Finnb. 332.
a. overbearing, wanton.
adj. exulting, Fms. vi. 110, vii. 23, Fagrsk. 128.
f. excessive petulance.
f. petulance, Nj. 129, Fms. ix. 404, v. l.
n. domineering of a wife.
n. uxoriousness, Fms. iv. 21.
f. wantonness.
f. wantonness, Fms. ix. 352, 404, 445, Hom. 86.
m. a vain, showy person.
a, m. a gaudy person, Landn. 273, Ld. 20, Nj. 142, Sturl. i. 19, Fms. ii. 6, Gísl. 14.
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part. much lamented, Sighvat.
a. showy.
adj. showy, Sturl. iii. 156, Fbr. 56.
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m. = ofláti.
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m. a person made too much of, Grett. 121 A.
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m. alertness, Sks. 19.
adv. promptly.
adv. willingly, promptly, Ld. 182, Fms. iii. 91.
a. prompt, easy, ready.
adj. prompt, easy, ready, Fms. ii. 99; o. til góðra verka, Hom. (St.); skulu vér nú vera þér auðveldir ok ofléttir til allra hluta er þú vilt at vér görim, Stj., Fms. iv. 134 (spelt afléttr).
n. = ofrlið.
n. an overwhelming force; vera ofliði borinn, Nj. 180; ef menn bera þá ofliði, ok láta þá eigi ganga til dóms, Grág. i. 111.
2. over-zeal; því þér hafit mér veitt fullt lið, ef eigi oflið, Fms. vii. 143.
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n. adj. a metrical term, a pun, equivocation in poetry; þessi orðtök hafa menn til at yrkja fólgit, ok er þat kallat ofljóst, Edda 110, Skálda 183, 189.
a. hideous.
adj. very hideous. Hým. 23.
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ð, to humble. Post. 209.
n. arrogance.
n. self-assumption, Hom. 152.
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adj. very slovenly, Lex. Poët.
m. over-match; vera e-m ~, to be more than a match for.
m. = ofjarl; vera e-m o., Orkn. 426.
n. = oflið; bera e-n ~i, to overpower.
n. = oflið; in bera e-n ofmagni, to overpower, Fas. iii. 175.
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f. starvation, N. G. L. i. 25, Gþl. 502.
m. pride, arrogance.
m. over-pride, over-assumption, Nj. 17, Ó. H. 69, Sks. 461, Stj. 8, 144, 145, Hom. 86, 107, Ver. 10, Greg., Mar., Bs., passim in old and mod. usage.
COMPDS: ofmetnaðarfullr, ofmetnaðarmaðr, ofmetnaðarsamr.
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að, to pride oneself, Karl. 197.
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adj. ‘over-muckle,’ excessive, Gm. 21.
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f. sensuality, Hom. (St.)
f. excessive loquacity.
f. loquacity, Stj. 155.
f. intemperance.
u, f. intemperance, Stj. 143, H. E. i. 519, Jb. 404.
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m. great pomp, Str. 82.
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adv. with great pomp, Str. 81.
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f. pomp, show, Hom. 85.
f. too great a trial, too severe a test.
f. too great a trial, too strong a test, Nj. 220, Fas. ii. 465.
f. presumption.
f. ‘over-boldness,’ presumption, Fms. vii. 290; er öllum þat o., at halda því fyrir mér er konungr vill at ek hafa, ix. 445, v. l.; þann dóm lét hann hvern hafa, sem honum þótti þeir sakir til hafa, hvárt sem hann var ríkr eða fátækr, en þat þótti þeim o., xi. 250; hann lét jafna refsing hafa ríkan ok úríkan, en þat þótti landsmönnum o., Ó. H. 190.
n.
1) too great a task (þótti honum þetta ~ vera);
2) too high a match (Þorsteinn kvað sér þat ~).
n. too great a task, Fms. iv. 29; oss mundi þat ílla sækjask ok o. vera við þá Eyfirðinga, Valla L. 224; Sturla frændi hans segir honum slíkt ofráð, Sturl. ii. 91: too high an aspiration, ekki var þetta vel þokkat af sveitar-mönnum fyrir Þóri, ok þótti honum þetta o. ráð vera, iii. 144: too high a match, Þorsteinn kvað sér þat o., er hón stóð ein til alls arfs eptir Kraka, Þorst. hv. 38.
f. too great severity in punishing.
f. too great severity in punishing, Fb. ii. 316.
m. arrogant person.
m. arrogance, Bs. i. 634.
(-da, -dr), v. to put to too severe a test; ~ sik, to overstrain oneself.
d, to put too strong a test, Mar.; ofreyna sik, to overstrain one’s strength.
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u, f. an overstraining.
n. overbearing, tyranny.
n. overbearing, sheer force, tyranny; at þeir þerði eigi heim at ganga fyrir o. búandans, K. Þ. K.; ofvald eðr o., Stj. 154, Boll. 336; afli ok o., Fms. i. 34; o. ok újafnaðr, viii. 84; bera e-n ofríki, N. G. L. ii. 150. ofríkis-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Gþl. 488.
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að, = á-saka, to accuse, Hom. 155.
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u, f. a quarrel, row, Hom. 85.
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u, f. over-stinginess, Hom. 85.
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a, m. a follower; allir inir æztu Aðils ofsinnar, Bm.; Sathan og hans ofsinnum, Vídal. ii. 25.
f. pl., sjá ofsjónum yfir e-u, to look down upon, despise (sér þú nú ofsjónum yfir flestum bústöðum).
f. pl.; in the phrase, sjá ofsjónum yfir e-u, to look down upon, despise; brott ætlar hann ok görir hann þat ílla … þurfti hann ekki ofsjónum yfir þessu landi at sjá, Sturl. i. 225; ef hann hefði eigi séð ofsjónum yfir mannlegu eðli, Al. 160:—in mod. usage, to grudge one a thing.
2. mod. the seeing of phantoms.
f. excessive pleasure.
f. over-pleasure, Fms. ii. 271.
n. excess of talking.
n. over-swaggering, great noise, Fms. vi. 287.
a. indecl. looking down upon (vera e-m ~).
adj. overlooking, looking down upon; þeir þykkjask sér ærnir, en mér nokkut o., Fms. v. 226; sýnisk mér sem flestir menn sé honum o. vestr þar. Sturl. iii. 168.
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f., medic. monstrosity, Fél. x.
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m. vast masses of snow, N. G. L. i. 392.
f. persecution.
f. persecution, Fær. 134, Fms. i. 224, Stj. 497, Ver. 29, Th. 79, Bs. ii. 142, passim.
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n. ‘over-strength,’ showiness, pride, Str. 82 (twice).
m. overbearing arrogance.
a, m. overbearing, arrogance, insolence; fara með ofstopa, Nj. 222; vildi Guð nú enda láta á verða þeirra ofstopa, Fms. vii. 18, Hom. 76; ofmetnaðr ok o., Rb. 394. ofstopa-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Eb. 14, Fms. i. 6, vii. 238, Nj. 215, Orkn. 8; íllt er at eggja ofstopa-mennina, Fb. i. 522.
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m. over-strength, violence, Sks. 156.
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n. = ofviðri, Fr.
n. unmanageable thing.
n. an ‘over-steering,’ unmanageable thing; ætla ek at þú verðir oss skjótt ofstýri, Fas. i. 365 (Skjöld. S.); yðr mun o. verða at leggja mik við velli, Boll. 344: hence the mod. ó-stýrilátr, unruly, qs. ofstýrilátr.
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n. ferocity, Ld. 252; grunar mik at ei komir þú því við fyrir þeirra o., Ísl. ii. 347, Mag. 164; ofstækis-maðr, a fierce man, Mag.
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adj. hot, fierce, vehement.
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f. = ofstæri, Thom. 411.
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n. [stórr], pride, haughtiness, Thom. 182.
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f. pl. priapismus, Fél. x.
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n. over-sleep, lethargy, N. G. L. ii. 418 (v. l.), Bb. 3. 81.
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n. temerity. H. E. i. 261, N. G. L. i. 458.
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adj. in over-high spirits.
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sótti, to persecute, Magn. 482, Stj. 402, 448, 478, passim. ofsækjandi, part. a persecutor, Stj 376.
f. exaggeration.
f. ‘over-saying.’ exaggeration, Fas. i. 25.
f. pl. exaggeration; eigi má ofsögum segja frá vitsmunum þínum, your intelligence cannot be too highly praised.
f. pl. exaggeration; ekki hefir hann ofsögur frá þér sagt, Fms. vi. 206; hafa eigi o. verit frá sagðar þeirra garpskap ok herði, xi. 151; eigi má ofs gum segja frá vitsmunum þínum, it cannot be too highly praised, Ld. 132, Fas. i. 84, Ísl. ii. 36, Mag. 99, 113.
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u, f. an ‘over-number,’ surplus, N. G. L. i. 182.
f. taking too much to oneself.
u, f. a taking too much, wronging, Bs. i. 115.
f. too great honour.
f. a too great honour, Fas. ii. 489.
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n. ‘over-trust,’ a too great confidence.
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t, to trust too much, Hsm.
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n. = ofstæki (?), Njarð. 368 v. l.
n. = ofríki.
n. = ofrvald, H. E. ii. 83, Stj. 121, 154, Art. 64.
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see ofallt.
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n. = ofviðri, Hom. 97, Fas. ii. 78.
m. excessive pain.
m. a violent pain, Bs. i. 343, 456, Stj. 435.
n. violent gale.
n. a violent gale, Fms. viii. 256. K. Þ. K. 78, Fas. ii. 37.
f. conceit, presumption.
f. conceit, presumption, Stj. 144, Hom. (St.)
f. too great honour.
f. over great an honour, Fms. vi. 17.
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a, m. an over-wise person = Germ. sonderling, one who behaves in a strange manner; hann er o., a popular phrase.
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n. an enormity, an enormous weight.
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adj. ‘over-weighing,’ overwhelming, immense, Bs. ii. 5.
a. immense, overwhelming.
adj. overwhelming: o. herr, Ó. H. 242.
n. anxious expectation.
f. ‘over-weening’ spirits, Vikv. 7.
f. immoderate lust.
immoderate lust, Hom. 85.
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ð, to force, ravish, Stj. 384.
f. stubborn silence.
f. stubborn silence. Art. 30.
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adj. over-silent. Art. 30.
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f. an ‘over-task,’ too great a task.
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adv. = úfelmtliga (?). Sturl. iii. 185 C.
I)
conj.
1) and; bæði … ok, both … and (bæði er hann vitr ok framgjarn);
2) in comparison, as, and; sami maðr ok áðr, the same man as before; nú fór Svíum allt á eina leið ok Dönum, it went with the Swedes in the same way as with the Danes; þat er mjök sundrleitt (úlíkt) ok kristnir menn gøra, it differs much from what Christians do;
3) of an adversative character, and yet, but (hann var særðr mörgum sárum ok engum stórum);
4) introducing the apodosis, then = þá; esp. in the old laws; ef sá maðr (etc.) …, ok verðr hann útlagr, then he shall pay;
5) used for the relative particle ‘er’; at höllu hann kom ok átti Íms faðir, which belonged to Im’s father; Geirröðr konungr átti þá son, ok hét Agnarr, who was called A.;
6) also (hann heyrir ok þat, er gras vex á jörðu).
II)
n. yoke; domination.
1. copulative conj.; the mod. form is og, which appears in the 15th century MSS., but the word is usually in the MSS. written thus ⁊. The Runic inscriptions mostly have auk, which diphthongal form has in the conj. been changed into ok, but is retained in the adverbial auk = etiam. As neither the stone in Tune nor the Golden horn happens to have the word, we are in the dark as to its earliest Scandinavian form. The particle ok is characteristic of the Scandinavian languages, as distinguished from the Germ. und, Engl. and; although this is more apparent than real, for the identity of ok with the Goth. copulative particle jah and uh. Hel. jac, has been conclusively demonstrated by Grimm, who also makes out an identity between Goth. uh, standing for hu, and Gr. καί, Lat. -que; the metathesis of uh for hu is analogous to Lat. ac = Gr. καί. Grimm farther supports this etymology by comparing the Teutonic compounds ne-hu, Icel. contr. né, with Lat. ne-c = ne-que, which proves the identity of both the suffixed particles, the Lat. c or que and the Teut. …
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(að), v. to bring under the yoke, to subjugate.
að, to ‘yoke,’ subjugate; margar þjóðir okaði hann undir ríki Valdamars konungs, Fms. x. 231; at ek geta þik undir okat hans þjónustu, ii. 122; Guð okaði undir hann alla hans undirmenn, Bs. i. 167; hann mun oka yðr undir þröngvan þrældóm, Stj. 441, Karl. 134.
2. to join by a cross-piece; ker mikit ok okat með stórum timbr-stokkum, Hkr. i. 17: undir-oka, to ‘under-yoke,’ subjugate.
m. cross-piece (cf. hurðaroki).
a, m. a cross-piece fastening boards or deals together; þar skulu vera fjórar rimar í ok okar á endum, Gþl. 381; hann hljóp upp á okann ok stóð þar, the cross-piece on the inside of a door, Háv. 39 (= hurðar-oki, Eb. 182); jafn-oki, an equal match.
poss. pron. our, in dual; hvárrgi o., neither of us two.
adj. pron., f. okkur, n. okkat and okkort, gen. pl. okkarra; contr. forms okkrir, okkrar, okkrum: [a Goth. uggqvar is supposed, answering to iggqvis; A. S. uncer = Gr. νωϊτερος]:—our, in dual; okkarr mestr vinr, Fms. ii. 221; tal okkat, Sks. 12 B; okkat viðtal, Fs. 8; vætti okkat, Nj. 233; okkart félag, Fms. v. 254; vápn okkur, Al. 138; okkarri sameign, Fs. 7; feðra, hesta, búa okkarra, Ld. 40, Fms. ii. 8, 105, Eg. 95; vættis-burð okkrum, Nj. 233; okkru liði, Eg. 283; skyldleika okkra, Ld. 40; fund okkarn, Nj. 8; okkarn glæp, Fms. x. 261; dauda okkars, i. 216, and passim:—adding a genitive; skip okkat Özurar, the ship of O. and myself, Nj. 8; frændsemi okkra Magnúss, Fms. vi. 178:—used as a subst., hvára-tveggi okkar, both of us, Nj. 55; hvárrgi okkarr, Eg. 195; sér hvárt okkart, each of us separately, Fms. vi. 104; hvártki okkat, neither of us, Nj. 10; hvárs tveggja okkars, Fms. i. 216, x. 270; hvárrgi okkarr Geirs, neither of us, G. nor I, Nj. 80. ☞ In mod. usage the possessive okkarr is superseded by an indeclinable okkar (gen.)
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dat. and acc. dual, [Uif. ugk, ugkis = ἡμας, ἡμιν]:—us, of two, in countless instances; the old writers make a strict distinction between dual and plur. (okkr oss, ykkr yðr, vit vér), whereas mod. Icel. in the spoken language has exclusively adopted the dual; thus Icel. say, hann sagði okkr, hann bað okkr; this use of the dual for the plur. is prop. a familiar way of speaking, regarding the speaker himself as the one, and ‘the rest’ as the other person; in writing the old distinction is still often observed.
n. usury.
n. [Ulf. wokrs = τόκος, Luke xix. 23; A. S. wocor; O. H. G. wuochar; Germ. wucher; Dan. aager; Swed. ocker]:—usury, K. Á. 204, 218, Bs. i. 684; the word occurs in old writers only in eccl. writers.
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að, to practise usury; okra e-u or okra með e-t.
m. usurer.
m. a usurer, K. Á. 206, = Dan. aager karl.
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or oktava-dagr, m. [Lat. word], the octave after a feast day, Bs. i. 144, H. E. i. 310.
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n. an ‘elbow-bairn,’ opp. to a spoilt child.
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n. elbowing; gefa e-m olbogaskot, to elbow.
(að), v. to anoint, administer extreme unction to.
1. and olía, u, f. [Lat. oleum], oil, Pr. 470, 471.
2. að, to anoint, of extreme unction, N. G. L. i. 14, 347, Fms. viii. 445, x. 148, Bs. i. 144.
f. extreme unction.
f. extreme unction, Fms. viii. 445, Bs. i. 469, N. G. L. i. 14, 347, H. E. i. 224, 473.
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m. [for. word; Gr. ἐλέφας; Old Engl. olifaunt], the unicorn, Karl. 386:—the name of a trumpet, Karl., l. c.; skaptið var af olifant-horni, ivory? Karl. 369.
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u, f., olivu-tré, n., -viðr, m. [for. word], the olive-tree, Stj. 256, 403, 413, 441, Karl. 199, Þiðr. 116. olifa-kvistr, m., Karl. 226, 334.
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olli, ollat, to cause; see valda.
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a, m. the elbow; see ölnbogi.
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ol-hugat, ol-hugliga, oluð, = ölhugi, etc., q. v.; see alhugi.
n. boss on a sword.
1. n. the boss on a sword, Þiðr. 104, N. G. L. ii. 439.
2. adv. = ofan, Þiðr. passim.
n.
1) shout, shouting, crying (þá varð óp mikit at lögbergi ok úhljóð);
2) weeping, crying (sló síðan ópi á barnit).
n. an opening, mouth, of a bag or the like; binda fyrir opið (poka-op), freq. in mod. usage, but does not occur in old writers.
(að), v. to retreat, go back (also, opa undan, á hæl). Cf. hopa.
að, to retreat, go back, akin to opinn; this is the older form, whence comes hopa the common form, under which see the references.
a.
1) open (~ nummr, opin hurð, opit lopt); koma e-m í opna skjöldu, to take one in the rear;
2) resupine, on the back, opp. to ‘á grúfu’ (hann lét binda hann ~ á slá eina);
3) open, undecided (E. segir eigi sið, at mál stœði opin).
opin, opit, adj., [A. S. and Engl. open; O. H. G. offan; Germ. offen; Dan. aaben]:—open, prop. = resupinus, on the back, face uppermost; opp. to á grúfu (grovelling) opnu-selar eru fyrir því kallaðir at þeir svimma eigi á grúfu heldr opnir, Sks. 177; hann lét binda hann opinn á slá eina, Fms. ii. 179; féll sá opinn á bak aptr, vii. 191; ef maðr liggr opinn á sléttum velli, Symb. 31; opit ok öndvert, Bs. i. 746: the phrase, koma í opna skjöldu, to take one in the back (i. e. the hollow) of the shield, to take one in the rear, Eg. 295, Stj. 365.
II. open; loptið var opit, Eg. 236; opnar búðir, Grág. i. 261; haugrinn opinn, Nj. 118; hann lét snúa fjöl fyrir ljórann svá at lítið var opit á, so that little was left open, Fms. vii. 191; var hurðin opin, Edda 30, Fms. vii. 314; opið bréf, an open deed, letters patent, Dipl. ii. 1; opin jörð, open, thawed N. G. L. i. 43; opin á, an open river, not icebound, Vm., Fs. 52; at mál stæði opin, open, undecided, Sturl. iii. 136; sjá banann opinn fyrir sér, Fb. i. 197; kominn í opinn dauða.
(að), v. to manifest, reveal.
að, [Germ. offenbaren], to manifest, reveal, Bs. i. 275, 869, passim, H. E. i. 526.
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f. revelation. Opinberunar-bók, f. the Book of Revelation.
adv. openly, in public.
adv. openly, in public, Nj. 165, Fms. i. 142, ii. 184, ix. 452, K. Á. 108, Dipl. i. 7, Sks. 577.
a. manifest, public.
adj. manifest, Stj. 250: public, o. skript, Fas. ii. 174.
a. manifest, public.
adj. [Germ. offenbar], manifest, Sks. 714; göra opinbert, Fms. ii. 104: open, o. víðátta, Sks. 504; notorious, o. mál, K. Á. 152; o. ránsmaðr, 62; o. okrkarl, 62, 208.
a. open-eyed.
adj. open-eyed, Bs. i. 66, Fms. ii. 20, v. 238, vii. 101, Grett. 76 (new Ed.)
a. open-mouthed.
adj. open-mouthed, Sd. 147.
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m. open-purse, a nickname, Sturl.
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adj. lying open, manifest, as also metaph. out-spoken, frank.
a. outspoken, free-spoken (var S. óðlátr ok ~).
adj. out-spoken, Ad. 1, Fb. ii. 701.
I)
(að), v. to open (hann lét o. hauginn);
refl., opnast, to be opened.
II)
f. opening, crater.
1. að, [A. S. openjan, Germ. öffnen, etc.], to open; hann létt opna hauginn, Eg. 601; opna jörð til þess at grafa niðr lík, K. Þ. K.; þeir opnuðu merina, cut it up, Fs. 56: impers., sýndisk himinn opna, Hom. 57: reflex. to open, be opened, Grág. ii. 262; opnask haugrinn, Fb. i. 215; sárit opnaðisk, Fms. ix. 276; fjallit opnaðisk, Nj. 211; himinn opnaðisk, Niðrst. 3; jörð opnaðisk, 645. 64.
2. u, f. an opening; hvíta-salt svá mikit umhverfis opnuna (the crater), at klyfja mátti hesta af, Ann. 1341:—the two pages of an open book, erkibiskup leit skjótt á þá opnu sem upp flettisk, Safn i. 677; það stendr á þessari opnu. opnu-selr, m. a kind of seal, the mod. vöðu-selr, so called because it swims on its back (see opinn), Sks. 177.
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gen. = ofraðar; prýðiliga til oppruðar, exceedingly grand, Fms. x. 387.
adv. often, frequently; compar., optarr, oftener; superl., optast, oftenest, most frequently.
adv., better oft, compar. optarr, superl. optast, [Ulf. ufta = πολλάκις, and common to all Teut. languages]:—oft, often; þá varð þat sem opt kann henda, Fms. i. 99, and in countless instances, old and mod.; e. g. opt is freq. the first word in a host of proverbs, opt sparir leiðum þats hefir ljúfum hugat, Hm.; opt kemr æði-regn ór dúsi, oft comes a shower after a lull, Eb. (in a verse): opt er flagð í fögru skinni, etc.
2. with part. pass., opt-reyndr, oft-tried, Fms. vi. 104; opt-nemndr, opt-greindr, oft-named, etc.
II. compar. optarr, oftener; eigi optarr en of sinn, not more than once, Js. 2; þá mundi hann optarr sigr fá, Fms. vi. 225; en ef hann stell optarr, Js. 129; eigi optarr, no more, id.; æ því sterkari sem hann féll optarr, Al. 52; því meira sem þat var optarr hvatt, Korm. 94, passim.
III. superl. optast, oftenest, usually, mostly; hann var optast um mitt landit, Fms. i. 6; hann sat optast í Túnsbergi, 11; hann átti þar margar orrostur ok hafði optast sigr, 193, passim.
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compar. adj. more frequent, Þiðr. 161.
m. frequency.
a, m. frequency, Fms. v. 241.
adv. often, frequently.
adv. often, frequently, Eg. 60, Fms. i. 13, 23, 52, Nj. 32, Hkr. i. 199; mjök optliga, very often, Fms. vii. 150, passim.
a. frequent.
adj. frequent, Stj., Mar., Skálda, Fms. x. 315.
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adv. = optliga, Barl. 137.
a. frequent.
adj. frequent, Barl. 94, Str. 8, 36.
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f. frequency, MS. 4. 8.
adv. many times.
adv. many times, Fms. iv. 176, Art.
adv. oftentimes.
adv. = optsinnis, Sks. 255, Al. 86, Barl. 63, 70.
n.
1) word;
ef maðr mælir nökkuru orði í mót, if a man speaks a word against it;
segja í sínu orði hvárt, to say one thing in one breath and another in the next;
taka til orða, to begin to speak;
kveða at orði, to say, utter;
hafa við ~, to hint at;
vel orði farinn, well-spoken, eloquent;
fornkveðit ~, an old saw;
2) word, repute, report (gott, illt ~);
fyrir orðs sakir, because of what people might say;
leggja e-t til orðs, to talk about;
þótt okkr sé þat til orðs lagit, although we are blamed for it;
3) message (senda, gøra e-m ~).
n. [Ulf. waurd = λόγος, ρημα; a word common to all Teut. languages, old and mod.; cp. also Lat. verbum]:—a word. In the earliest usage, as in Old Engl., every sentence, clause, or saw is called a word, cp. Germ. sprüch-wort; an address or a reply is ‘a word,’ cp. Germ. ant-wort; the grammatical notion (Lat. vox, verbum) is later and derived; hann skyldi hafa þau þrjú orð í framburði sínum, þat it fyrsta orð, ‘at allir menn skyldu Kristnir vera;’ þat annat ‘at úheilög skyldi vera hof öll ok skurðgoð;’ þat var it þriðja orð, ‘at fjörbaugsgarð skyldi varða blót öll, ef váttnæm yrði,’ Fms. ii. 237; þau eru orð þrjú er skóggang varða öll, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, enda á maðr vígt í gegn þeim orðum þremr, Grág. ii. 147; orð mér af orði orðs leitaði verk mér af verki verks leitaði, Hm. 142: the saw, ferr orð ef um munn líðr, Þorst. Síðu H., Vápn. 15; ef maðr mælir nokkuru orði í mót, if he says a word against it, Nj. 216; trúa öngu orði því er ek segi, 265; vil eg eiga leiðrétting orða minna, 132; cp. the saying, allir eiga leiðrétting orða sinna: satt orð, Fms. vii. (in a verse); sinna þrimr orðum við e-n, to exchange three words with a person, Hm. …
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(að), v. to talk of (var þetta brátt orðat, at O. fífldi Sigrídi).
1. að, to talk, talk of; var þetta brátt orðat, Háv. 39; cp. þau eru orðuð saman, it is talked of that they are to be married; vera orðaðr við e-ð, to be talked of in connection with a thing (in a bad sense); sem hann heyrði at menn um orðuðu ok at töldu, as he heard that people talked and gossipped, Str. 54; þá orðaði konungr (the king declared) at hér skyldi laga-skipti á vera, Fms. ix. 336, v. l.; sem þeir áðr hafa orðat nökkut, as they had spoken of, discussed, 472, v. l.
2. to word a letter or the like; orða bréf, það er vel orðað, ílla orðað, well, badly worded.
2. u, f. [Lat. word], ordinance (the book of), Vm. 52, 119, 123, 128: mod. order, orðu-bók, f. a book of ordinance, Vm. 90, 91, 139.
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n. pl. ‘word-details’ wording.
n. altercation.
n. altercation, Fas. ii. 205.
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m. a ‘word-bag,’ a great talker; cp. tala í belg, and the tale of talking a bag full, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 479.
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f. a word-book, dictionary, (mod., from the Dan. and Germ.)
m.
1) talk (illr ~);
2) drawling.
m. drawling, Edda (pref.)
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n. a course of words, language.
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a, m. a vocabulary, Edda (Ht.) 123.
m. utterance.
m. utterance, Th. 75.
n. chance proposal.
n. the throwing out a word, a chance proposal, Eb. 130, Fas. iii. 66.
n. speaking well for one.
n. speaking good for one, Fms. ii. 63, vii. 182.
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f. pl. showy words, Thom. 68.
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f. = orðgnótt, MS. 15. 1.
f. phrase.
f. a phrase, Bs. i. 847, Stj. 3.
a. skilled, expert in words.
adj. skilled, expert in words, wordy, Fbr. 133.
n. keeping one’s word.
n. the keeping one’s word, Fms. viii. 413.
f. pl. bandying words.
f. pl. a bandying words, Sturl. ii. 58.
m. verbiage.
m. sounding verbiage, Odd. 20.
f. pl. altercations.
f. pl. altercations, Eg. 258, Fms. i. 75.
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f. = orðalag, Sks. 565.
n. manner of speaking, expression.
n. manner of words, language, Fms. ii. 18, Sks. 8, Gísl. 139, Sturl. i. 157.
a. wordless; láta orðalaust, to be silent.
adj. wordless: neut., láta e-t orðalaust, to leave it, to speak not of it, Sturl. i. 140 C, Valla L. 209.
f. pronunciation.
f. pronunciation (referring to long and short vowels, see leiða), Skálda 171.
f. length of a verse.
f. the length of a verse, Edda (Ht.) 125.
m. eloquent man.
m. a man of words, eloquent man, Bs. i. 273, Grett. 146.
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m. = orðrómr, Clem. 50.
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n. a collection of words.
a. wordy, long-winded.
adj. wordy, long-winded, Fb. i. 167.
f. verbiage, loquacity.
f. verbiage, Ld. 100.
n. scolding.
or orða-skvak, n. a ‘word-squeak,’ scolding, Ó. H. 157, Eg. 287.
n. pl. distinction of words (ekki nam ~).
n. pl. distinction of words; ekki mátti heyra o., Stj. 428; en ekki nam orðaskil, Fms. vi. 372; ok er hann hlýddi ef hann næmi nokkur o., Eb. 28; heyrðu þeir manna-mál inn í húsit en námu þeygi orðaskil, Mart. 124.
f. the order of words.
f. the position or order of words, wording, Skálda 197.
n. pl. exchange of words (eiga ~ við e-n).
n. pl. exchange of words, Edda 45.
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m. lack of words.
n. bragging.
n. = orðaskrum, Fas. iii. 99.
n. bragging.
n. bragging. Fas. iii. 98.
m., gørðu Svíar þá kurr mikinn ok mælti hverr í orðastað annars, all spoke at once (or in one way?).
m.; görðu Svíar kurr mikinn ok mælti hverr í orðastað annars, one spoke like the other, they harped on the same word, Fms. iv. 368:—tala í annars orðastað, to speak as the mouth-piece of another.
m. rumour.
m. a rumour, Sturl. i. 80.
f. utterance, language.
u, f. (mod. orða-tiltektir), utterance, language, Sturl. i. 109.
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n. a phrase, Stj. 3.
a. wordy, copious.
adj. wordy, plausible, Ld. 124, Sturl. iii. 123.
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adj., in compds, spoken: fá-orðr, marg-o., góð-o., íll-o., harð-o.
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m. a verse having old saws for burden, Edda (Ht.)
m.
1) proverb, saw;
2) report (huggast við góðan orðskvið).
m. a phrase, Skálda 178, Mar.: fame, Sks. 447 B; but esp. a saw, proverb, Fms. ii. 39, vi. 220, 328, Hrafn. 6, Skálda 196, passim.
m. fame, renown, good report (falla við góðan orðstír).
m. fame, glory, good report, Hm. 75, Eg. 35, Fms. iv. 61; falla með góðan orðstír, Ísl. ii. 394, Fs. 8; við lítinn orðstír, Fms. vii. 217, ix. 274, Fs. 34; fá mikinn orðstír, Ld. 200.
a. taunting.
adj. taunting, Hým.
a. outspoken.
adj. out-spoken, Fms. iv. 174.
n., e-m verðr ~, one is struck dumb.
n.; e-m verðr o., to be struck dumb (from confusion), Nj. 225, Fas. iii. 451, Bs. ii. 93.
a., vel-farinn, eloquent.
adj.; vel … orðfarinn, well … spoken, Fms. iv. 180.
a. using few words.
adj. using few words, silent, Eg. 107.
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f. utterance; hafa o. á e-u, to utter, Fms. ix. 336, v. l.
n. expression, utterance.
n. expression, Bs. i. 826, ii. 165.
f. skill in words.
f. ‘word-skill,’ Edda (Ht.) 123.
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adv. fluently, MS. 15. 1.
a. of easy, flowing speech.
adj. of easy, flowing speech, Ó. H. 140.
m. supply of words (heyja sér orðfjölda).
a, m. a ‘word-store,’ vocabulary, Skálda 154.
f. floating rumour.
n. a floating rumour, Bs. ii. 66.
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adj. rumoured, Stj. 463.
f. rumour.
f. rumour, Bs. ii. 106.
pp. rumoured.
part. rumoured, Ann. 1359, Bs. ii. 153.
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adj. fully worded, Jb. 231.
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f. facetiousness.
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f. a flow of words, Clar.
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n. style, of a composition; þú skalt vanda bæði hátt ok o., Fb. i. 215: flow of words, eloquence, þeir hófu sitt eyrendi með mikilli snild ok o., Fms. ii. 235; skorti hann hvárki til vit né o., xi. 106; o. hennar ok vitrleikr, vi. 57.
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adv. with great elocution, glibly, Fms. i. 148, xi. 37, Orkn. 268, Fas. iii. 363.
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adj. well spoken, Eg. 111, Fær. 200.
n. termagant.
f. a ‘word-hag,’ a sharp-tongued woman, Nj. 49.
f. flow of words.
f. a flow of words, Barl. 157, Hom. 108, Fb. ii. 175.
a. speaking well of everybody.
adj. speaking well of everybody, Nj. 147, v. l.
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n. good words, Sks. 438, v. l.
a. wary in one’s words, reserved.
adj. wary in one’s words, reserved, Fms. vi. 304.
a. skilled in the use of words.
adj. word-skilled, a master in words, Bjarn. 70.
m. abusive person.
m. a ‘word-shark,’ an abusive person, Fms. vi. 372.
f. skill in words.
f. skill in words, Stj. 438 B, Fr.
f.
1) good omen;
2) report (eigi hafa þau góða ~).
f. a good omen; at hann stæði úti ok sæi för hans ok hefði o. fyrir, Ld. 96; Björn gékk í skálann inn ok leitaði orðheilla við menn, Glúm. 337:—report, eigi hafa þau góða orðheill, they have no good report, Fs. 34.
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adj. (orð-heldni, f.), true to one’s word.
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adj. hitting.
a. facetious.
adj. facetious, Fms. vi. 193.
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n. the word-sanctuary, i. e. the mouth, Stor.
a. sharp-tongued.
adj. sharp-tongued, Fms. vi. 367, Nj. 185.
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adj. = orðhvass.
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adj. speaking evil of others, Nj. 66, Sturl. ii. 39.
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m., gramm. a ‘club-word,’ an apostrophe, as mey for meyu, Skálda 186.
f. glibness of tongue.
f. glibness of tongue, facetiousness, Hbl.
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m. ‘crooked words,’ sophistry, Fms. ii. 185.
n.
1) way of speaking, talk, language;
2) report (afla sér góðs ~s).
n. a way of speaking, language, Sks. 454, Bs. i. 766, Fms. x. 404: talk, language, görðisk brátt mikit o. ok stórar frásagnir, vii. 293, Bs. i. 652, 665: frægðar ok góðs orðlags, good report, Fms. x. 392.
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part. famous.
a. wordless; láta orðlaust, to be silent about.
adj. speechless; láta orðlaust, to be silent about, Bs. i. 621.
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f. using many words, Clar.
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d, to dilate upon; eg vil ekki o. þetta, I will cut it short.
n. praise (vinsæld ok ~).
n. praise; vinsæld ok orðlof, Fms. vii. 175; falla með orðlofi miklu, 245.
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m. a nickname, Landn.
a. long-winded.
adj. long-winded, Fms. vi. 32. orð-fleiri, compar., Nj. 187.
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adj. witty, Edda 108.
a. powerful in words.
adj. powerful in words, Niðrst. 2.
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m. the word-reed, i. e. the tongue, Sighvat.
m. report, public opinion (sá ~ lagðist á).
m. report, public opinion; sá o. lagðisk á, Bs. i. 133; lagðisk þungr o. á, Ó. H. 141; mun sá o. á leggjask, at …, people will say, that …, Nj. 32; mikill o., Fs. 47; fyrir orðs sakir ok orðróms, Lv. 15; góðs orðróms, Fs. 15; ok sneri orðróm of konung, the public opinion of the king changed, Ó. H. 228.
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u, f. discussion; fór öll o. með þeim á sömu leið, Fms. xi. 429; var lítil o. á fyrst, Nj. 82: var mikil o., Fs. 46; bar saman orðræðu þeirra jarls ok Finnboga, the earl and F. had an interview, Finnb. 268; bað Sighvatr konung eigi reiðask þótt hann talaði bert ok segði orðræðu bónda, Fms. vi. 41; at engi o. væri á gör at þit lifit, 345.
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part. notorious.
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n. part. reported, rumoured, Rd. 286.
f. message.
f. a message, Eg. 9, 35, 37, 97, Fms. i. 53, ii. 90, 324, Nj. 217, Ld. 64, Ó. H. 141, 228, passim.
a. ‘word-sick’, touchy.
adj. ‘word-sick,’ touchy, Ísl. ii. 141, Nj. 83.
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n. scurrilous language, Hkr. iii. 433, v. l.
a. = orðhavss.
adj. saucy, Fas. i. 392.
n. objectionable language.
n. scurrility; mælti hann hin mestu o. (foul language) áðr hann væri hengdr, Fms. vii. 303; en hafa eigi hvert o. (every bad phrase) þat sem fornskáldin nýttu, Skálda 160.
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n. = orðskrípi, Hkr. iii. 130.
n. objectionable language.
n. = orðskrípi, Mork. 81.
a. cunning in words.
part. cunning in word, Þórð. (1860) 99.
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adj. = orðslunginn, Sks. 508.
f. eloquence.
or orð-snilli, f. eloquence, Fms. iii. 80, Fb. ii. 147, Edda.
a. eloquent.
adj. eloquent, Fms. i. 17, ii. 22, Eg. 107.
a. wise-spoken.
adj. wise-spoken, Fms. ii. 138, vii. 102.
f. wisdom in words.
f. wisdom in words, Edda 110, Vþm. 5.
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m. pl. ‘word-staves’ phrases, Am. 9.
n. notice, mention; hafa e-n í ~i, to speak of one.
n. notice; hann var hafðr í orðstefi þá er um biskupa skyldu kosningar vera í Vestfirðinga-fjórðungi, i. e. he was one on the list for election, Sturl. i. 63, v. l.
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adj. moderate in one’s words, Nj. 219, Sturl. i. 92.
a. using big words.
adj. using big words, Fms. xi. 256, 267, Flóv. 26.
n. rumour.
n. pl. rumours, Post. 92.
a. = orðspakr.
adj. = orðspakr, Fms. v. 332.
a. enjoying a good reputation.
adj. enjoying a good reputation, Bs. i. 58, 704, Hd.
n.
1) phrase, expression (þat er ~, at sá er týhraustr);
2) watchword (þá skulu vér hafa allir eitt ~: fram, fram Kristmenn);
3) speech, words, way of speaking; þá fellust öllum Ásum orðtök, words failed them, they were struck dumb; þat var eitt ~ allra, all said the same; Gunnarr heyrði öll orðtökin, G. heard every word they said; hafa ~ við e-n, to have a talk with one.
n. a phrase, expression; þat er o. at sá er tý-hraustr, Edda 16; þvílík orðtök hafa menn mjök til þess at yrkja fólgit, 110; vér skulum hafa allir eitt orðtak (watchword), framm fram Krists-menn! Ó. H. 204, Fms. ix. 510.
2. speech, words, a way of speaking, language; þá féllusk öllum Ásum orðtök, words failed them, they were sfruck dumb, Edda 37; þat þykkjumk ek skilja á orðtaki þínu, at …, Fms. xi. 56; at guðlasta með þínu heiðingligu orðtæki, ii. 130; o. vándra manna, Nj. 83; Gunnarr heyrði öll orðtökin, G. heard all the words they said, 68; um orðtæki manna, Gþl. 192; en þat er yðr er sagt frá orðtökum várum Þrænda, Ó. H. 103; þat var eitt orðtak allra, all said the same, Eg. 282; eiga orðtak við e-n, to have a talk with one, Sturl. ii. 163; var skirt orðtakið ok rómrinn mikill yfir málinu, Fms. viii. 447.
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n. = orðtak, Fb. ii. 130, Gþl. 192.
a. sensitive (particular) as to other’s words (þarft þú eigi svá orðvönd at vera).
adj. sensitive as to others’ words; þarftú eigi svá o. at vera, Glúm. 354: careful as to one’s words.
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n. in orðvarps-maðr, m. a spokesman (in a bad sense), Sks. 436.
a. watchful of one’s tongue, discreet.
adj. ‘word-wary,’ watchful of one’s tongue, Fms. vi. 208.
a. witty, clever.
adj. ‘word-wise,’ witty, clever, Eg. 147.
n. scythe-handle, snath.
n., also spelt orb, the stock or pole of a scythe, Fms. iii. 206, Fs. 106 (in a verse); orf-hæll, m. the peg or handle by which the orf is held, Safn i. 108; see a drawing in Eggert Itin., tab. viii, fig. 1: poët. orba-stríðir and orf-þægir, m. a mower: freq. in mod. usage, lang-orf, stutt-orf, a long, short stock.
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n. a howling, screaming; this word, which is very popular in mod. usage, is not found in old writers; it was prob. in the 14th or 15th century derived from the ‘organ’ used in churches,—a dismal testimony to the character of the instrumental music of Icel. at that time.
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að, to howl, scream; orga og hljóða, freq. in mod. usage.
n. organ.
n. [Gr.], an organ; allskonar söngfæri, organ, symphon …, Fms. vii. 97; eða þá er o. gengr upp ok niðr aptr ok fram um alla gamma, Skálda 172; strengleikum ok organs-söng, 655 xxiv. 2; organ-söng, id.
2. it even occurs in the old poem,—at leikurum ok trúðum hefi ek þik lítt fregit, hverr er organ (orgari Cod. A, œrgati Cod. B) þeirra Andaðar at húsum Haralds? Fagrsk. 6; and, Bjúgvör ok Listvör sitja í Herðis-dyrum organs stóli á, Sól. 76; for the word in both these references can only be derived from the Greek.
COMPDS: organslist, organsmeistari, organssmíð.
f. art of organ-playing.
n. organ-playing, Bs. i. 868.
m. organist; organ-builder.
n. an ‘organ-master,’ organist, Bs. i. 866.
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f. the making an organ, Bs. i. 908.
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m. an alder, MS. 4. 17.
I)
(að), v.
1) to be able to do; önnur vann allt þat, er hón orkaði, the other worked all that she could; with da., þó hyggst hann einn munu öllu o., yet he thinks he can do everything himself; allt þat lið, er vápnum mátti o., all those who could wield weapons;
2) with gen. of the thing, o. e-m e-s, to cause, effect; mér orkar þat margra vandræða, it causes me much trouble; þetta mun o. tíðenda, this will give something to speak about; allt orkar tvímælis þá er gört er, there are two sides to everything that is done; impers., jafnan orkar tvímælis, þó at hefnt sé;
3) with preps., o. at e-u, to act, proceed with, do; þeir rœða nú um með sér, hversu at skal o., what is to be done; o. á e-t, to work on, have effect on (var þat þó lengi, at eigi orkaði eldr á Þórólf); hann mátti engu á o., he could do nothing; o. orða á e-n, to make one speak; o. til e-s, to prepare (o. til veizlu); o. á, to begin; orkum ekki á fyrri, let us not be the first to attack;
4) refl., orkast at e-u, to exert oneself in a thing; to set about doing something (hversu hann skyldi at o. …
u, f. work, employment; þá skal hann orku gefa honum sem þrælum sínum, N. G. L. i. 36; ef þræll á orku, 30, Stj. 263; eiga saman verk ok orku, N. G. L. i. 34; móðr af orku, Stj. 160; orka ok erfiði, farit aptr til orku yðvarrar ok byrða, 263; hús eðr smiðju þar sem hann flytr fram orku sína, 22.
2. strength, power for work; orkan þvarr þvíat elli sótti á hendr honum, Ld. 54; fyrir orku sakir, Fas. iii. 223, and so in mod. usage.
COMPDS: orkufátt, orkulauss, orkumaðr, orkuvana.
I)
(að), v.
1) to be able to do; önnur vann allt þat, er hón orkaði, the other worked all that she could; with da., þó hyggst hann einn munu öllu o., yet he thinks he can do everything himself; allt þat lið, er vápnum mátti o., all those who could wield weapons;
2) with gen. of the thing, o. e-m e-s, to cause, effect; mér orkar þat margra vandræða, it causes me much trouble; þetta mun o. tíðenda, this will give something to speak about; allt orkar tvímælis þá er gört er, there are two sides to everything that is done; impers., jafnan orkar tvímælis, þó at hefnt sé;
3) with preps., o. at e-u, to act, proceed with, do; þeir rœða nú um með sér, hversu at skal o., what is to be done; o. á e-t, to work on, have effect on (var þat þó lengi, at eigi orkaði eldr á Þórólf); hann mátti engu á o., he could do nothing; o. orða á e-n, to make one speak; o. til e-s, to prepare (o. til veizlu); o. á, to begin; orkum ekki á fyrri, let us not be the first to attack;
4) refl., orkast at e-u, to exert oneself in a thing; to set about doing something (hversu hann skyldi at o. …
að, [qs. vorka, akin to verk, cp. also yrkja; Ulf. waurkjan = ποιειν, ἐργάζεσθαι; and the pret. worahto on the Runic stone in Tune; A. S. weorcjan; Engl. work]:—to work, but only used in a limited sense, for vinna (q. v.) is the general word: to work, perform, be able to do, manage, önnur vann allt þat er hón orkaði, the other worked (vann) all that she could (orkaði), Dropl. 4; ek mun hjálpa þér allt slíkt sem ek orka, Fms. i. 213; ek þarf eigi meira forvirki en þetta lið orkar, Hrafn. 5; móður sína á maðr fyrst fram at færa, en ef hann orkar betr …, Grág. i. 232; treysta ek á sem ek orkaða, Fms. v. 301; ek orka tólf punda þunga (I can carry twelve pounds weight), en hestr minn berr fjögurra lesta byrði, Bær. 18; svá skal gerða þann garð sem búar sjá at hann má orka á þrem sumrum, Grág. ii. 331.
2. with dat.; þó hyggsk hann einn munu öllu orka, Fms. xi. 267; þótti öllum undr, hverju hann gat orkat, Grett. 125 A; allt þat lið er vápnum mátti orka, Fagrsk. 176; líkneskjum þeim, er ek veit eigi hverju orkat hafa, Fms. ii. 265; skal hann á einum degi kveðja alla, ef því má orka (if he can), Grág. (Kb. …
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m. Orkdale, a county in Norway, Fms.: Ork-dælir, m. pl. the men of O.
n. a kind of seal; cf. ‘örkn’.
n., and orkn-selr, m. a kind of seal; see örkn.
f. pl., the Orkneys.
f. pl. the Orkneys, Lat. Orcades, of Gael. origin, for it occurs in Lat. writers before the Scandinavian occupation, Tacitus (Agric.), Pliny, and Juvenal; hence Orkneyingar, m. pl. the men of the Orkneys: Orkneyskr, adj. passim.
a. n. failing in strength (honum varð ~).
n. adj. failing in strength, Fms. iii. 168.
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adj. out of work, N. G. L. i. 31: powerless, mod.
m. labourer.
m. a working-man, Stj. 232, 273: a strong man.
a. indecl. bereft or destitute of strength.
adj. bereft of strength, Fas. iii. 387.
(að), v. to allow.
að, to allow, H. E. ii. 75, Bs. ii. 93, 94.
n. writ of permission.
n. a writ of permission, authorisation, Bs. i. 799; o. biskups, Dipl. iii. 4.
a. n. without leave.
adj. without leave, Fms. x. 105, Fas. iii. 579, Bs. i. 631.
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n. a den of snakes, Fms. vi. 143.
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m. = ormagarðr, Þiðr. 334.
(-s, -ar), m. snake, serpent.
m. [Ulf. waurms = ὄφις; A. S. wyrm; Engl. worm: O. H. G. and Germ. wurm; Dan.-Swed. orm; Lat. vermis; cp. Orms-head in Wales]:—a snake, serpent, also including ‘worms’ (cp. maðkr), and even dragons, Hm. 85, Vsp. 44, 50, Gm. 34, Skm. 27, Akv. 31, Am. 22, 55. Fms. vi. 143, Hkr. i. 103, and passim; högg-ormr, a viper; eitr-ormr, the bane of snakes, i. e. the winter time. The abode of the wicked after death was a pit full of snakes (Hver-gelmir, Ná-strönd), Edda, Vsp. 44, which calls to mind the Gehenna in Mark ix. 43, 44, and one of the Bolgos in Dante’s Inferno, Canto 24. Serpents gnawed at the root of the world-tree Yggdrasil, Gm. 34. Pits of snakes were a place of punishment, Ragn. S. l. c., Am., Akv.; but only in mythological, not in historical records. Serpents brooded over gold and treasures, cp. the serpent Fafnir, Edda, Fm., Gullþ. ch. 4, Ragn. S. (begin.); whence in poetry gold is called orm-bekkr, -beðr, -ból, -garðr, -land, -látr, -láð, -reitr, -setr, -stallr, -torg, -vangr, -vengr, the bank, bed, abode, garden, land, litter, earth, etc. of snakes, Lex. Poët. For the world-serpent, see miðgarðr. …
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n. snake-bite.
n. a snake-bite, Pr. 470.
f. snake’s tongue, a nickname.
u, f. a snake’s tongue cast in silver, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Bs. i. 690: as a nickname, Landn.
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adj. flashing like a snake, of the eye, Sighvat, Jd.
m. = ormagarðr (G. lét hann kasta í ormgarð).
m. a ‘snake-pit,’ in tales of throwing men into pits full of snakes, Og. 28, Fas. (Ragn. S. ch. 15).
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m. rendering of ophiuchus, Rb. (1812) 18.
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n. snakes’ noses, Konr.
(að), v.
1) to warm; o. sér, to warm oneself (lát hann o. sér ok fari síðan til sels); impers., ornar e-m, one gets warm;
2) to get warm (svá tekr brunnrinn at o.).
að, [perh. akin to ofn or from varmr?], to get warm; þá tók Pétr at lifna ok ornuðu liðir hans, es hann vas kaldr allr orðinn, Greg. 77; svá tekr brunnrinn at orna, sem sól gengr til viðar, Al. 51; ornandi geislar, Sks. 40; orna ok hitna, Barl. 93; með ornandum tárum, 90: impers., e-m ornar, it gets warm for one, one gets warm; taki menn glímur stórar ok viti ef mönnum ornar, Sturl. iii. 20; þegar er honum ornaði, 623. 33 . hleypr hann til ára ok vill láta orna sér, Fms. xi. 141; veðr var á geysi-kallt, ok höfðusk margir á fótum ok létu orna sér, viii. 306:—orna sér, to warm oneself; nú lát hann orna sér ok fari síðan til sels várs, Lv. 60, and so in mod. usage.
II. reflex. pass., flestir ornuðusk af ásjón hennar, Str. 73.
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adj., better örra-beinn, q. v.
m. heathcock.
a, m. (wrongly spelt horri in Ó. H. 78, l. 8), [Dan. aarfugl]:—the heathcock, moor-fowl, tetrao tetrix, Stj. 77, Ó. H. 78; þiðra eðr orra, Gþl. 449.
II. a nickname, Ó. H., Fms. vi: whence Orra-hríð, f. the name for the last onslaught in the battle at Stanford-bridge led by Eystein Orri, Fms. vi; hence, as an appellative, any fierce onslaught is in Icel. called orrahrið. orra-skáld, n. a nickname, Landn.
f. battle.
u, f., mod. orosta or orusta, with a single r; in rhymes orrostur þorrinn, Sighvat, shewing that the assimilation had even then taken place: [this word is identical with A. S. eornest = duellum; O. H. G. ernust = pugna: whence Fngl. earnest. Germ. ernst, of which orrosta is an assimilated form, qs. ornosta, see Grimm’s Dict. s. v. ernst]:—a battle, Hm., Nj. 8, Fms. v. 71, vi. 69, in countless instances, for orrosta and bardagi (q. v.) are used indiscriminately.
2. in local names, Orrostu-hólmr, -hváll, -tangi, Battle-hill, etc., Korm., Eg.
COMPDS: orrostulaust, orrostuligr, orrostumaðr, orrostuslög, orrostustaðr.
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adj. belonging to war, Róm. 309.
adv. without battle.
n. adj. without battle, Fms. ix. 323, Hkr. ii. 300.
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adj. warlike, Fms. x. 230.
m. warrior.
m. a warrior, Nj. 40, Fms. i. 52.
n. pl. battles.
n. pl. battles, Fms. xi 200.
m. battle-place.
and orrostu-völlr, m. a battle-place, Korm. 4, Fas. i. 501, Fms. i. 95.
n. permission, leave (ek vil beiðast, herra! at þér gefir mér ~ at fara til Íslands); ~ til brottferðar, leave to depart.
n., orð-lof is a false spelling, [Germ. urlaub; Dan. orlov; Engl. f-urlough]
1. leave; beiða orlofs, Bs. i. 799; hann biðr sér orlofs konung at fara, Eg. 29; ek vil beiðask, herra, at þér gefit mér orlof til Íslands, Nj. 10; utan hans orlofs, without his leave, Landn 149; síðan tekr hann o. af konunginum til brottferðar, Fms. xi. 430, Fas. iii. 586; með orlofi at spyrja, Barl. 14, Sks. 52; hvárt skal ek mæla í orlofi, Eg. 46; með bezta orlofi, Fms. i. 15, passim.
2. in mod. usage, a visit to a friend or relative; thus a person boarded out when visiting his parents is said ‘fara í orlof sitt.’
COMPDS: orlofsbréf, orlofslaust.
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and or-æfl, n., see örof, öræfi.
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f. [Germ. ursache; Dan. aarsag], a cause, freq. in mod. usage. orsaka-laust, n. adj. without a cause.
(gen. óss, pl. ósar), m.
1) mouth or outlet of a river or lake (Danubius fellr með sjau ósum til sjófar);
2) fountain-head (at ósi skal á stemma).
acc. and dat. pl. from vér; see ek (C. 2. γ).
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adj. pl. ours, = várir, Germ. unser; ossa ván, Geisli 4; at vilja ossum, Am. 30; hendr ossar, 52; ossum rönnum i, Skm. 14; ossum niðjum, Hkv. 2. 9; liði ossu, Sighvat: in prose, ok ætlaði at láta meiða eðr drepa ossa landa fyrir, Íb. 10.
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u, f. the mid. Lat. ostentum, Rb.
(-s, -ar), m. cheese.
m. [prob. identical with jastr, the Engl. yeast, dropping the initial j; ostr is a word common to all the Scandin. languages (Dan.-Swed. ost), instead of the Saxon and Germ. cheese, cese (käse), which were no doubt borrowed from the Lat. caseus]:—cheese; slátr, skreið ok ostar, Háv. 53; smjör ok ost, Nj. 74; þeir höfðu skyr ok ost (of a supper) … hann bargsk lítt við ostinn, he went slowly on with the cheese, Eb. 244; þar vóru tveir diskar fram settir, þar var eitt skamrifs-stykki á diski hverjum ok forn ostr til gnægta, Fbr. 37; Geysu dætr skáru akkeri af osti, ok sögðu at þau mundi fullvel halda herskipum Haralds konungs …, Fms. vi. 253; konan hafði einn ostinn í brott, one cheese, Bs. i. 247; ef þeir selja ær til osts, Grág. ii. 309.
COMPDS: ostfjórðungr, ostgjald, osthleifr, osthlutr, ostkista, osttíund, osttollr.
f. oyster.
u, f. [for. word; Lat. ostrea], an oyster, Stj. 88, N. G. L. ii. 263.
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m. a weight of cheese, Vm. 28.
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n. a tax payable in cheese, D.I. i. 248.
m. a cheese.
m. a cheese, Ísl. ii. 351, Fs. 146, Vm. 28.
m. slice of cheese.
m. a slice of cheese, Fbr. 38.
f. cheese-press.
u, f. a cheese-press, Nj. 76 (in which cheese was made).
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f. a tithe paid in cheese, D. N. iii. 30.
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m. = ostgjald; þangat liggr osttollr millum Botnsár ok Hvítskeggs-hvamms af skatt-mönnum ok búprestum, Vm. 59; for a duty payable in cheese see Vm. 28 (each farm having to pay a cheese), D.I. i. 248.
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adj. equivalent to cheese; gjalda fjórðung ostvægs matar, Vm. 105.
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or Ós-ló, f. the name of a town in Norway, which stood where the mod. Christiania is, Fms. passim.
(að), v. to push, with dat.; o. sér fram, to thrust oneself forward (Þórir otar sér fram milli manna).
að, [see etja I. 3, and not akin to hóta, as is suggested under that word]:—to push forth, with dat.; ota sér fram, to push oneself forward, intrude oneself; Þórir otar sér fram milli manna, Ísl. ii. 150: the word is very freq. in mod. usage, ota e-u fram, to hold forth; cp. ok etr hann fram berum skallanum, Fb. i. 190.
(gen. otrs, pl. otrar), m. otter.
m., gen. otrs, pl. otrar, [Engl. and Germ. otter; O. H. G. otar]:—an otter; otr einn, otrinum, otrinn, otr ok lax, Edda 72; þar lá opt otr í urðinni … veiða otr er lá í urðinni, Orkn. 274, 276; otrs líki, Fas. i. 151: poët., hafs otr, vánar otr, a ‘sea-otter,’ i. e. a ship, Lex. Poët.: in local names, Otra-dalr, in western Iceland, Landn., Gísl.
COMPDS: otrbelgr, otrgjöld, otrhundr, otraskinn.
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n. an otter-skin, Rétt. 47.
m. otter-skin.
m. an otter-skin, Edda 73, Fas. i. 153.
n. pl., poet. gold.
and otrs-gjöld, n. pl., poët. ‘otter’s-gild,’ i. e. gold, Fas. i. 154, Bm., see the tale in Edda 72, 73.
m. otter-hound.
m. an otter-hound, Karl. 10.
(pl. øxn), m. ox = uxi.
a, m. an ox; see uxi: Oxi, a pr. name, Bs. i.