n. reception, hospitality.
n. esp. pl. [Germ. empfang], reception, hospitality, Vþm. 8.
f. pl. fright; vakna með andfælum, to awake in a fright.
f. pl. [önd], ‘the horrors,’ in the phrase, vakna með andfælum, of one suddenly awakening from a bad dream, or from being frightened when asleep, Fas. iii. 256, Fél. ix. 188.
No entry
s, m. [and-], transl. of Antipodes in Pliny, Stj. 94. Now used in the mod. sense of Antipodes; also in the phrase, sofa andfætis, or andfæting, of two sleeping in a bed ‘heads and heels.’
n. suffocation.
n. suffocation, Eg. 553.
No entry
m. the cook’s name in Walhall, Gm.
m. bottle-nosed whale.
s, m. balaena rostrata, now called andarnefja, u, f., Edda (Gl.), Sks. 123 A.
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n. monstrosity, absurdity; medic. the heels being in the place of the toes, Fél. ix. 188. andhælisligr, adj. absurd.
No entry
u, f. an obscene word, Völs. þ. (Fb. ii. 334).
m. see annkostr.
= annkostr, purpose.
No entry
m. (poët.) name of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.)
a. breathless, lifeless.
adj. [önd], breathless, lifeless, exanimis; a. hlutir, Eluc. 9.
n.
1) death (þá er þú fregn ~ mitt);
2) the last gasp; þá var konungr nær andálti, was almost breathing his last.
n. [önd, anima; lát, damnum], ‘loss of breath,’ death; þá er þú fregn a. mitt, 623. 43; a. Magnúss konungs, Gizurar biskups, etc., Bs. i. 65, 70, Eg. 119, 367.
β. the last gasp, the very moment of death; þá var konungr nær andláti, Hkr. i. 160; var hann þá beint í andláti, Fms. vi. 230; ok er hann fann at nær dró at andláti hans, his last moments drew near, viii. 446: andlát has the notion of a quiet, easy death; líflát, a violent death; but both are only used in a dignified sense.
COMPDS: andlátsdagr, andlátsdægr, andlátssorg, andlátstíð.
n. face countenance.
n. and annlit, [and-, adversus, and líta; Ulf. andavleizns = πρύσωπον; A. S. andvlite; Germ. antlitz], a face, countenance; á andliti þeirra, 623. 61; sá ek annlit þitt, id., Nj. 16; þangat horfi anlit er hnakki skyldi, N. G. L. i. 12; Hom. 7 renders in faciem by í andliti. Metaph. auglit is used as more dignified; í augliti Guðs (not andliti), ενώπιον του Θεου, in the eyes or sight of God.
COMPDS: andlitsbjörg, andlitsfarinn, andlitsmein, andlitssköp.
m. see annmarki.
ann-, and an-, a, m. [and-, mark], a fault, flaw, blemish; ókostir eðr andmarkar, Grág. i. 313; ef annmarkar þeir verða á búfénu, 429; þú leyndir anmarka á honum, Nj. 8.
β. metaph. in moral sense, trespasses; iðran annmarka, 625. 90; used as a nickname, Gísl. 32.
COMPDS: annmarkafullr, annmarkalauss.
No entry
adj. contentious, quarrelsome, Fms. ii. 154, Magn. 448.
n. pl. contradiction, objection.
n. contradiction, 4. 25.
n. promontory, headland.
n. and annes, [and-, nes], a promontory or point of land, Hkr. i. 313, Fms. viii. 147, Fær. 83.
a. indecl., at verða ~, to come to words with.
adj. ind. [cp. Ulf. andavaurd; Germ. antwort], the Icel. use svar or andsvar (Engl. answer) in this sense; andorða only appears in the phrase, að verða a., to come to words with, Rd. 300, Korm. 110 (rare).
n. paddling with the oars, so as to keep a boat from drifting (cf. andœfa).
n. prob. = and-þóf, prop. a paddling with the oars, so as to bring the boat to lie against wind and stream. Metaph., við nokkuru andófi, after a somewhat hard struggle, Fbr. 84.
2. a division in a ship, fremsta rúm í skipi kallast a., Fél. ix. 3.
No entry
adj. (andremma, u, f.) having foul breath, Sturl. i. 20.
No entry
f. [contr. = anddrag (?), mod. word], breath, in the phrase, í sömu a., at the very same breath, instantly.
m. pulling against tide and wind; þeir tóku (áttu) mikinn andróða, they had a hard pull.
a, and andróðr, rs, m. the later form more freq. [and-, róa], pulling against stream and wind; Einarr átti gildan andróða, E. had a hard pull, Fms. vi. 379, v. l. andróðr; róa andróða, vii. 310, (andróðr, Hkr. iii. 440); þeir tóku mikinn andróða, they had a hard pull, Fms. viii. 438, v. l. andróðr; ok er þá sem þeir hafi andróða, Greg. 31; taka andróðra (acc. pl.), Fms. viii. 131, Hkr. iii. 440: cp. the proverb bíðendr eigu byr en bráðir andróða, those who bide have a fair wind, those who are hasty a foul, festina lente, ‘more haste worse speed;’ the last part is omitted in old writers when quoting this proverb.
(að), v. to reprimand (hann ~ði sveinana harðliga).
að, (annsaka, Bret. 162), [A. S. andsäc], to accuse, with acc., Al. 23; hann andsakaði (reprimanded) sveinana harðliga, Sturl. iii. 123.
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n. the vane on a chimney-pot, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 133.
m.
1) opponent, adversary;
2) the devil, satan.
and annskoti, a, m. [and-, adversus; skjóta, skoti], prop. an opponent, adversary, one who ‘shoots from the opposite ranks;’ a. lýðs várs ok laga várra, 655 xvi. B; þeir höfðu heyrt at andskotar þeirra vildi verja þeim vígi þingvöllinn, they had heard that their adversaries would keep them by a fight from the parliament field, Íb. ch. 7; eigi mun ek vera í andskota flokki móti honum, Fms. v. 269. 2. metaph. a fiend, devil, transl. of Satan, now only used in that sense and in swearing; nú hefir a. fundit færi á at freista yðvar, Post. 656; far í brott a., ϋπαγε Σατανα, 146; a. ok þeir englar er eptir honumhurfu, Ver. I; dökvir þik, anskoti (voc.), 623. 31, Hom. 108, 109, K. Á. 20.
COMPD: andskotaflokkr.
n. colloquy, discourse.
and andspjall, n. colloquy, discourse, Skm. 11, 12.
No entry
adv., a. móti e-m, just opposite, the metaph. being taken from a target (spánn), Snót 127.
(-da, -t), v. = andstefja.
d, to stem against, Fas. iii. 50 (rare).
n. adversity.
n. prop. against the tide or current; metaph. adversity, Fr.
a. strongly adverse (andstreym ørlög); Sighvatr var heldr ~ um eptirmálin, hard to come to terms with.
adj. running against stream; metaph. difficult, cross; Sighvatr var heldr a. um eptirmálin, hard to come to terms with, Sturl. ii. 42; andstreym örlög, ill-fate, Al. 69; kvað Svein jafnan andstreyman verit hafa þeim frændum, had always set his face against, Orkn. 390.
f. disgust; e-m er ~ af e-u, one feels abhorrence for.
f. disgust; vera a. af e-u (now, at e-u), dislike, Róm. 265.
a. abominable, odious.
adj. odious, abominable, Hkr. iii. 273.
a. abominable, odious.
adj. id., Hom. 102, 623. 31, Sks. 539.
n. answer, reply, decision (vera skjótr í andsvörum).
and annsvar, n. [A. S. andsvaru; Hel. uses andvordi and andvordian = respondere; Ulf. andavaurd], an ‘answer,’ response, but in old writers esp. a decision; vera skjótr í andsvörum, prompt in deciding, Fms. i. 277; sagðist til hans hafa vikit um ansvarit, put the case under his decision, vi. 354; munu vit tala fleira áðr ek veita því andsvör, before I decide, Ld. 80; in N. G. L. i. 86 it seems to mean protest, intervention: used of the echo in Al. 35.
COMPD: andsvaramaðr.
(að), v.
1) to answer (e-m);
2) to respond (= andstefja);
3) to answer for, be responsible for (e-u).
and annsvara, að, to answer; þá annsvarar konungrinn, Fms. xi. 56, rare, and in a more formal sense than the simple verb svara.
β. answer, to be responsible for; sem ek vil a. fyrir Guði, as I will answer before God, Gþl. 66; v. anza or ansa.
m. difficulty in breathing.
m. [önd, anima, or and-?], sobbing, sighing, hysterical fit, Hom. 121; [Engl. sob; Germ. seufzen].
No entry
in common talk andhælis, adv. [sól], against the course of the sun (cp. the Scot. ‘widdershins,’ that is, going against the sunshine or the sun’s light, a direction universally considered both in England and Scotland to be most unlucky; see the quot. in Jamieson sub voce), Ísl. ii. 154, Rb. 134; esp. used of witches and ‘uncanny’ appearances; þat gékk öfugt um húsit ok a., it went backwards about the house and against the sun’s course, Eb. 268, Gísl. 33, cp. Fs. (Vd.) 43, 59; hon gékk öfug a. um tréit, ok hafði þar yfir mörg röm ummæli, Grett. 151.
β. ansælis or andhælis is used of everything that goes backwards, wrong, or perversely; cp. andærr and andæris.
f.
1) sleeplessness;
2) vakefulness.
u, f. sleeplessness, ἀγρυπνία, caused by care or grief, Fms. i. 82; mostly used in pl.
β. medic. agrypnia, Fél. ix. 189, Bs. i. 251.
γ. wakefulness, Hom. 108. In the Máfhlíð. vísur, Eb. ch. 19, andvaka unda = a sword, the ‘awakener’ of wounds; (cp. vekja blóð.)
a. sleepless (liggja ~).
adj. ind. sleepless, now andvaka; liggja a., to lie awake, Al. 71, Barl. 10, Mag. 80.
a. destitute of, wanting, with gen. (auðs andvani ok alls gamans).
and andvani, adj. ind., and now andvanr, adj.
I. [and- and vanr, solitus], destitute, wanting; with gen., a. átu, lífs a., auðs ok alls gamans a., Hkv. 2. 31, Völs. kviður, Lex. Poët.; alls a. nema víls ok vesaldar, Fms. iii. 95; a. heilsu, Magn. 512; alls a., of the beggar Lazarus, Greg. 24; a. þeirrar þjónustu, in want of, Post. 656 B; margs a., Bret. 174; a eigna várra, having lost our lands, 208.
II. [önd, anima], now = exanimis; andvana lík, a lifeless corpse, Pass. 4. 23.
(að), v. to hand over (= afhenda).
að, to hand over [cp. Dan. overantvorde], rare, Fr.
m. care, anxiety.
a, m.
I. a fish of prey, gurnard, Lat. miluus, Edda (Gl.); the name of the gurnard-shaped dwarf, Edda 72; the owner of a fatal ring, hence called andvara-nautr: cp. Skv. 1. 2, Andvari ek heiti … margan hefi ek fors um farit;—ótti svá mikill ok andvari, Hom. (St.); cp. Pass., andvara öngan hefir umhyggju-lítill sést.
II. in mod. usage, a soft breeze, and metaph. watchfulness, vigilance, in such phrases as, hafa andvara á sér, Pass. 15. 6: andvara-lauss, adj. heedless; andvara-leysi, f. mostly in a theol. sense, etc.
COMPD: andvaragestr.
n.
1) breath, breathing;
2) sigh.
n. the act of heaving a sob, sigh, 655 xx. 4, Sks. 39, 688. Freq. in theol. writers, Pass. 40. 7.
(að), v. to heave a sigh (~ öndinni).
að, to sob, sigh, breathe deeply, Fms. x. 338, Hom. 155, Sks. 225 (freq.)
f. sighing, sobbing.
f. sobbing, Hom. 124, Stj. 149.
n. throne (= öndvegi).
throne, v. öndvegi.
n. head wind.
n. [veðr], head wind, Fbr. 67, Eg. 87, Fms. i. 203.
n. worth, equivalent, price; ~ hvalsins, the value of the whale.
n. [verð], worth, equivalent, value, price; þá skal þat kaup ganga aptr en hinn hafi a. sitt, Gþl. 491; haf þú nú allt saman, skikkjuna ok a., Lv. 50; allt a. hvalsins, the whole value of, Greg. ii. 375; hann tekr þar á móti ofdrykkjuna ok hennar a., reward, Fms. viii. 251.
n.
1) hay, haystacks, croft; nautafjöldi var kominn í tún ok vildi brjóta ~, throw down the cocks; ~ (fodder) gekk þar upp fyrir hestum;
2) Norw. agricultural implements; viðarköst, timbr, grindr, sieða eða önnur ~;
3) fig., legit hafa mér ~ nærr garði en at berjast við þik, I have had business more urgent than to that with you.
and annvirki, n. [önn, labour (?); cp. old Germ, antwerk = machina].
I. in Icel. writers esp. used of bay and bay-stacks; ef eldr kemr í hús manns eðr a., K. Þ. K. 78, 82; færa, reiða a., to carry into the barn, Grág. ii. 122, Lv. 211; nema fé gangi í akr, engi, töður eðr a., Grág. ii. 299; nautafjöldi var kominn í tún ok vildi brjóta a., … throw down the cocks, Glúm. 342, Boll. 336; sendi Úlfarr menn upp á hálsinn at sjá um a. sitt þat er þar stóð; cp. little below, stórsæti, large ricks, Eb. 152.
II. in Norway more generally used of crop, tillage, agricultural implements; garð þann sem um a. (barley ricks?) stendr, Gþl. 381; ef menn brenna a. manna, N. G. L. i. 244; a. (produce) manna hvatki sem er, 251, Jb. 312; þá skal hann þar etja öllu sinu a. á, 357; viðarköst, timbr, grindr, sleða eðr önnur a., implements (some MSS. read amboð), 258, v. l. Metaph., legit hafa mér a. nær garði, en at berjast við þik fyrir sakleysi, business more urgent than to …, Grett. 110 A.
n. contradictory testimony.
n. a law term.
I. Icel. contradictory testimony, such as was contrary to law. Thus defined: þat er a. er menn bera gegn því sem áðr er borit, vætti í gegn kvið, eðr kviðr í gegn vætti, svá at eigi má hvárttveggja rétt vera, Grág. i. 59, 60; it was liable to the lesser outlawry, skoluð menn a. bera ok hér á þingi, en ef menn bera, ok varðar þat útlegð, enda á þat einskis at meta, id.; en ef menn bera þat a. varðar þat fjörbaugsgarð, ii. 272; bera þeir a. guðunum, false witness against the gods, 655 xiii. B. I.
II. Norse, where it appears to mean contradictory testimony, such as was usually admissible; ok koma eigi a. móti, N. G. L. ii. 89, v. l.; svá er ef einn ber vitni með manni sem engi beri, en tveir sem tíu, ef maðr uggir eigi a. móti, if one bears witness for a man it is as though no man bore witness for him, but two are as good as ten, if a man doth not fear that contradictory evidence will be brought against him, 150.
a. a match for (bann var eigi betr en ~ öðrum þeirra brœðra).
adj. in the phrase, vera e-m a., a match for …, as good a swordsman as…; hann var eigi meirr enn a. einum þeirra bræðra, Fms. ii. 165; sagði Gellir sik fleirum mönnum a. en einum, Bs. i. 649.
n. pl. objection, contradiction.
n. pl. [v. andorða], objection, Sks. 76.
No entry
ð, [v. andóf; Ivar Aasen andöva and andov], a boating term, to paddle against tide, current, and wind, so as to prevent the boat from drifting astern; þá féll á stormr svá mikill, at þeir fengu eigi betr en andæft, had nothing better than to lay to, Sturl. ii. 121; the vellum MSS. wrongly andhætt.
2. metaph. in the corrupt form andæpta, to reply feebly against; with dat., ekki er þess getið at Þórðr andæpti þessari vísu, Th. returned no reply to this libel, Sturl. i. 22. Now absol. to speak in a disjointed way, to ejaculate; andæpti skáld upp úr móðu, fram eru feigs götur; skilja sköp, skamt er að landi, brosir bakki mót, of rhymed incoherent words of a poet in the act of sinking beneath the waves, vide Espól. Ísl. Árb. the year 1823, Sigurðr Breiðfjörð in a poem in the Smámunir.
adv. adversely, unfavourably (ganga mun ykkr ~).
adv. [ár, remus], crossly, perversely, a figure taken from pulling, Lex. Poët.; freq. in the corrupt form andhælis.
No entry
adj. cross, odd, Lex. Poët.; now andhælislegr.
n. fragrance (með unað ok a.).
n. sweet savour, fragrance; með unað ok ang, Bs. ii. 10.
(að), v. to exhale odour or fragrance.
að, [Norse aanga; Swed. ånga], to give out a sweet scent, odour; ilmr angar mjök sætliga, Mar. Fr.; now freq.
f. sweet odour; a. Friggjar, the love of Frigg.
f. sweet odour; angan Friggjar, the love of Frigga, Vsp. 54; some MSS. read angantýr, the sweetheart, husband of Frigga.
No entry
n. a lover, Vsp.: a pr. name, A. S. Ongenþeow.
I)
m. sweet odour.
II)
m. prickle, sting (þetta mál hefir anga).
a, m. [Norse angie].
I. sweet odour; þvílíkan ilm ok anga sem cedrus, Stj. 73, etc.
II. [cp. A. S. anga = aculeus, stimulus], a spine or prickle, in the phrase, þetta mál hefir anga, has a sting, is not good to touch, Bs. ii. 52. Now often used in pl. and used of a sprout, fibre in fruits or plants; metaph. a spoilt boy is called angi, ‘a pickle:’ as to the root, cp. öngull, hamus, and the English angle: angilja, u, f. is, according to Björn, one of the bones of a fish.
f. anguish.
f. [Lat. angustia; Fr. angoisse; Engl. anguish; Germ, angst], anguish, esp. in theol. writers, Stj. 31, 51, 55, 106, 114.
COMPDS: angistarár, angistarneyð, angistartími.
n. year of misery.
n. a year of misery, Stj.
f. great distress.
f. distress, Stj.
No entry
a, m. an hour of pain, Stj.
No entry
að (?), dep. to be vexed, Stj. 121.
I)
(gen. -rs), m. grief, sorrow; gera e-m angr, to do one harm; vera e-m at angri = angra e-n.
II)
(gen. -rs), m. in Norse local names, bay, firth.
m. (now always n., Pass. 1. 4, and so Bs. i. 195); gen. rs, [cp. Engl. anger, Lat. angor.]
I. grief, sorrow; þann angr, Bær. 12; upp á minn a. ok skaða, Stj. 215; minn harm ok a., Bær. 14; með margskonar angri, Fms.x.401; sorg eðr a., Háv. 51; ekki angr(s), Hkv. Hjörv. 10.
II. in Norse local names freq. = bay, firth, e. g. Staf-angr, Harð-angr, etc. etc. (never in Icel.): all these local names are better derived from vangr (q. v., p. 678); kaupangr in Norway means a town, village, sinus mercatorius, [cp. the English ‘Chipping’ in Chipping Norton, Chipping Ongar, etc., and in London, ‘Cheapside,’] these places being situated at the bottom of the firths: fjörðr hardly ever occurs in local names in Norway, but always angr; cp. the pun on angr, moeror, and angr, sinus, Fas. ii. 91. The word is obsolete in the historical age and scarcely appears as a pure appellative, Edda (Gl.), Fms. xii, Munch’s Map and Geogr. of Norway. [Root probably Lat. ang- in ango, angustus, angiportus.]
(að), v. to grieve, vex, distress (mik hefir ~t hungr ok frost); with dat. (hvárt sem mér ~r reykr eða bruni); impers. to be grieved (~ði honum mjök);
refl., ~st af e-u, to be vexed at, take offence at; a. við e-n, to fall out with.
að, to anger, grieve, vex, with acc., Fms. xi. 393; mik hefir angrað hungr ok frost, Fms. ii. 59: with dat., hvárt sem mér a. reykr eða bruni, Nj. 201, Stj. 21: impers. to be grieved, a. honum mjök, Fas. ii. 296: more freq. with acc., Finnb. 234, Bs. i. 289; mik angrar mart hvað, Hallgrím.
β. reflex., angrask, to be angered; a. af e-u, to take offence at, Bs. i. 280; við e-t, Fas. iii. 364.
γ. part. angraðr, used as adj. sorrowful, angry; reiðr ok a., El. 14; pronounced angráðr, concerned; in the phrase, göra sér angrátt, um, to feel a pang, Gísl. 85.
f. sorrow, affliction.
f. sorrow. Fas. iii. 364.
No entry
u, f. the name of a giantess, Hdl.
a. sorrowful, sad.
adj. full of care, Str. 55.
m. rash, foolish person.
a, m. a rude, silly fool, [the French gobemouche], Bs. i. 806, Mag. 64 (Ed.); sem a. at svara fólsku tignum mönnum, Sturl. iii. 138.
a. free from care.
adj. free from care, Lat. securus, Hkv. 2. 45.
a. sad.
adj. sad, Bs. ii. 163.
n. pl. mourning songs, dirges.
n. pl. funeral songs, dirges, neniae, Hkv. 2. 44.
n. sadness, low spirits.
n. [lund], concern, low spirits, Gísl. 85.
No entry
dd, dep. to be in low spirits, Fr.
a. = angrfullr.
adj. and angr-samliga, adv. sorrowful, sorrowfully, Stj. 655 xxxii.
No entry
adj. full of grief, depressed, downcast, Stj., Barl., Vápn. 17; neut., e-m er a., to be in low spirits, Fms. viii. 29.
β. troublesome, Stj. (of gnats).
f. depression of spirits.
and angrsemi, f. grief, Mar., Ver. 2.
No entry
m. the name of a sword, Eg.
f. dejection.
f. dejection, Hkr. iii. 253; now also angr-vær, adj. dejected.
No entry
f. moody temper, sullenness, Fr.
(að), v. to be able to do (~ e-u); cf. annast.
að, [önn, labor; Ivar Aasen anna: the root is not found in Goth.]
I. act. but rare; with dat. in the sense to be able to do; eg anna því ekki, I cannot manage that: absol., geldingar svá holdir, at þeir anni á degi ofan í Odda, ellipt. = anni at ganga, that they can walk, Vm. 28.
II. dep. freq.:
1. with acc.,
α. a law term; in cases involving support, to take care, provide for, to support; þá skal móðirin þau börn annast, Grág. i. 240; a. úmaga, 243, 294; a. sik, to support oneself, Fms. vi. 204; úmegð, Rd. 234.
β. more generally to take care of; mál þetta mun ek a., Glúm. 358.
γ. to engage in battle; tveir skyldi annast einnhvern þeirra; þeir Barði ok Steinn skyldi a. Ketil brúsa, Ísl. (Hvs.) ii. 356.
2. a. um e-t, to be busy about, trouble oneself about; a. um matreiðu, to cook, Nj. 75; hann a. ekki um bú, Glúm. 342, 359.
a. strange, alien.
adj. strange, alien, Stj. 188; metaph., Skálda 193.
(önnur, annat), a., indef. pron., ord. numb.;
1) one of the two, the one (of two);
Egill þessi hefir aðra hönd (only one hand) ok er kaliaðr einhendr;
á aðra hönd, on the one side;
a. … a. one … the other (hét a. Sörli, en a. Þorkell);
2) second;
í annat sinn, for the second time;
høggr hann þegar annat (viz. högg), a second blow;
3) the next following;
á öðru hausti, the next autumn;
annat sumar eptir;
fig., next in value or rank;
annat mest hof í Noregi, the next greatest temple;
fjölmennast þing annat eptir brennu Njáls, the fullest assembly next to that after the burning of N.;
4) some other (hón lék á gólfinu við aðrar meyjar);
Þórarinn ok tíu menn aðrir, and ten men besides;
hann var örvari af fé en nokkurr a., than anybody else;
5) other, different;
öl er a. maðr, ale (a drunken man) is another man, is not the same man;
þau höfðu annan átrúnað, a different religion;
6) in various combinations;
~ slíkr, such another, another of the same sort;
gekk a. til at öðrum (one after another) at biðja hann;
hverja nótt aðra sem aðra, every night in turn;
annat var orð Finns harðara en annat, each word of Finn was harder than another; …
önnur, annat, adj.; pl. aðrir; gen. pl. annarra; dat. sing. f. annarri, [Ulf. anþar; A. S. oþar; Engl. other; Germ, andere; Swed. andra and annan: in Icel. assimilated, and, if followed by an r, the nn changes into ð.]
I. = ετερος, alter:
1. one of two, the other; tveir formenn þeirra, hét annarr, the one of them, Fms. ix. 372; sá er af öðrum ber, be that gets the better of it, Nj. 15; a. augat, Fms. ii. 61; á öðrum fæti, Bs. i. 387, Edda 42; annarri hendi…, en annarri, with the one hand …, with the other, Eb. 250, 238; á aðra hönd, on the one side, Grág. i. 432, Nj. 50; a. kné, Bs. i. 680; til annarrar handar, Nj. 50; annarr—annarr, one—other; gullkross á öðrum en ari af gulli á öðrum, Fms. x. 15. Peculiar is the phrase, við annan, þriðja, fjórða … mann, = being two, three, four … altogether; við annan, oneself and one besides, Eb. 60; cp. the Greek τρίτον ήμιτάλαντον, two talents and a half, Germ. anderthalh.
2. secundus, a cardinal number, the second; sá maðr var þar a. Íslenzkr, Fms. xi. 129; í annat sinn, for the second time, Íb. …
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(or in two words), adj. pron. in dual sense, [A. S. oþar-hveða], Lat. alteruter, either, one of the two; with gen., annan hvern þeirra sona Skallagríms, Eg. 256; væntir mik at aðra hvára (acc. sing. fem., now aðra hverja) skipan taki brátt, Fms. viii. 444. Dual, aðrir hvárir, in a collect. sense, either party, Sd. 138; neut. used as adv., annaðhvárt—eða, either—or (Lat. aut—aut), Fms. i. 127, Skálda 171, Nj. 190.
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adj. pron. every other alternately; annan hvern dag, Fms. iv. 81, Symb. 57; annathvert orð, every other (second) word, Nj. 33, Fas. i. 527: at öðruhverju, used as adv., every now and then, Eg. 52, Sturl. i. 82, Hkr. ii. 292.
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and annarr-tveggi, adj. or used adverbially, [-tveggja is a gen. form, -tveggi a nom.], plur. (dual) aðrirtveggju, dat. plur. -jum; in other cases tveggja, tveggi are indecl.:—one of twain, either; annattveggja þeirra, Grág. i. 236; ok er annattveggja til, at vera hér, hinn er annarr, there is choice of two, either to stay here, or …, Fms. xi. 143, N. G. L. i. 117; ef annarrtveggi hefir haldit öðrum, Grág. i. 29: with gen., a. þeirra, either of them, 149: dual, either of two sides, en þá eru þeir skildir er aðrirtveggju eru lengra í burt komnir en ördrag, but then are they parted when either of the twain is come farther away than an arrow’s flight, of combatants on the battle-field, Grág. ii. 19: neut., annattveggja, used as adv.; annattveggja—eðr, either—or; a. vestna eðr batna, Clem. 50. The word is rare in old writers, and is now quite out of use; as adv. annaðhvort—eða, either—or, is used.
a. = annarligr.
= annarligr; annarstaðar, elsewhere, v. annarsstaðar.
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gen. as adv. of another kind, Hkr. i. 148.
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adv. else, otherwise; hvárt er hann vill… eðr a. vill hann, either he should prefer …, K. Á. 58.
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adv. elsewhere, in other places; sem a., as in other similar cases, Grág. i. 228.
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adv. on the other hand, Fms. viii. 228, those on the opposite side.
(-s, -ar), m. chronological register, annals.
s, m. [Lat. annalis], an annal, record, chronological register, Bs. i. 789, 415. 13. It sometimes, esp. in deeds, appears to mean histories in general (cp. Lat. annales); annálar á tólf bókum norrænir, Vm. in a deed of the 14th century, where it probably means Sagas: fróðir annálar ok vísindabækr, histories, Pr. 402, Al. 29. The true old Icel. annalists cease in the year 1430, and were again resumed in the middle of the 16th century.
a. faulty, full of faults.
adj. full of faults, Fms. vi. 110.
a. faultless.
adj. faultless, Grág. i. 287.
I) a. n., e-m er ~, eager, anxious;
mörgum var ~ heim, many were eager to get home;
hví mun honum svá ~ at hitta mik, why is he so eager?
ekki er ~ um þat, it is not pressing;
hvat er nú ~ mínum einga syni, what has my only son at heart?
sagði sér ~ (that he was busy) um daga;
vera ~ til e-s, to be eager for.
II) from unna.
n. adj. [önn], in such phrases as, vera a. um e-t, to be busy, concerned, eager, anxious about, Hkr. i. 115; mörgum var a. heim, many were eager to get home, Fms. xi. 278; hví mun honum svá a. at hitta mik, why is he so eager? Eg. 742; ekki er a. um þat, it is not pressing, Sd. 174; Hánefr kvad sér a. um daga (had so much to do) svá at hann mátti þá eigi at vera, Rd. 241; vera annt til e-s, to be in a very great hurry, eager for, Fms. ii. 150, 41. Compar. annara, in impers. phrases, to be more eager, Fms. ii. 38; mér er ekki a. at vita forlög mín en fram koma, Fs. 19. Superl., vera annast til e-s, to be most eager, Fms. iii. 187: without prep., hvat er nú annt minum eingasyni, what hath my darling son at heart? Gg. 2.
in several compds. = and-.
in several compds, v. and-.
n. agricultural implements.
n. pl., rare in sing., proncd. amboð, [old Swed. ambud; Ivar Aasen ambo’, from önn, labor (?)], agricultural implements, tools; a. nokkur, Dipl. v. 18, Jb. 258.
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m. pl. a sword belt or shield belt, = handfetlar, Lex. Poët.
m. cessation from lawsuits during the spring farming.
ar, m. [önn], ‘work-peace,’ work-truce, commonly during April and May, the time when there were to be no lawsuits (Norse), N. G. L. iii. 19, 94, 95.
m. = önnkostr.
m., also spelt öndkostr and önnkostr [önn], used only in the adverbial phrase, fyrir annkost (önn-önd-kost), wilfully, on purpose, Fms. viii. 367; en þó hafa ek fyrir önnkost (on purpose) svá ritað, Skálda 164; en þat er illvirki, er maðr vill spilla fé manna fyrir ö., Grág. i. 5, 130, 416, ii. 93, 94.
v. to take care of.
t, (= ann-kosta?), to take care (önn) of, Grág. ii. 251, απ. λεγ. spelt anquista; the word is somewhat doubtful.
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n. adj. easily, without toil, Lex. Poët.
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n. adj. and annríki, n., eiga a., to be very busy, Rd. 283.
a. toilsome, laborious.
adj. toilsome, laborious, Sks. 549, 550.
a. n., e-m er ~, one is very busy.
n. adj. in the phrase, eiga a., to be busy, Rd. 283: v. l. for angrsamt, full of cares, Fms. viii. 29.
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f. business, trouble, concern; fá a. af e-u and bera a. fyrir e-u, to be troubled, concerned about, Bs. i. 686, 690.
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u, f. antiphon (Gr. word), Hom. 137.
m. antichrist.
m. Anti-Christ, Hom. 132, 71.
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að, to hand over (Germ. word), H. E. i. 435, in a Norse deed.
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adj., commonly önugr, cross, uncivil, froward; also önug-lyndi, f. freaks, ill-temper.
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n. reply, now freq. in common language, v. following word.
(að), v.
1) to heed, take notice of (~ e-u);
2) to reply, answer (~ til e-s).
að, contr. form = andsvara, to pay attention to, take notice of; with dat., (þeim) sem hón a. minnr ok vanrækir, cares less about, Stj. 95, 81, 195.
2. to reply, answer (now freq.); a. e-u and til es; illu mun furða, ef nokkurr a. til, where it means to reply, but without the notion of speaking, Fms. i. 194; Oddr anzaði ok heldr stutt, where it seems to mean to return a greeting, but silently by signs, Fb. i. 254; konungr a. því ekki, a reply to a letter, Fms. ix. 339; hann sat kyrr ok a. engu, Bárd. 180; Mirmant heyrði til ræðu hennar ok a. fá, Mirm. 69.
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f. [and-kenna], a flaw, fault, = anmarki, only as gen. pl. in the COMPDS ankanna-fullr, adj. full of faults, Sks. 76 new Ed., v. l. ankanna-laust, n. adj. a law term, uncontested, used of an inheritance or possession where there is no legal claimant; skal hann eignast a. allt Noregs konungs veldi, he s hall hold as his own all the power of Norway’s king without a rival, Fagrsk. 97; Magnús konungr hafði þá ríki einnsaman ok a., i. e. there were no pretenders, Fms. x. 413.
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að, qs. aftigna, to disparage, with dat.; a. engum ílla allra sízt þó á bak, Hallgr.
(að), v. to mock, make sport of, to befool (margan hefir auðr ~t);
refl., ~st at e-u, to become the fool of.
að, [Engl. to ape; Germ. äffen = deludere], to mock, make sport of; margan hefir auðr apat (a proverb), ‘auri sacra fames,’ Sl. 34, cp. Hm. 74: pass., apask at e-u, to become the fool of, Sl. 62. Now, a. e-t epter, to mock or imitate as an ape: also, a. e-n útúr, to pervert one’s words in a mocking way.
(gen. -rs or -s, pl. -rar or -ar), m. apple-tree.
rs, m. pl. rar, [O. H. G. aphaltrâ; A. S. apuldre; Dan. abild; Swed. apel], doubtless a southern word, the inflective syllable dr being a mutilation of ‘tré,’ arbor, a word now almost extinct in Germany, (for a homely, common word such as ‘tré’ could not have been corrupted in the native tongue);—apaldr thus, etymologically as well as properly, means an apple-tree; fruits and fruit-trees were doubtless imported into Scandinavia from abroad; the word appears only in the later heroic poems, such as the Hkv. Hjörv. 6; the verses in Sdm. 5 are in a different metre from the rest of the poem, and probably interpolated, Fas. i. 120; epli á apaldri, Sks. 106; tveir apaldar (with the radical r dropped), Fas. iii. 60; apaldrs flúr, Karl. 200, 311: as the etymological sense in the transmuted word soon got lost, a fresh pleonastic compound was made, viz. apaldrs-tré.
COMPDS: apaldrsgarðr, apaldrsklubba, apaldrstré.
m. orchard.
m. [Dan. abild-gaard], orchard of apple-trees, Þiðr., D. N.
f. club made of apple-tree.
u, f. club made of an a., El. 22.
n. apple-tree.
n. apple-tree, Þiðr. 58.
a. dapple-grey.
adj. dapple-gray, i. e. apple-gray, having the streaky colour of an apple (cp. Fr. pommelé), of a horse, Nj. 274, Karl. 426, Landn. 93 (where it is used of a river horse); of an ox, uxi a. at lit, Ld. 120.
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n. form of an ape, Th. 76.
m.
1) ape, monkey;
2) fool (margr verðr af aurum ~).
a, m. [A. S. apa; Erse apa; Bohem. op; Germ. affe; all of them dropping the initial guttural tenuis: Sanskr. kapi], an ape. It appears in early times in the metaph. sense of a fool in the old poem Hm. and even in a proverb; so also in the poems Fm. 11 and Gm. 34, vide Lex. Poët. A giant is in Edda (Gl.) called api, no doubt because of the stupid nature of the giants. Apavatn, a farm in Icel., probably got its name from a nickname of one of the settlers, at the end of the 9th century. In Hým. 20 a giant is called áttrunnr apa, the kinsman of apes. The passage in the Hm. verse 74 appears to be corrupt, and ought to be restored thus, margr verðr af aurum api, the fool of earthly things, cp. the passage in Sl. 34, margan hefir auðr apat, which is another version of the very same proverb. It is esp. used in the connection, ósvinns-api or ósviðra-api, a baboon, big fool, Gm. l. c., Fm. l. c.; (the passage in Hm. 123 ought perhaps to be restored to ósvinns-apa or ósvinnra-apa in a single word; the sense is no doubt the same in all these passages.) Rare in old prose in the proper sense of ape, vide however 673. 55. …
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m. bull = þjórr, graðungr.
a, m. in Edda (Gl.),
α. an ox, or
β. a horse, hackney: apli according to Björn s. v. means the embryo of animals, e. g. apla-kálfr and apla-lamb, n. abortive lamb or calf; apalgengr, adj. a hackney, a rough goer. Björn also mentions apalgrýti, n. aspretum, (an unknown and dubious word.)
(að), v. to cite, summon to the pope.
and appellera, að, to cite, summon to the pope (eccles. Lat.), Fms. ix. 339, 486 (v. l.), x. 99, Bs. i. 776, K. Á. 218.
(öpr, aprt), a.
1) hard, sharp; en aprasta hríð, the sharpest fighting; aprastr við at eiga, the worst to deal with;
2) sad, dispirited.
adj. gen. rs (and thus not akin to api), cold, sharp, chilly; en aprasta hríð, sharp fighting, Ó. T. 59; sterkastr ok aprastr við at eiga, the worst to deal with, Þiðr. 183; erida vóru allöpr tilbrigðin (cold, malignant), 89; því föru vér aprir, we feel sad, chilly, a verse written in 1047, Lex. Poët.: a word quite obsolete. (Björn however mentions it as a living word.) Mod. Icel. napr, adj. nearly in the same sense, cold, chilly, of weather; cold, spiteful, snappish, of temper: nepja, u, f. a chill, piercing cold: nepringr, m. id.: [are these words identical (?).]
a. cold, chilly (~ligt veðr).
adj. cold, chilly, of weather; a. veðr, Vápn. 11. MS.
adv. from behind behind, opp. to framan; þá greip hann a. undir hendr honum, from behind; fyrir a., as prep. with acc., behind; ek hjó varginn í sundr fyrir a. bóguna, just behind the shoulders.
and aftan, adv. prop. from behind, behind, opp. to framan; augu a. í hnakka, N. G. L. i. 339; a. á milli herða, Vígl. 26; þá greip hann a. undir hendr honum (from behind), Eg. 747; hala sem leo, ok gadd í a., … at the tip of the tail, Al. 168: now aptan í is opp. to framan í.
II. fyrir a., as prep. with acc., behind, opp. to fyrir framan; ek hjó varginn í sundr fyrir a. bóguna, I hewed the wolf in sunder, just behind the withers, Nj. 95; standa fyrir a., to stand behind, Fas. ii. 516.
β. a. at, with dat.; ganga, koma a. at e-m, to approach from behind.
adv. from behind behind, opp. to framan; þá greip hann a. undir hendr honum, from behind; fyrir a., as prep. with acc., behind; ek hjó varginn í sundr fyrir a. bóguna, just behind the shoulders.
and aftan, s, m., dat. aptni, pl. aptnar, sometimes spelt apni and apnar, [Hel. aband; Germ. abend; Engl. even, evening; in Ulf. we only find andanahti = Gr. οψέ, οψία; Swed. afton, Dan. aften,—as it is often spelt], evening; not very freq. in prose, where kveld is the common word. It prop. meant the time from 3 till 9 o’clock, like the Old English ‘even;’ miðraptan (middle-eve) is 6 o’clock; at 9 o’clock the night sets in, v. náttmál: a distinction is made between aptan and kveld, einn aptan at kveldi, an afternoon when the kveld (twilight) sets in, Edda 35: but gener. = kveld, um aptaninn síð er myrkt var orðit, Fms. iv. 308, viii. 228, xi. 113; at aptni, 623. 55, Fms. viii. 201, Grág. i. 146; of aptna (apna), Grág. ii. 224; á öptnum, Bjarn. 23; miðraptan, Hrafn. 9, Nj. 153; aptans bíðr óframs sök, a laggard’s suit bides till even (a proverb).
f. evening carouse.
u, f. an evening carouse, Pr. 419.
adv. all the evening.
n. adj. even-long, all the evening, Karl. 95.
f. twilight.
u, f. twilight, Lat. crepusculum (cp. morginskæra, dawn, aurora), Sighvat (in a verse).
f. evening star.
u, f. the evening star, Al. 54, Stj. 92; now kveld-stjarna.
m. evensong, vespers.
m. even-song, evening service, Fms. vii. 152, K. Þ. K. 58.
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a, m. eventide, Post. 25.
a. compar. = eptri.
and aptastr, compar. and superl. latter, posterior, and last, v. eptri, epztr.
adv. behind, far in the rear.
and aptarliga, adv. behind, far in the rear, Lex. Poët. (freq.)
(að), v. impers. to become evening;
refl., ~st = ~.
að, to become evening; þartil at aptnaði, Fms. iii. 181. Dep., þá aptnaðisk, Greg. 51; now kvelda.
adv.
1) back; fara (snúa, koma, senda, sœkja, hverfa) a., to go (turn etc.) back; reka a., to drive back, repel; kalla a., to recall, revoke;
2) backwards; fram ok a., backwards and forwards, to and fro; þeir settu hnakka á bak sér a., they bent their necks backwards;
3) lúka (láta) a., to shut, close; hlið, port, hurð er a., is shut;
4) at the back, in the rear; þat er maðr fram, en dýr a., the fore part a man, the hind part of a beast; bæði a. ok fram, stem and stern (of a ship); Sigurðr sat a. á kistunni, S. sat aft on the stern-chest;
5) again; Freyja vaknar ok snerist við ok sofnar a., and falls asleep again.
and aftr (aptar, N. G. L. i. 347), adv., compar. aptar, superl. aptast, [Ulf. aftra = πάλιν], the spelling with p is borne out by the Gr. αψ.
I. Loc. back, back again:
1. WITH MOTION, connected with verbs denoting to go or move, such as fara, ganga, koma, leiða, senda, snúa, sækja, etc., where aptr almost answers to Lat. re-, remittere, reducere, reverti …; gefa a., reddere; bera a., refellere; kalla a., revocare; reka a., repellere: a. hverfr lygi þá er sönnu mætir (a proverb), a lie turns back when it meets truth, Bs. i. 639. ‘aptr’ implies a notion a loco or in locum, ‘eptir’ that of remaining in loco; thus skila a. means remittere; skilja eptir, relinquere; taka a., recipere, in a bad sense; taka eptir, animum attendere; fara a., redire; vera e., remanere, etc.; fara, snúa, koma, senda, sækja, hverfa a., Nj. 260, 281, Fms. x. 395, iv. 300, Edda 30, Eg. 271, Eb. 4, Fs. 6; færa a., to repay, N. G. L. i. 20; snúast a., Lækn. 472. Without actual motion,—as of sounds; …
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(að), v. to take back, withdraw, recall; a. ferð sinni, to desist from, give up; a. sér, to withdraw, waver, hesitate.
að, to take back, hinder, withdraw; with dat., a. ferð sinni, to desist from, delay, Fms. x. 17; Þorgrímr bað þá niðr setjast, ok skal eigi boði a., i. e. you shall be welcome as before, Valla L. 217; eigi mun ek a. mér (hesitate) at þessu, Grett. 116 A; hversu þeir öptruðu sér þá er þeir kómu á þingit, how they hesitated, wavered, withdrew, Bs. i. 741, Flor. 7: now a. e-u is to hinder, prohibit.
f. withdrawal, keeping back.
and öptrun, f. a revoking, renouncing, keeping back, 655 xxvii.
m. one who impedes the progress of a thing.
m. who impedes a thing, Bs. i. 733.
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adv. backwards, Skíða R.
I)
m. convalescence; vera í aptrbata, to be on the way to recovery.
II)
a. convalescent, getting better, recovering.
adj. ind. convalescent, on the road to recovery, Al. 150, Korm. 220: now used as a masc. (-bati, a, m.), vera í aptrbata, to be getting better, Fas. iii. 524.
a. reciprocal.
adj. reciprocal, Skálda 195.
pp. born again, regenerate.
adj. part. regenerate, born again; þars hón aptrborin aldri verði, the sense is doubtful, it seems to mean = endrborin, regenerate; it will suit the context only if we suppose that suicides could not be born again; they certainly could walk again, v. aptrganga. Högni seems to fear that, if she died a natural death, Brynhilda would perhaps be endrborin, Skv. 3. 44.
m. (esp. pl. aptrbyggjar opp. to frambyggjar) a man in the stern in a ship of war.
ja, m., esp. in pl. stern-sitters (opp. to frambyggjar) in a ship of war, Fms. ii. 312, Hkr. iii. 243.
m. reflux of the tide (~ hafsins).
m. the undertow, outward suck of the tide, Barl. 130.
f. relapse, shock.
u, f. relapse, shock, adversity; meðan þeir vissu sér enga ván a., Bs. i. 752, Finnb. 312.
f. dawning.
f. = elding, dawning, Anal. 193.
f. journey back, return.
and aptr-för, f. return, Eg. 279.
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u, f. bringing back, Gþl. 361.
f. ghost, apparition.
u, f. [ganga aptr], a ghost, apparition, the French revenant; about this superstition vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 222–317, Grett. ch. 34–37 (the ghost Glám), Eb. ch. 34, 50–55, 63 (Thorolf Bægifót), Ld. ch. 17, Sd. ch. 17–22, 30 (Klaufi), Háv. 41, Flóam. ch. 28, etc. etc.
m. ghost, apparition.
m. = aptrganga, Grett. ch. 78 new Ed.
n. repayment.
n. repayment, Bs. i. 734.
n. checking, holding back.
n. a checking, holding back.
COMPD: aptrhaldsmaðr.
n. runing back.
n. a hurling back, recoil, Fs. 158.
f. repulse.
f. a bending backwards, metaph., Fms. ix. 509.
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m. the chine, the lower part of the back, of a slaughtered animal, Dipl. vi.
n.
1) return; illr ~s, disinclined to face the enemy again;
2) relapse, apostasy;
3) turning away from sin (rare).
n. a turning back, return, Sturl. ii. 16; illr aftrhvarfs, disinclined to face the enemy again, Fms. vii. 325.
β. relapse, Fms. ii. 47, where it is used of apostasy. Since the Reformation always used by theologians in a good sense, repentance, turning away from sin; iðran ok a. are freq. used together, iðran being repentance, the internal condition, aptrhvarf the movement away from sin, or the repentance put into act.
n. recalling, revocation.
n. withdrawal, recalling, Fr.
n. hurling back, repulse.
n. a hurling back, repulse, Stj. 288.
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u, f. one whose hair is combed back, Finnb. 250.
f. coming back, return.
and later form aptrkoma, u, f. return, coming back, Sks. 550 B; Fms. xi. 312, a vellum MS. of the end of the 15th century, has aptrkoma.
a. n. admitting of return; esp. eiga ~, to be allowed to return (from exile).
n. adj. return from exile, used substantively as a law term in the phrase, eiga (eigi) a., of a temporary or lifelong exile; þat varðar skóggang… eigi eigi a. nema lof biskupa ok lögréttumanna fáist framar, … not to be suffered to return from exile unless the leave of the bishops and the legislature be first got, Grág. i. 347: in a gener. sense, sýnist mér sem engum várum sé a., ef hans er eigi hefnt, it seems to me that not one of us can shew his face again, if he be not revenged, Glúm. 332.
f. redemption; right of redeeming.
f. redemption, ransom, Hom. 118; a law term, right of redeeming, Gþl. 304: hence COMPD aptrlausnar-jörð, f. land which is redeemable, N. G. L. i. 344.
a. tapering behind.
adj. tapering behind, Edda 40 (of the salmon’s tail).
m. regret, loss; mér er mikill ~ at e-u, I miss a thing greatly.
m. [munr], in the phrase, vera a. at e-u, to want a thing back again, Fas. iii. 278.
a. indecl. driven back (by stress of weather).
and aptr-reki, adj. ind. (navig.), verðr a., to be driven back by stress of weather, Landn. 148, Bs. i. 76, Grág. i. 274; a. skip, Ann. 1347, Bs. Laur. S.
m. driving back, repulse.
rs, m. a driving back, repulse, Grág. ii. 230 (of cattle grazing).
f. regret, longing (= eptirsjá).
f. regret, longing, v. eptirsjá.
f. restoration (~ allra hluta).
f. a replacement, Thom.
f. rolling back.
f. recoil, rolling back, Stj. 49.
t she-ape, she-monkey.
u, f. [old Swed. epin], a she-ape, Stj. 68, 95, Sks. 115.
I)
n.
1) year; at ári, next year; telja árum, to count time by years;
2) plenty, abundance, fruitfulnes (þá var ár um öll lönd);
3) the name of the Rune A.
II)
f. oar; draga skip á árum, to pull the boat with oars; þungr undir árum, heavy to pull; draga árar um e-t, to contend for; koma eigi ár sinni fyrlr borð, to be under restraint.
III)
n. first beginning; ár var alda, in times of yore; at morgins ári, um morguninn í ár = árla um morguninn, early in the morning.
IV)
adv.
1) anciently, of yore;
2) early (ár um morguninn).
V)
from á, river.
n. (qs. arð?), an atom in a sunbeam, mote; hvernig viltú þekkja syndina nema Guðs orð sýni þér hana … arið eðr agnirnar í loptinu fáum vér ekki séð nema í sólar-geislanum? Vídal. i. 276; Germ. sonnenstäubchen, vide Vídal. Post. 276 (Ed. 1829), Njóla.
n. eagle’s nest, eyrie.
n. an eyrie, nest of an eagle, Fagrsk. 146. Ari is also a common pr. name.
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u, f. medic. scabrum, a little wart.
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að, to make upright, and arðigr, adj. erect, arduus, v. örð-.
(gen. arðrs), m. a simple form plough.
rs, m. [Lat. aratrum; Gael. arad; cp. erja, Ulf. arjan, arare; A. S. erian; Old Engl. ear, etc.; in Norse ar or al is a small plough]
1. a sort of plough, probably different in size and shape from plógr, which is a later word, of foreign stamp, as are all that have p for their initial letter. The poem Rm. distinguishes between both, göra arðr (acc.) and keyra plóg, 19. The first colonisers of Iceland used arðr, as shewn by Landn. 35 (relating events of the year 875); hann átti einn oxa, ok lét hann þrælana draga arðrinn; eykr fyrir plógi eðr arðri (plough or ard), N. G. L. ii. 115; ef maðr stel jarni af arðri eðr plógi, id.; höggva má maðr sér til plógs eðr arðs (gen. dropping the radical r), id.; draga arðr, Al. 52; arðri (dat.), Karl. 471, Mar. (Fr.), Stj.: um allt þat er miklu varðar er betri sígandi arðr en svífandi (emend. of Dr. Hallgrim Scheving), a proverb, better a slow but deep trenching plough than a quick and shallow one, Bs. i. 139; the old arðr was probably bulky and heavy.
2. metaph. in Icel. at present arðr (gen. arðs, arðar, Snót 90), as well as plógr, means gain, produce, profit: …
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f. a plough-furrow, trench, Stj. 593, 1 Kings xviii. 32.
m. coulter.
m. a coulter, goad, N. G. L. iii. 198.
n. plough-iron; ~ þat er ristill (coulter) heitir.
n. a coulter, ox goad, Stj. 386, Judges iii. 31.
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a, m. a plough-ox, Grág. i. 502, Jb. 346.
m. = arðruxi.
m. a plough-ox, Fms. vii. 21.
f. heiress (Norse, rare).
u, f. [Ulf. arbio], an heiress, N. G. L. i. 191 (rare).
m. section of law treating of inheritance (arfr).
m. section of law treating of inheritance, Grág. i. 170.
I)
m. heir, heiress; a. e-s or at e-u, heir to a property.
II)
m. chickweed.
a, m. [Ulf. arbia; O. H. G. arpis, erpo; Germ. erbe; Hel. abaro = filius; A. S. eafora, afora per metath.], an heir, heiress (and poët. a son in gener.): with gen. pers., arfar veganda, his heirs, Gþl. 131; þar næst var Ósk hennar a., her heiress, heir to her property, Ld. 58; Guðríðr ok Þorgerðr lögligir arfar (heiresses) Sölva, Dipl. v. 1: with gen. of the thing, er hann þá a. hvársttveggja, heir of both things, Grág. i. 221; a. óðala, Gþl. 294; a. at e-u, heir to a property, Sturl. ii. 197. Not freq., erfingi being the common word.
II. an ox, bull, Edda (Gl.), vide arfr.
I)
m. heir, heiress; a. e-s or at e-u, heir to a property.
II)
m. chickweed.
sometimes spelt arbi, a, m. chickweed, alsine media; arfa-sáta, u, f. a weed rick, Nj. 194.
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ja, m. an heir, Eg. (in a verse), vide erfingi.
(gen. arfs), m.
1) inheritance; taka arf, to take possession of an inheritance; taka arf eptir e-n, to be heir to a person, to inherit; standa til arfs eptir e-n, to be entitled to inherit a person; hón á allan arf eptir mik, she is my sole heir; selja arf, to sell the expectation of inheritance (= selja arfván);
2) patrimony = föðurleifð.
s, m. [Ulf. arbi, neut.; A. S. yrfe.] It originally meant cattle, pecus, pecunia, as may be inferred from the A. S. orf = pecus, cattle, and yrfe = opes; Hel. arf and urf; Ormul. errfe; v. Ihre, Glossar., and Grimm R. A. p. 467. Edda (Gl.) also mentions an arfi or arfr, bos, v. above.
I. inheritance, patrimony; taka arf eptir e-n, Grág. i. 170, 178; hon á allan arf eptir mik, is my sole heir, Nj. 3, Eb. 162, Gþl. 252.
II. a bull, v. above.
COMPDS: arfsskipti, arfaþáttr.
m. one who has made another his heir on condition of being maintained by him for life.
m., v. above.
m. deed concerning arfsal.
a, m. a deed concerning arfsal, Grág. i. 227.
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n. and arfs-sókn, f., v. arf- below, Gþl. 267, Grág. i. 170.
n. land obtained by inheritance.
n. land taken by inheritance, patrimony, Fms. i. 117.
m. inheritor, successor to an inheritance.
m. an heir, successor to an inheritance, Grág. i. 62, Sturl. i. 98, Fms. v. 53.
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a, m. [an old obsol. form], an heir, Edda 108 and in the compd skaporfoni (the vowel change is caused by the following o), legal heir, q. v.
pp. by birth entitled to inherit, legitimate (= til arfs alinn).
adj. part., prop. a legitimate son or daughter, Fms. i. 86; defined, sá er a. er kominn er til alls réttar, N. G. L. ii. 211. Freq. spelt árborinn by suppressing the f (so N. G. L. ii. 50), and used in Norse law of a freeman, v. the quotation above from N. G. L., which clearly shews the identity of the two words, i. 171; algildis vitni tveggja manna árborinna ok skilvænna, ii. 211: the alliterated phrase alnir ok árbornir (the phrase aldir og óbornir may be a corruption from arb.), freeborn and freebred, 310. The passage in Stor. verse 2 is in Lex. Poët. explained by olim ablatus: the poet probably meant to say genuine, pure, in a metaph. sense, of the true poetic beverage, not the adulterated one, mentioned in the Edda 49; the cup from the right cask.
a. entitled to inherit.
adj. entitled to inherit, legitimate heir, Grág. i. 178, Eg. 345.
n. sum paid for another’s expectation of inheritance.
n. sum paid for inheritance, Grág. i. 200.
(-dda, -ddr), v. to adopt as an heir (= ættleiða).
dd, to adopt as an heir, = ættleiða, Jb. 144 A.
f. adoption of an heir.
f. adoption, Ann. 1271.
(gen. -nytja), m. heir, inheritor (poet.).
ja, m. (poët.) an heir, Eb. (in a verse).
n. unjust taking of one’s inheritance.
n. injustice, cheating in matters of inheritance, Háv. 52.
f. = arfrán.
f. id., Mar. 656.
m. one stripped of his inheritance.
m. one stripped of his inheritance, Al. 105.
n. cession of right of inheritance (on condition of getting maintenance for life).
n. cession of right of inheritance, Grág. i. 205, 225, 227, (cp. branderfð, Dan. fledföre, mod. Icel. prófenta, and gefa prófentu sína); a law term, to hand over one’s own property to another man on condition of getting succour and support for life. In the time of the Commonwealth, arfsal had a political sense, and was a sort of ‘clientela;’ the chiefs caused rich persons, freedmen, and monied men of low birth to bequeath them all their wealth, and in return supported them in lawsuits during life. Such is the case in Vápn. 13, Hænsaþór. S. ch. 7, Eb. ch. 31; eptir þat handsalaði Ulfarr (a wealthy freedman) Arnkatli fé sitt allt, ok gerðist hann (viz. Arnkell) þá varnaðarmaðr (protector) Úlfars: v. also Þórð. S., hann bjó á landi Skeggja ok hafði görzt arfsalsmaðr hans (his client), 50: it was humiliating; engar mátti hann (the bishop) ölmusur gefa af líkamlegri eign, heldr var hann haldinn sem arfsalsmaðr, Sturl. ii. 119. To the chiefs in olden times it was a source of wealth and influence, often in an unfair way.
COMPDS: arfsalsmaðr, arfsalsmáldagi.
n. partition of an inheritance.
n. sharing of arfr, Grág. i. 172, Gþl. 266, Fas. iii. 39.
n. fraud in matters of inheritance.
n. fraud, cheating in matters of inheritance, Eb. 178, Grág. i. 202, 203, 267.
f. suit in a case of inheritance.
f. a suit in a case of arfr, Gþl. 263.
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m. an hereditary throne, Eg. (in a verse).
n. pl. defrauding in matters of inheritance.
n. pl. fraud, cheating in matters of arfr, Eb. 178, Gþl. 254, 292.
f. taking- away of one’s inheritance.
f. disinheriting, cheating in matters of arfr, Stj. 425.
n. the act of taking one as arfsalsmaðr (taka e-n ~i).
n. and arf-taka, u, f. the act of receiving arfsal; taka e-n arftaki, Grág. i. 267, 268, 187, 229.
COMPD: arftökumaðr.
m. inheritor.
a, m. and arf-taki, a, m. = arftökumaðr, Jb. 148 A, N. G. L. i. 234, Barl. 199.
pp. taken by inheritance.
adj. part. taken by inheritance, Fms. xi. 306.
f. = arftaka.
u, f. = arftaka, Grág. i. 219.
COMPD: arftekjuland.
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n. = arftaka, Stj. 232.
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adj. = arfgengr, Eg. 343.
f. expectancy of inheritance.
f. hereditary expectancy, Grág. i. 200, Jb. 177, Sturl. i. 94.
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m. [A. S. yrfeveard; Hel. erbivard], (poët.) an heir, Lex. Poët.
m. heir.
ja, m. [cp. Ulf. arbinumja], (poët.) an heir, Id. 28.
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n. [argr, craven, and fas = flas by dropping the l (?); flas, n. means praecipitatio, and flasa, að, precipitare, which are common words; this etymology is confirmed by the spelling of the word in Gþl. 188, where some of the MSS. have faas or fias, the last is perh. a false reading = flas; fas, n. gait, manner, is a modern word: v. Pál Vídal. in Skýr.; his etymology, however, is doubtless bad], a law term, a feint, a cowardly assault, an aiming at one’s body and drawing deadly weapons without carrying the threat into effect, termed ‘a coward’s assault;’ in Icel. it was punishable by fjörbaugsgarðr, cp. Grág.; ef maðr mundar til manns ok stöðvar sjálfr, ok varðar fjörbaugsgarð, ok á hinn eigi vígt í gegn (the injured party must not kill the offender on the spot) skal stefna heiman ok kveðja til níu heimilisbúa þess á þingi er sóttr er, Vsl. ch. 90: ef maðr hleypr at manni, ok heldr hann sér sjálfr; þat er a. ok er þat sektalaust (liable to no punishment, only a dishonourable act; so the Norse law), N. G. L. i. 164, Gþl. 188.
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m. an abusive word, a dog’s tax, Ölkofr. 36.
a.
1) unmanly, effeminate, cowardly (sem fyrir úlfi örg geit rynni);
2) lewd;
3) wicked, pernicious (þú hit argasta dýr).
adj. [Paul Diac. inertem et inutilem et vulgari verbo ‘arga,’ 6. 24; A. S. earg, ignavus; the Scottish arch or argh, v. Jamieson sub voce; and the mod. Engl. arch, archness; Germ. arg; Gr. αργός], emasculate, effeminate, an abusive term; hefir þú börn borit, ok hugða ek þat args aðal, Ls. 24; mik munu æsir argan kalla, ef ek bindast læt brúðarlíni, Þkv. 17: it is more abusive than thrall, cp. the proverb, þrællinn hefnir en argr aldri, a thrall takes revenge, but not the a., Grett. 92; and, argr er sá sem engu verst (a proverb), he is truly an ‘argr’ who does not defend himself; argr and ragr are synonymous, vide the Grág.: þau eru orð þrjrú er skóggang varða öll, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, ii. 147.
2. metaph. a wretch, craven, coward; örg vættr, Fas. ii. 254, Fs. 147: cp. ergi and úargr.
f. harlot.
u, f. scortum, Hb. 31 (1865).
m. effeminacy, cowardice, wickedness.
m. cowardice, cowardliness, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse).
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adj. infamous, (cant.)
m. eagle (= örn).
a, m. [Ulf. ara; O. H. G. aro; cp. Germ. adler = edel-aro; cp. also the lengthened Icel. form örn, A. S. earn, Engl. earn], an eagle, rare and mostly in poetry; örn is the common word; Hom. 89, Stj. 71, Al. 160. In the Gloss. Royal Libr. Old Coll. Copenh. 1812 aquila is translated by ari.
COMPD: arahreiðr.
(gen. arins; dat. arni; pl. amar), m.
1) hearth (eldr var á arni); as a law term, fara eldi ok arni, to remove one’s homestead, taking fire and hearth together;
2) an elevated platform.
s, m., dat. aarni = árni, Fs. 42, Rm. 2, [a word still freq. in Denmark and in Norway; Dan. arne, arnested; Norse aarstad, Ivar Aasen: in Icel. it is very rare]
1. a hearth, Fs. (Vd.) 42; kom maðr um nóttina ok tók glæðr af árni, Sturl. ii. 101; þrjá vissa ek elda (fires), þrjá vissa ek arna (hearth-stones), Gh. 10; mæli malts af arni hverjum, viz. three for each farm (cp. arineldar, Gþl. 376), Hkr. ii. 384, Fms. x. 398, v. 101.
2. as a law term, used in the phrase, fara eldi ok arni, to remove one’s homestead, fire and hearth together, Grág. ii. 253, 334 (where iarni is a corrupt reading). Now in Icel. eldstó.
3. metaph. an elevated balcony, pavement, story, scaffold; stafir fjórir stóðu upp ok syllur upp í milli, ok var þar a. á, Fms. viii. 429; í miðju húsinu var a. víðr (raised floor) … en uppi á arninum var sæng mikil, v. 339, Karl. 190, Stj. 308.
β. of a ship, a hatchway, Edda (Gl.)
COMPDS: arinshorn, arinsjárn.
n. corner of the hearth.
n. chimney-piece, chimney-corner; hann á mold at taka sem í lögum er mælt, taka at arinshornum fjórum ok í öndvegis sæti, of an act of conveyance, N. G. L. i. 96, cp. Eb. ch. 4, Landn. 254: arinn is symbolical of the sacredness of home, just as stalli is of a temple, or an altar of a church: the phrase, at drekka at arinshorni, Hkr. i. 43, reminds one of the large chimney-corners in old English farms.
n. poker.
n. iron belonging to a hearth, a poker, used in ordeals (járnburðr); karlmaðr skal ganga til arinsjárns en kona til ketiltaks, the man shall betake him to the poker and the woman shall grasp the kettle, N. G. L. i. 389.
m. fireside gossip.
m. gossip, ‘judgment at the hearth-side,’ Greg. 10; now palldómr.
m. hearth-fire.
m. hearth-fire, Lat. focus; þeir eru a., there are three hearths (in a Norse dwelling), Gþl. 376.
f. a home-rival to a wife.
u, f. a concubine if kept at home, med. Lat. focaria; the sense defined in N. G. L. i. 356, 16 (Norse).
a. encompassing the hearth (bekkir aringreypir).
adj. occurs thrice in poetry as an epithet of the benches in a hall and of a helmet, encompassing the hearth, or shaped as an eagle’s bill, Akv. 1, 3. 17.
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m. a chimney-sitter, an old man; in the phrase, áttræðr er a. ok eldaskári, an octogenarian is an a. and a poker, Lex. Run.
f. hearth-stone.
u, f. [Norse aarhelle or aarstadhyll, the pavement around the hearth], hearth-stone; í a. þar í stofunni, Bs. i. 680. Now in Icel. used in nursery tales of treasures or the like hidden under the arinhella.
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m. the ‘hearth-keel,’ a house, Yt.
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u, f. eagle-nose, name of an ogress, Rm.
(að), v. to walk heavily, trudge; a. at auðnu, to take whatever course fate may decide.
að, to limp, hobble, of a sluggish gait; láta arka at auðnu, to let matters take their own course, slow and sure like fate, Nj. 185. v. l., Am. 96.
(að), v. to walk heavily, trudge; a. at auðnu, to take whatever course fate may decide.
or arkar-, what belongs to a chest, v. örk.
f. pity; dróttinn sá örmu á mannkyni, took pity upon.
u, f. misery (απ. λεγ.), Mart. 123; Martinus sá örmu á héranum; now, sjá aumr á e-m, to feel pity for: cp. Germ. arm (poor, wretched).
(pl. -jar), m. poor fellow (= aumingi).
ja, m., in Norse sense, a poor fellow, Hom. 117, 119: in Icel. a wretch.
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adv. and -ligr, adj. pitifully, Fms. iv. 56, Gkv. 3. 11.
I)
(-s, -ar), m.
1) arm;
leggja arma um e-n, to embrace (of a woman);
koma á arm e-m, to come into one’s embraces (of a woman marrying);
2) the wing of a body, opp. to its centre;
armar úthafsins, the arms of the ocean, viz. bays and firths;
~ fylkingar, a wing of an army.
II)
a.
1) unhappy, poor;
2) wretched, wicked;
hinn armi Bjarngrímr, the wretch, scoundrel B.;
hin arma kerlingin, the wicked old woman.
1. s, m. [Lat. armus; Ulf. arms; Engl. arm; A. S. earm; Germ. arm].
1. Lat. brachium in general, the arm from the shoulder to the wrist; sometimes also used partic. of the upper arm or fore arm; the context only can decide. It is rare in Icel.; in prose armleggr and handleggr are more common; but it is often used in dignified style or in a metaph. sense; undir brynstúkuna í arminn, lacertus (?), Fms. viii. 387; gullhringr á armi, in the wrist, Odd. 18; þá lýsti af höndum hennar bæði lopt ok lög, Edda 22, where the corresponding passage of the poem Skm. reads armar, armar lýsa, her arms beamed, spread light.
β. poët. phrases; sofa e-m á armi, leggja arma um, to embrace, cp. Germ. umarmen; koma á arm e-m, of a woman marrying, to come into one’s embraces, Fms. xi. 100, Lex. Poët. Rings and bracelets are poët. called armlog, armblik, armlinnr, armsól, armsvell, the light, snake, ice of the arm or wrist; armr sólbrunninn, the sunburnt arms, Rm. 10.
2. metaph. the wing of a body, opp. to its centre; …
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m. armlet, bracelet.
m. an armlet, Ls. 13.
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n. [Engl. armbrust; old Dan. arburst], a cross bow, Fas. i. 503 (for. word).
f. = fylkingararmr.
f. a wing (armr) of an army, Fms. x. 403; more freq. fylkingar armr.
m. arm (= armr).
jar, and s, m. the arm, lacertus; hann fékk hvergi sveigt hans armleggi, Grett. 61; ofan eptir a. mjök at ölnboga, Sturl. i. 71, Symb. 25, Stj. 265. Exod. vi. 1 (with a strong band), Anecd. 4 (where it is opp. to handleggr, the fore arm). Sometimes armleggr and handleggr are used indifferently; ek mun bera þik á handlegg mér, I will carry thee on my arm; but below, ok bar þær í vinstra a. sér, Grett. ch. 67, Karl. 517.
pp. misshapen miserable, poor.
adj. part. [A. S. earmsceapen], poor, miserable, misshapen, Hom. 114, 107 (Norse).
a. charitable, compassionate; lítt ~, hard-hearted.
adj. (in Mart. 123 spelt harmv.), charitable, compassionate; Glúmr er a. ok vel skapi farinn, Rd. 308; er hann lítt a., hard-hearted, Sturl. iii. 209; a. við fátækja menn, Bs. i. 356.
gen. from örn.
belonging to an eagle, v. örn.
f. tillage, ploughing (related to erja).
f. [erja, arare], earing, tillage, ploughing, Bs. i. 350, 732. 17.
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a, m. eagle-head, a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.)
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m. an eagle, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Eb., Landn.
m. the rushing, sound caused by the flight of an eagle.
m. (an απ. λεγ.) periphr. from the poem Haustlöng, the ‘sough’ (Scot.) or rushing sound caused by the flight of an eagle (örn), Edda 16.
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n. [Sanskr. arus, Engl. and Scot. arr], a scar, v. örr.
m. posteriors, = rass.
m. podex, (later by metath. rass, Bs. i. 504. l. 2, etc.), Sturl. ii. 17, 39 C; ekki er þat sem annarr smali, engi er skaptr fyrir a. aptr hali, not like other cattle, having no tail, in a libel of the year 1213, Sturl. ii. 17.
COMPD: arsgörn.
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f. gut of the anus, Nj. rass.
f. a species of teal, garganey.
u, f. a bird, = Swed. årta, anas querquedula Linn., Edda (Gl.)
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að, to articulate (Lat. word), Stj.
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n. a pool in a river, Bs. i. 331.
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u, f. (qs. ör-mæða), distress, toil, Fas. i. 405, Bs. i. 849.
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u, f. an animal, perh. the sable; mjúkt skinn af dýri því er a. heitir, Bær. 19.
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a, m. hurry (mod. word); cp. yss and ös.
f. ashes (mold ok ~; dust eitt ok ~). Cf. ösku-.
u, f. [a common Teut. word], ashes, lit. and metaph., Fms. i. 9, Stj. 208; mold ok aska, Nj. 161, 208; dust eitt ok a., 655 xi. 3: pl. öskum, Stj. 74 (transl. from Latin).
COMPDS: öskubakaðr, öskudagr, öskuóðinsdagr, öskudreifðr, öskudyngja, öskufall, öskufölr, öskuhaugr, öskustó.
m. shipwright?.
m. ship-wright (vide β.), Eg. 102.
m. ship spoiler?.
m. a ship-spoiler, i. e. a pirate, a cognom., Glúm., Landn.; v. l. akraspillir, less correctly.
(-s, -ar), m.
1) ash, ash-tree;
2) ash-spear;
3) small ship (þeir sigla burt á einum aski);
4) wooden vessel or dish (stórir askar fullir af skyri);
5) a Norse measure for liquids equal to four bowls (bollar), or sixteen ‘justur’.
s, m. [A. S. äsc, whence many Engl. local names; Germ. esche]
1. an ash, fraxinus, Edda (Gl.); a. ygdrasils, Edda 10, 11, Pr. 431.
2. anything made of ash:
α. a spear, prop. ashen spear shaft (cp. δόρυ μείλινον, εϋμμελίης), Þiðr. 304, Edda (Gl.)
β. a small ship, a bark (built of ash, cp. δόρυ, abies); en þeir sigla burt á einum aski, Fas. ii. 206, i. 421: it appears only two or three times in Icel. prose writers; hence may be explained the name of ascmanni, viking, pirate, in Adam Brem. ch. 212 [A. S. äscmen], cp. askmaðr.
γ. a small vessel of wood (freq. in Icel., and used instead of deep plates, often with a cover (asklok) in carved work); stórir askar fullir af skyri, Eg. 549, 550; cp. kyrnu-askr, skyr-askr.
δ. a Norse measure for liquids, equal to four bowls, or sixteen justur, Gþl. 525, N. G. L. i. 328, H. E. i. 396, Fms. vii. 203.
COMPDS: askasmiðr, askaspillir.
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a, m. probably a Finnish word; bjór (beaver), savala (sable) ok askraka (?), some animal with precious fur, Eg. 57; an απ. λεγ.
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f. [askrast, to shudder, Ivar Aasen], horror, v. afskr-, B. K. 107.
f. pl. branches of an ash.
f. pl. branches of an ash, Hkv. 2. 48.
m. shipman, viking, pirate; cf. askr 3.
m. [A. S. äscmen, vide Adam Brem. below], a viking, pirate, a cognom., Eg., Fms., Hkr.
m. ash-tree.
ar, m. ash-tree, Str. 17.
f. she-ass.
u, f., Lat. asina, a she-ass, Stj. 183.
COMPD: ösnuligr.
n. ass’s-head.
n. donkey-head, Stj.
m. jawbone of an ass.
a, m. jawbone of an ass, Stj., Greg. 48.
m. ass, donkey.
a, m., Lat. asinus, an ass, Mart. 131, Fas. iii. 416, Band. 12, = asellus, 1812. 16.
COMPDS: asnahöfuð, asnakjálki.
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f. a service-book, Vm. 6, 117, 139, Am. 35, Pm. D. I., etc.
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f. id., Pm. 104, 75, etc.
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u, f. (qs. arnsa), an eagle.
I) prep.
A. with dative.
I. Of motion;
1) towards, against;
Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
2) close atup to;
Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
3) to, at;
koma at landi, to come to land;
ganga at dómi, to go into court;
4) along (= eptir);
ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
5) denoting hostility;
renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
6) around;
vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
7) denoting business, engagement;
ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
II. Of position, &c.;
1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
at kirkju, at church;
at dómi, in court; …
1. and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; …
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(að), v. to stain, smear.
1. u, f. an obscure word, and probably a corrupt reading; nú skýtr maðr á hval í atu ok hnekkir Guðs gáfu, N. G. L. i. 59.
2. að, to stain, defile, smear; líkþrá Naaman skal atast á þik ok þína ætt, Stj. 618. 2 Kings vi. 27 (now freq.)
(ötul, atalt), a. fierce; ötul augu, fierce, piercing., eyes.
ötul, atalt, adj. [at, n.; Ormul. attel = turpis], fierce, Lat. atrox; ötul augu, fierce, piercing eyes, Hkv. i. 3; þetta folk er atalt ok illt, Hkr. iii. 313: ötul, amatlig, fierce and loathsome, used of a witch, Hkv. I. 38: Atli ek heiti, a. skal ek þér vera, where the poet plays on the likeness between the pr. name Atli and the adj. atall, my name is ‘Savage;’ savage shall I prove to thee, Hkv. Hjörv. 15. At the present day, freq. in the changed form ötull, in a good sense, brisk, strenuous.
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or ötun, f. defiling.
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an onomatopoëtic interj., imitating the chattering of the teeth through cold, Orkn. 326 (in a verse).
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m., mikill a., a good housekeeper, Eb. 26.
m. sentence of execution (for payment).
m. sentence of execution for payment, Gþl., N. G. L. i. 154.
n. court of execution.
n. court of execution, MS. 302, 172 (Norse).
a. n. without onslaught or armed aggression (see atför).
n. adj. quiet, with no act of violence between tivo hostile parties, Eb. 244, Sturl. ii. 40.
n. inactivity, idleness.
n. idleness, inactivity, helplessness, Fær. 232, 544. 23.
m. energetic man.
m. a skilful man, Bs. i. 639.
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adj. fit or manly, Fms. viii. 53, v. 1.
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m. a man of vigour, Bret. 12, 155.
a. energetic.
adj. = energetic, Grett. 129 A.
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adj. unruly, quarrelsome, aggressive, Fs. 41.
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f.
1. plur. measures, steps taken; litlar atgöðir, small measures, Ísl. ii. 355, Fs. 4; var eigi vaent til atgerða, few expedients, Grett. 124.
2. repair of a building or the like (now freq.), Dipl. v. 145.
β. a surgical operation, medical help, Bs. i. 108, 618, 644: Sturl. i. 43 is a bad reading.
COMPDS: atgörðalauss, atgörðamaðr, atgörðarmikill.
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adj. active, Nj. 56.
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adj. helpless, lazy, inactive, Al. 25: neut., atgörðarlaust er um e-t, no steps are taken, Fms. vi. 38.
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m. a ready man, El. 15, Sturl. ii. 127.
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and more freq. atgörvis-maðr, m. a man of great (physical) accomplishments, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 685 (where it is used of a young promising poet), 22, Ld. 12; used of an artist, Ísl. ii. 171: a. um marga hluti, man of great capacity, 191; used of a musician, Grett. 158.
a. inactive.
adj. inactive, Fms. iii. 128, 154.
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n. inactivity.
m. an enterprising man.
and athafna-, m. a busy enterprising man, Hkr. ii. 255, Fær. 209. In a bad sense, a laughing-stock; göra e-n at athafnarmanni, to make a butt of him, Sturl. i. 24, 181, this last sense seems to be peculiar to the first and second part (þáttr) of the Sturl., which were not written by Sturla himself, but by an unknown author.
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adv. attentively, Sks. 360.
a. heedless, careless.
adj. heedless.
n. heedlessness.
n. beedlessness, Stj. 6, Fas. i. 245; hlýtr jafnan íllt af a., ‘Don’t care’ comes ever to a bad end (a proverb), Grett. 118 A.
a. rather heedless.
adj. little careful, heedless, Bs. i. 190.
adv. attentively.
adv. and -ligr, adj. attentively, attentive, Sks. 600, 360, 6, 472.
a. heedful, attentive.
adj. heedful, attentive, Hom. 58, Fms. viii. 447.
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f. a notice, (mod.)
a. worthy of attention.
adj. worthy of attention, Fms. x. 276.
a. unimportant, of no consequence.
adj. [kveða at, to be important], unimportant, of no consequence, Fas. ii. 242.
m. a man of importance.
m. a man of weighty utterance, of importance, Fms. xi. 223.
a. of weight, influential.
adj. of weight, note, authority, Nj. 51
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að, to ‘ettle’, intend, purpose, Bret. 144; so according to the modern pronunciation of ætla, q. v.
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adj. pliant, condescending, Magn.
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m. the name of a poem describing a battle by sea, Sturl. iii. 63.
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n. a ship engaged in battle, Fms. viii. 382.
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u, f. an atom, Rb. 114; a weight, subdivision of an ounce, 532. 1.
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m. an active man.
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adj. active.
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f. activity.
m. quintain-post.
m. a quintain pole, at which to ride a-tilt, El. 15.
f. = atrenna.
u, f. a running knot, a noose, Fms. vi. 368.
m. aggressor.
m. aggressor, Fs. 70.
a. without means of subsistence.
adj. without means of subsistence, Fms. ii. 97.
m. assistance, help.
a, m. assistance, support, Fms. vi. 66; vera í a. með e-m, to assist one, Fas. i. 265.
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f. repair (now aðgjörð), Vm. 4, Dipl. ii. 13.
m.
1) occurrence, event;
verðr sá ~, at, it so happens that;
dráp Bárðar ok þá atburði er þar höfðu orðit, and the events that had happened there;
2) incident, circumstance;
Ó. sagði honum alla atburði (all the circumstances, particulars) um sitt mál;
í hverjum atburðum, under what circumstances;
með hverjum atburðum, in what manner, how;
3) chance, accident;
slíkt kalla ek atburð, en eigi jartegn, such a thing I call an accident, and not a miracle;
af atburð, by chance; accidentally;
með atburð, by chance; per adventure, perhaps;
4) attack;
5) gesture (með atburð kallaði hann mik til sín);
var hón en fríðasta jungfrú ok vel at atburðum, of good manners, well-bred.
ar, m. pl. ir, [bera at, accidere.]
1. a chance, hap, accident; verðr sá a., it so happened, Nj. 54, Vápn. 49; af (með) atburð, accidentally, perchance, Mart. 126, El. 5, 9, Mar. 656 ii. 16; með hverjum atburðum, how, by what chance? Róm. 287, Eluc. 12; slikt kalla ek a. en eigi jartein, such things I call an accident but not a miracle, Sturl. ii. 54; fyrir a. sakir hreysti hans, because of his valour, Skálda 189, Sks. 147.
2. esp. in pl., events, matters, circumstances; dráp Bárðar ok þá atburði er þar höfðu orðit, Bard’s death and the events that had happened, Eg. 222; Ólafr sagði honum alla atburði um sitt mál, O. told him minutely how his matters stood, Hkr. i. 193; þær sem skýra í hverjum atburðum menn fella á sik fullkomið bann, under what circumstances …, H. E. i. 462.
m. proper outfit, equipment, &c.;
veita atbúnað dauðum mönnum, to lay out dead bodies.
ar, m. attention, care, especially of funeral rites; veita a. dauðum mönnum, to lay out dead bodies, Eg. 34, v. 1.
2. now gener. accommodation or assistance in all that regards domestic life, esp. clothing; góðr, illr a.
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n. adj. id., 623. 45; superl. aðdjúpast, Fms. xi. 70.
n. deep water close to shore.
and atdýpi, n. deep water close to shore, Háv. 48.
m. provisions, supplies for household use;
hafði hann atdrátt at þeirra búi, he supplied their household;
atdrættir ok útvegar, ways and means.
ar, m. pl. drættir, [draga at]
α. provisions, supplies for household use; hafði hann a. at þeirra búi, he supplied their household, Háv. 39; atdrættir ok útvegar, means and provisions, Fms. xi. 423; a. af fiskum, Hrafn. 22.
β. metaph. support, H. E. i. 244.
COMPD: atdráttamaðr.
m. assistance, help.
m. [at-duga, to assist], assistance, Fas. ii. 296.
f. egging on, = áeggjan.
f. egging on, instigation, Al. 5.
n. rising tide, flood-tide.
n. [falla at], ‘on-fall,’ = of the flood-tide, Ld. 56, Orkn. 428.
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n. [fá at, to provide], only in pl., provisions, victuals, Bs. i. 130. Esp. used with dagr, or kveld, of the eve of great festivals, and partic. that of Yule: atfanga-dagr, pronounced affanga, m., a. Jóla, Yule Eve, Christmas Eve, Grett. 97, 140, Fms. ii. 37, Ísl. ii. 232, Orkn. 186 old Ed., where the new Ed. p. 242 reads atfangs- (in sing.), which is very rare, Þórð. 11. atfangadags-kveld, n. Christmas Eve, Bárð. 176. atfanga-maðr, m. = atdráttamaðr, Grett. 119 A.
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v. atför.
f.
1) proceeding, conduct, behaviour (skynsamlig ~);
víkjast eptir ~um enna fyrri frænda þinna, to follow their (good) example;
2) activity, energy;
3) assault;
veita e-m ~, to set upon one;
4) a law term, execution (með dómrofum ok ~um).
f. (neut. 655 xxxii.)
α. aggression, incursion, in a hostile sense, Fms. ix. 11, v. l.
β. more freq. in a good sense, exertion, activity, Fs. 4; vikjast eptir atferðum enna fyrri frænda þinna, to imitate their good deeds, id.; atferð ok eljun, energy, Ld. 318.
γ. a law term, execution; með dómrofum ok atferðum, Gþl. 183.
δ. behaviour, proceeding, conduct; hverja a. vér skulum hafa, Nj. 194, Rb. 390, Sks. 239, 655 xxxii. 2;—now freq. in the last sense.
COMPDS: atferðarleysi, atferðarmaðr.
n. action, proceeding, procedure hann spurðist fyrir um aiferli heraðsmanna, what they were doing.
n. [ferill], action, proceeding, used esp. as a law term, proceeding, procedure; með enu sama a., Grág. ii. 405: plur. skal sá slík atferli hafa öll um lýsingar sem áðr er tint, 27, H. E. ii. 75.
β. method; þá eru mörg a. jafnrett til þess, Rb. 38.
γ. hann spurðist fyrir um a. héraðsmanna, what they were doing, Grett. 123 A.
δ. gramm., a. parta (modi partium orationis) eru tólf, Skálda 185.
f. conveyance to a place, supply.
f. (now -ingr, m.), purveyance, supply, in plur., Eg. 275, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 179.
f. asking, inquiry.
f. an asking, enquiry, Mkv.
a. fault-finding, censorious.
adj. fault-finding, Hom. (St.); hence mod. að-fyndni, f. criticism, and að-fyndinn, adj.
n. help, backing, support.
n. and atfylgja, u, f. help, backing, support, Fms. ii. 105, Stj. 384, Hom. 139, Fms. x. 60, v. 1.
f. censoriousness.
f. a fault-finding, Hom. (St.)
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u, f. exertion, courage, K. Þ. K. 94 (rare).
COMPD: atfærslumaðr.
f.
1) proceeding, method;
2) attack; gera ~ at e-m, veita e-m ~, to make an attack upon;
3) a law term, execution (dómr ok ~).
ar, f.
1. prop. a going to; as a Norse law term, execution, domr ok atför, Gþl. 361, 389: mod. Dan. adfœrd, cp. atferð, γ.
2. in Icel. commonly of an onslaught or armed aggression, Fms. i. 54, Nj. 93, 93, 99, 113, Sturl. iii. 237, Ann. 1252. 3. method = aðferð, Fms. ii. 328.
COMPDS: atfarardómr, atfararþing, atfaralaust.
f.
1) attack, onslaught; veita e-m atgöngu, to attack;
2) help, assistance.
u, f.
1. attack in a fight, onslaught, Fms. i. 36, Nj. 36, Lv. 13, Bret. 6.
2. peaceful help, Fms. xi. 86, Nj. 99, Ísl. ii. 210.
COMPD: atgöngumikill.
m.
1) fighting, combat;
2) inroad, intrusion; veita e-m atgang, to intrude upon;
3) help, cooperation.
m.
1. fighting, combat, aggression, Ísl. ii. 268, Korm. 242: injury, violence, = ágangr, Fms. vi. 239.
2. help, co-operation, Grett. 157, 162, Vígl. 19.
3. now, redress, recovery of a claim.
COMPD: atgangsmikill.
m. bill or halberd.
m. (false spelling arngeirr), a bill or halberd, undoubtedly a foreign weapon, rarely mentioned in the Sagas, but famous as the favourite weapon of Gunnar of Hlíðarendi; mentioned besides in Sks. 392, Landn. 163, Eb. 120, Fms. iii. 100, v. 249, Fas. iii. 462, but esp. Nj. 44, 45, 84, 95, 97, 108, 114, 119: in the Nj. used generally of thrusting, but also of hewing; Högni hjó í sundr spiót skaptið með atgeirinum, en rekr atgeirinn i gegnum hann, H. hewed in sunder the spearshaft with the bill, and drives the bill through him, Nj. 119; in Landn. 163 mentioned as a javelin.
a. acceptable, inviting.
adj. acceptable, inviting, Bs. i. 372.
see atgørð.
atgervi, atgeyrð, v. atgörð, -görvi.
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atgerfi, atgjörfi, f.; neut., Fms. x. 293 C. [görr at sér, accomplished] ; endowments, accomplishments derived from good training added to natural gifts; in olden times esp. those of an athletic or physical kind; fríðleik, vöxt, afl, ok alla a., beauty, stature, strength, and all accomplishments whatever, Eg. 29, Fbr. 56, Fms. vi. 5, 268, i. 30, viii 140, x. 293; at íþróttum, a. ok vinsæld, Hkr. i. 212: of spiritual qualities and character (rare in old writers), af Guðs góðgipt ok sjálfs sins a. göfgastr maðr á Íslandi, Bs. i. (Hv.) 70; at lærdómi, vitrleik ok a., 130. Páls S.
COMPD: atgörvimaðr.
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u, f. superintendance, care, caution, Sturl. iii. 58 (now freq.)
n.
1) constraint, restraint;
2) ascetic abstinence.
n. constraint, coercion, restraint, Fbr. 2, Fms. xi. 228.
f. nursing, attendance on a sick person.
(now aðhjúkrun), f. [hjuka at e-m], heed, attention, care in the most tender sense of that word, e. g. that of a mother to her sick child; attention to a sick, frozen, shipwrecked, or destitute person, Fms. viii. 444, Finnb. 234, v. 1.
n. onset, attack; í einu ~i, in one rush (in a battle); tókst nú þegar ~, a hand to hand fight.
n. onslaught, assault, Fms. viii. 35, Bjarn. 37; í einu a., in one rush in a battle, Ld. 64; veita manni a. eðr sár, violence or wound, K. Á. 48; tókst nú þegar a., a hand to hand fight, Gullþ. 12.
m. mockery, laughing-stock.
m. [hlægja at], a laughing-stock, Fms. ii. 182.
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n. ridicule, mockery; með a. ok sköm, ridicule and shame, Fms. x. 279; ef a. er vert, if it be ridicule, vi. 208; a. eðr úmannan, a laughing-stock and a wretch, Sturl. iii. 240.
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adj. ridiculous, Band. 13.
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að, to heed, bethink oneself, pay attention to, consider; a. sik, to t a ke heed, Sturl. iv. 75 in a mod. MS.; cp. Bs. i. 744 (now freq.)
a. heedful, thoughtfull, carefull.
adj. heedful, careful, Sturl. iii. 125, Sks. 296.
m. attention, meditation; af öllum athuga, carefully; flytja fram bœnir sínar með athuga, with devotion; leiða e-t athuga, to reflect upon, to take into consideration.
a, m. heed, care, attention, consideration, Hom. 5 2; af öllum a., carefully, Post. 656 B; hið elzta (barn) hefir ekki a. hit minsta, the eldest bairn has no head on his shoulders, El. 19, Sks. 482; með a. ok áhyggju, with care and concern, Fms. x. 281.
COMPDS: athugalauss, athugaleysi, athugaliga, athugalítill, athugasamliga, athugasamr, athugaverðr.
n. courteous attentions to any one, in the phrases, gøra e-m ~, gøra at ~i við e-n.
n. [hverfa at, to turn towards]:
α. in the phrase, göra e-m a., to pay one compliments, pay attention to, Bs. i. 801; hann er vel við þormóð ok görði meir at athvarfi við hann, he treated Th. respectfully or cultivated his friendship, Fbr. 119; Sighvatr görði at athvarfi um sendimenn konungs, ok spurði þá margra tíðenda, he communicated with them or paid themvisits, attended to them, Hkr. ii. 214.
β. athvarf is now freq. in the sense of shelter, refuge.
f. heedfulness, attentiveness.
f. [athugall], beedfulness, attention; með a., Sks. 1, 445 B, 564, Fms. vi. 446, (now used as neut.)
v. refl., to cultivate one’s friendship; to side with (e-n).
t, dep. (qs. athyglast), to lean towards, be on the side of, do homage to; with acc., af því skolu vér a. þenna engil í beonum varum, to cultivate his friendship, Hom. A. M. 237. 7; at a. ok sækja e-n at ámaðar orði, 655 xiii. B. 4, Bs. i. 202; setlum vér þann yðvarn at a. er mestan görir várn sóma, take his part, who …, Fms. v. 273.
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(not athœfi, vide Sks. B., which carefully distinguishes between æ and œ), n. conduct, behaviour; a. kristinna manna, their rites, service, Fms. ii. 37, cp. Ld. 174; í öllu sínu a., conduct, proceeding, Fms. xi. 78, viii. 253: manners, ceremonies, Sks. 301; konunga a., royal manners, Hom.: þetta hefir verit a. (instinct) þessa skrímsls, Sks.: deeds, doings; skal nú þar standa fyrst um a. þeirra, Mag. 11. Now freq. in a theol. sense.
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adj. fit, fitting, due, Eg. 103, Finnb. 228.
f.
1) doings, business; fengin var þeim önnur ~, occupation;
2) behaviour, conduct.
f. [hafast at, to commit], conduct, behaviour, business; hvat er hann hafði frétt um a. Skota konungs, his doings and whereabouts, Eg. 271; fengin var þeim önnur a., occupation, Fbr. 19; ganga til skripta ok segja sínar athafnir, to go to shrift and confess his behaviour, Fms. i. 301; í athöfnum margir, en sumir í kaupferðum, Orkn. 298; er þat ok likligt at þú fylgir þar eptir þinni a., (ironically) that you will go your own foolish way, Fs. 4.
COMPDS: athafnarlauss, athafnarleysi, athafnarmaðr.
n. demand, claim.
n. demand, call, request, solicitation, Bs. i. 735, Al. 64, Ver. 48.
n. rebuke, reproach.
n. a casting in one’s teeth, a rebuke, reproach, Mag. 65.
m. anchor; see akkeri.
anchor, v. akkeri.
f.
1) arrival;
2) pain, visitation.
and later form aðkoma or atkoma, u, f. arrival, Ld. 78, Fms. vi. 239; metaph. (eccl.) pain, visitation, Hom. 68, 121. Now used in many compds: aðkomu-maðr, m. a guest, etc.
n.
1) technical term; skal sœkja sem þjófssök fyrir utan ~, with exception of the technical terms, without calling it theft;
2) word, expression;
3) sound, pronunciation (~ nafns hvers þeirra);
4) decision; var því vikit til atkvæða Marðar, referred to Mard’s decision; S. veitti ~ (ordered, decreed), at hætta skyldi áverkum; af ~ guðanna, by the gods’ decree;
5) spell, charm; ~ Finnunnar, the spell of the Finnish witch.
n. [kveða at orði].
I. a technical phrase, esp. in law; svá skal sækja at öllu um fjártökuna, sem þjófsök fyrir utan a., the proceeding is all the same with the exception of the technical terms, Grág. ii. 190; at þeim atkvæðum er Helgi hafði í stefnu við þik, the expressions used by Helgi in summoning thee, Boll. 354.
β. a word, expression in general; þat er þrífalt a., mannvit, siðgæði ok hæverska, Sks. 431, 303; en þó vér mælim alla þessa hluti með breiðu a., in broad, general terms, Anecd. 21, Þiðr. 1.
γ. now used gramm. for a syllable, and in many compds such as, eins atkvæðis orð, a monosyllable; tveggja, þriggja … atkvæða …, etc., a dissyllable, etc.: ‘kveða at’ also means to collect the letters into syllables, used of children when they begin to spell. Old writers use atkvæði differently in a grammatical sense, viz. = pronunciation, sound, now framburðr; þeir stafir megu hafa tveggja samhljóðenda a., hverr einn, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; eins stafs a.; a. nafns hvers þeirra; þá er þat a. hans í hverju máli sem eptir lifir nafnsins (in the last passage = the name of the letter), 168. …
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f.
1) laying the ships alongside for attack in a sea-fight, attack, assault (also on land);
2) landing without notion of fight (jarl skipði svá fyrir um atlöguna).
u, f. an attack in a sea fight, of the act of laying ships alongside; skipa til a., Fms. i. 169, iv. 103; hörð a., hard fight, xi. 133, Hkr. ii. 272, Nj. 125, Sturl. iii. 63, etc.: more rarely of an attack on land, Fms. vii. 244, Al. 122, Ísl. ii. 83, Bret. 50.
β. an advance, landing, without notion of fight, Fms. ix. 430.
COMPDS: atlöguflokkr, atlöguskip.
n. coinpliance; ~ synda, indulgence in sin.
n. [láta at e-u, to comply with], compliance, Hom. 47; synda a., indulgence in sin, Greg. 31. Now, atlæti, n. and atlot, n. pl. treatment; gott atlæti, kindness; ill atlot, harshness, esp. in respect to children.
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u, f. shelter for sheep and cattle on the common pastures; hagbeit á vetrum ok a. fé sínu at selinu, Dipl. v. 4 (rare).
n. blame, censure.
n. abuse, offensive language, Bs. ii. 181.
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u, f. energy, activity.
COMPDS: atorkumaðr, atorkusamr, atorkusemi.
f. charge, attack.
f. an on-rush, charge, attack, Fms. viii. 413, v. árás.
f.
1) riding at;
2) charge of horse.
f. (milit.) a riding at, a charge of horse, Fms. vi. 417, in the description of the battle at Stamford Bridge: Hkr. iii. 162 has áreið, but some MSS. atreið, vii. 57. β. the act of riding at or over, Nj. 21; esp. in the translation of French romances of tilting in tournaments, Str. (freq.)
COMPD: atreiðaráss.
m. vigorous efforts, great exertions.
m. pressing efforts, exertions; svá mikill a. var görr um leitina, the search was carried on so thoroughly, Band. 4 C; cp. reki.
f. running knot, noose, slip-knot.
u, f. a slip.
COMPD: atrennulykkja.
n. movement; hann hafði allt eitt ~it, he did both things at once.
now atriði, n.
1. = atreið, movement, in the phrase, hann hafði allt eitt atriðit, he did both things at once, in the twinkling of an eye, Grett. 95 new Ed.
2. a gramm. term in the compd atriðs-klauf, f. probably = ασύνδετον, Edda (Ht.) 124, cp. Ed. Havn. ii. 154, cp. Skálda 193; atrið would thus mean a word, sentence. It is now very freq. in the form atriði, n. in a metaph. sense, the chief point in a sentence, or a part, paragraph, and used in many compds. Atriðr, m. is one of the poët. names of Odin, the wise (?).
m.
1) rowing towards;
2) rowing against the enemy (to make an attack).
rs, m. a rowing at, i. e. an attack made (by a ship) with oars, Fms. ii. 310, Hkr. ii. 272, etc.
β. gener. rowing towards, Jb. 308.
a. quarrelsome, contentious.
adj. [at, n.], quarrelsome, an απ. λεγ., Fms. iv. 205; cp. Hkr. ii. 1. c.
f. residence;
hafa atsetu e-s staðar, to reside, esp. of kings.
u, f, a royal residence; hafa a., to reside, used especially of kings, Fms. i. 23, x. 209, Hkr. i. 63, Eg. 170, Nj. 5, etc.
n. = atseta.
rs, n. id., vide konungs-atsetr.
f. derision, ridicule.
f. a mocking, Vitae Patr. (Unger).
a. various, different.
adj. [Dan. adskellig], various, different, Karl. 206, (an unclass. word.)
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ar, m., in mod. Icel. = parting, separation.
β. discord, Grett. 88; A, B, C, however, have áskilnaðr.
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n., see útsog.
f.
1) onslaught, attack;
2) run of visitors or guests seeking hospitality (föng vóru lítil, en ~ mikil).
f. [sækja at], onslaught, attack, Fms. i. 64, Nj. 100, etc.
β. a throng of guests or visitors seeking hospitality; föng vóru lítil en a. mikill, Bs. i. 63 (now freq.)
γ. in popular superstition, the foreboding of a guest’s arrival; sleep, drowsiness, or the like, caused, as people believe, by the fylgja or ‘fetch’ of the guest, his sure forerunner; the Icelanders speak of a good, agreeable aðsókn, or a bad, disagreeable one; a man may ‘sækja vel eðr ilia að,’ as he is an agreeable guest or not. Only a ‘fey’ man’s fylgja follows after him. Vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 354 sqq.
COMPD: atsóknarmaðr.
f. inquiry; leiða ~um um e-ð, to make inquiries about a thing.
f. [spyrja at], ‘speering’ at, inquiry, in the phrase, leiða atspurningum, which ought, however, to be in two words, Fb. i. 216.
f.
1) assistance, support;
2) zeal;
3) importunity, obtrusion.
u, f., now aðstoð, n. a standing by, backing, support, Bs. i. 846.
β. earnest request, Mar. (Fr.)
f. support, assistance.
f. and -ingr, m. [styðja at], support, Fas. i. 24.
m., only in the phrase, bora frekan atsúg til e-s, to lay vigorous claim to.
m. prop. pressure [súgr] caused by crowding; now freq. in the phrase, göra a. að e-m, to mob one.
β. the phrase, bora frekan atsúg um e-t (where the metaphor is taken from boring), to deal harshly with, pierce through to the marrow, Orkn. 144: cp. Fms. vii. 29.
n. incident, bearing.
n. incident, bearing, Sks. 682.
β. medic. lipothymia, a fainting fit, swoon, Fél. ix. 185; cp. að svífa yfir e-n, to be taken in a fit, Sturl. iii. 286.
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by assimilation = at þú, that thou, freq. e. g. in the Orkn. new Ed.
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f. [at, n.], a tusk, Fas. i. 366.
f. assistance (cf. ‘veita at’).
u, f. [veita at], assistance, Fms. x. 60, v. 1.
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m. work, especially in haymaking; Þórgunnu var ætlað nautsfóðr til atverknaðar, to toss and dry it, Eb. 26: now, vinna at heyi, to toss it for drying.
n.
1) esp. in pl., details, particulars; eptir ~um, according to the circumstances of the case; greina e-t með ~um, circumstantially;
2) concession;
3) onset, assault, = atvígi.
n. [víkja at], mostly in plur. details, particulars; in the phrases, eptir atvikum, according to the circumstances of each case, Gþl. 403; atvik sakar, the particulars of a case, Sks. 663; með atvikum, circumstantially, chapter and verse, Fas. iii. 330: in Stj. 179 it seems to mean gestures.
II. an onset, prob. only another way of spelling atvígi, N. G. L. ii. 65; at ek geta eigi hefnt þessa atviks er mér er gört, that I cannot get this affront avenged which has been done me, Grett. 151 A.
f.
1) assistance, support;
2) means of subsistence.
u, f. means of subsistence, support, Grág. i. 294, Jb. 151, Fær. 37, Stj. 143, 291, 623. 41, 656 A, 655. 20, Clem. 56, Jb. 151, Fms. v. 239: labour, occupation, Anecd. 20, Sks. 603, (now very freq.)
COMPD: atvinnulauss.
f. presence, esp. the act of being present at a crime; vera í atsókn ok ~, to be present and a partaker in the onslaught.
f. [vesa at], presence, esp. as a law term, opp. to an alibi, the act of being present at a crime: the law distinguishes between ráð (plotting), tilför (partaking), and a. (presence), Grág. ii. 37; vera í atsókn ak a., to be present and a partaker in the onslaught, Nj. 100.
β. transl. of the Lat. assiduitas, 677. 12.
n. onset, onslaught.
n. onset, onslaught, N. G. L. ii. 65, cp. i. 126, Fas. ii. 244.
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n. pl. abusive words, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 154.
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u, f. desolation, Þiðr. 2.
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f. sheep’s wool, Fins, iii. 180.
(að), v. to enrich (~ e-n e-u);
refl., ~st, to grow wealthy.
að, [Ulf. auþagjan = μακαρίζειν; A. S. eâðigjan = beatum facere], to enrich, Bs. i. 320, Stj. 68; reflex., hafði Noregr mikit auðgast, N. had grown very wealthy, Fms. vi. 448:—to make happy, er alla elskar ok auðgar, i. 281, Th. 77.
a. rich, wealthy (~ at fé);
and auðugr, adj. [Ulf. auþags = μακάριος, auþagei, f. = μακαρισμός; Hel. ódag = beatus, dives; A. S. eâðig, beatus, opulentus; O. H. G. ôtag], contracted before an initial vowel into auðgan, auðgir, auðgum; uncontr. form auðigan = auðgan, Fms. i. 112, etc.; now used uncontracted throughout, auðugir, auðugar, etc.; rich, opulent; ríkr ok a., powerful and opulent, Eg. 22, 83; at fé, wealthy, Fas. i. 49, Ísl. ii. 323, Nj. 16, Post. 656 C; skip mikit ok a., with a rich lading, Fms. xi. 238; a. at kvikfé, Ld. 96; superl. auðgastr, Eg. 25, Ísl. ii. 124; England er auðgast at lausafé allra Norðrlanda, Fms. xi. 203.
pp. n. of an obs. verb;
e-m verðr e-s ~, it falls to one’s lot;
oss varð eigi þeirrar hamingju ~, this good fortune was not destined for us;
þó at mér verði lífs ~, though life be granted to me;
hafði ~, they had won the day;
varð þeim eigi erfingja ~, to them no heir was granted;
~ fé, means possessed.
n. part. of an obsolete verb analogous to auka (‘ablaut’ an—jó—au), [cp. Swed. öde, fatum; auðna, luck; auðr, opes, etc.], used in many phrases, and often answering to the Gr. αισα, with dat. pers. and gen. of the thing; e-m er, verðr, auðit e-s, it falls to one’s lot; úlíkligt er at oss verði þeirrar hamingju a., it is unlikely that this good fortune is destined for us, Eg. 107; koma mun til mín feigðin…, ef mér verðr þess a., if that be ordained for me, Nj. 103; þó at mér verði lífs a., though life may be granted to me, Fms. i. 47; konungr lét græða menn sína sem lífs var a., those whose lot it was to live, who were not mortally wounded, Eg. 34; hafði þeim orðit sigrs a., had won the day, Eg. 86; var þeim eigi erfingja a., to them was no heir granted by fate, 625. 83: with ‘at’ and an infin., mun oss eigi a. verða at fá þvílíkan, Fms. x. 339: absol., hafi þeir gagn er a. er, let them gain the day to whom the god of battles grants it, xi. 66: with the addition of ‘til;’ ek ætla okkr lítt til ástafunda a. hafa orðit, we have had bad luck in love, 310: auðinn, masc. appears twice or thrice in poetry, auðins fjár, means possessed, Skv. …
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m. a lucky man, luck’s favourite, Gullþ. 28, Ld. 40, Fas. i. 340.
f.
1) wilderness, desert (úfœriligar ~ir);
2) uninhabited and uncultivated tract of land, waste (bygðust þá margar ~ir landsins);
3) deserted farm or habitation (sá bœr hét síðan á Hrappstöðum, þar er nú ~);
4) desolation;
ríki mitt stendr mjök til ~ar, is in a state of desolation;
liggja (leggja) í ~, to lie (to lay) waste;
5) destruction (~ borgarinnar).
f. [auðr, adj.]
1. a wilderness, desert; auðn Sinai, Stj. 300.
β. land which has no owner or is waste, uninhabited; bygðust þá margar auðnir víða, many wide wastes were then peopled, Eg. 15; alla auðn landsins, Fms. i. 5, viii. 33, Greg. 33: the auðn was claimed as a royal domain; konungr á hér a. alla í landi, Fms. xi. 225; um þær auðnir er menn vilja byggja, þá skal sá ráða er a. á, the owner of the waste, N. G. L. i. 125: different from almenningr, compascuum or common.
2. more specially a deserted farm or habitation; sá bær hét síðan á Hrappstöðum, þar er nú a., Ld. 24; liggja í a., to lie waste, 96, Grág. ii. 214, cp. 278.
3. destruction; auðn borgarinnar (viz. Jerusalem), Greg. 40, Rb. 332, Ver. 43, Sd. 179 (where auðnu, f.); ríki mitt stendr mjök til auðnar, is in a state of desolation, Fms. xi. 320, Bret. 68: insolvency, utter poverty, Grág. i. 62.
COMPDS: auðnarhús, auðnaróðal, auðnarsel.
I)
f.
1) fate;
~ mun því ráða, Fate must settle that;
2) good fortune;
með auðnu þeirri, at Þorkatli var lengra lífs auðit, by that good fortune that longer life was destined for Thorkel.
II)
f. desolation, = auðn.
III)
(að), v. impers. to fall out by fate;
ef honum ~ði eigi aptr at koma, if he did not have the good fortune to return;
ef guð vill, at þess auðni, that it shall succeed;
sem ~r, as luck decides.
1. u, f. desolation, Sd. 179, bad reading.
2. u, f. [auðit], fortune, and then, like αισα, good luck, one’s good star, happiness, (cp. heill, hamingja, gæfa, all of them feminines,—good luck personified as a female guardian), in the phrase, a. ræðr, rules; auðna mun því ráða, Fate must settle that, Nj. 46, Lv. 65; ræðr a. lífi (a proverb), Orkn. 28; arka at auðnu (or perh. better dat. from auðinn), v. arka, Nj. 185, v. 1.; at auðnu, adv. prosperously, Sl. 25; blanda úgiptu við a., Fms. ii. 61; með auðnu þeirri at þorkatli var lengra lífs auðit, by that good fortune which destined Thorkel for a longer life, Orkn. 18 (50). Cp. the Craven word aund in the expression I’s aund to’ot, ‘I am ordained to it, it is my fate.’
COMPDS: auðnulauss, auðnuleysi, auðnuleysingi, auðmimaðr, auðnusamliga.
3. að, impers. to be ordained by fate; ef honum auðnaði eigi aptr at koma, if it was not ordained by fate that he should come back, Fms. ix. 350; sem auðnar, as luck decides, Fb. i. 160, Fas. iii. 601, Lv. 30: with gen., ef Guð vill at þess auðni, that it shall succeed, Bs. …
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n. deserted house.
n. deserted huts, on mountains or in deserts, Grág. ii. 158.
n. impovetished estate.
n. impoverished estates, Sks. 333.
n. deserted shieling.
n. deserted shielings, Orkn. 458.
a. luckless.
adj. luckless, Fas. ii. 240.
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n. ill fate.
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a, m. a luckless man.
adv. fortunately.
adv. fortunately, Finnb. 344.
I)
a. empty, void, desolate; húsin voru auð, uninhabited; auð skip (= hroðin), empty ships, all the crew being slain or put to flight; a. af mönnum, void of people; a. at yndi, devoid of pleasure, cheerless.
II)
m. riches, wealth; auðr fjár, great wealth; auðr er valtastr vina, wealth is the ficklest of friends.
1. f. [Swed. ôde, fatum], fate, destiny, only used in poetry in the phrase, fá auðar, to die, Ísl. ii. 389 (in a verse); haga til auðar, to avail towards one’s happiness, Gísl. 59 (in a verse). Auðr is also a fem. pr. name.
2. adj. [Ulf. auþs = ερημος; O. H. G. odi; Hel. odi = inanis: cp. A. S. ydan and édan, vastare; Germ, öde and öden: the root is rare in A. S. and lost in Engl.]:—empty, void, desert, desolate; húsin voru auð, uninhabited, Ld. 96; koma at auðu landi, of the first colonists when coming to Iceland, Landn. 316, opp. to ‘koma at bygðu landi,’ or ‘land numið;’ auð búð, Eg. 727; auð borð, void of defenders, of ships that have lost their men in fight, Fms. ii. 329; auð skip (= hroðin), all the crew being slain or put to flight, Hkr. iii. 126.
β. metaph., auðr at yndi, cheerless, distressed, Stj. 421; sitja auðum höndum, now used of being idle: in the Ad. 22, með a. hendr means empty-handed, without gifts; so also in Stj. 437. I Sam. vi. 3, answering to ‘empty’ in the Engl. text.
3. s, and poët. …
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n. pl. means, property, wealth.
n. pl. means, property, wealth, Bs. i. 146, 129, 136 (where it = income), 158, 68 (where the gen. auðráða = auðræða), Stj. 345, Hom. 68, Fms. iv. 111; not very freq., auðæfi is a more current word.
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a pr. name, Landn. = A. S. Eâdwine, Engl. Edwin: in popular talk Auðunn is = Mr. Nobody, Gr. Οὔτις.
adverbial prefix to a great many adjectives, adverbs, and participles (opp. to tor-), easily.
adverbial prefix to a great many adjectives, adverbs, and participles, seldom to subst. nouns, [not found in Ulf.; A. S. eâð, as in eâðmedu, humilitas, and also as a separate adj. eâde. facilis; Old Engl. ‘eath,’ ‘uneath,’ for ‘easy,’ ‘uneasy;’ Hel. ôð and ôði, facilis, unôði, difficilis], easy, opp. to tor-. To this ‘aud’ and not to ‘old’ may perhaps be referred some of the compds of aud and awd in Scottish and provincial English. Thus ‘audie’ in Scotch means an easy careless fellow; ‘aud farand,’ or ‘auld farand,’ may both mean easy going: v. the words in Jamieson and the Craven Glossary.
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adj. part. [A. S. eâðbede], easily persuaded to do a thing, with gen. of the thing, Eg. 17, 467.
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adj. part. easily compensated for, Glúm. (in a verse).
pp. easily egged on.
adj. part. easily egged on to do, with gen., Fms. v. 62.
pp. easy to get.
adj. part. easy to get, Fs. 62, Grett. 113 A, Mag. I, where it is spelt auðu-; cp. toru- = tor-.
a. easy to get.
adj. id., Hým. 18; a. var lið, 655 xxviii, Fms. v. 274.
pp. easy to find.
adj. part. easy to find, in promptu, Hkr. ii. III; neut. used metaph. easy to perceive, clear, Eg. 54, Ld. 194, v. 1.
a. easy to find.
adj. an older form, id., used only as neut. easily perceived, clear; þat var a., at…, it could easily be seen, that…, Ld. 194.
a. easy to pass (stígr ~).
adj. easy to pass; stígr a., 677. 5.
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adj. part. easily cheated, credulous, Lex. Poët.
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a, m. a giver of wealth, Lex. Poët.
a. easy to get.
adj. easy to get, common, Fms. i. 261.
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n. adj. easy to get, = auðfundit, Lex. Poët., Hb. 6 (1865).
pp. easily done.
and later form auð-görðr, adj. part. easily done, Fas. i. 74.
pp. n. easily heard, clear.
n. adj. part. easily heard, clear, evident, Ld. 266.
pp. easy to recognize, of distinguished appearance.
adj. part. easy to ‘ken’ or recognise, of distinguished appearance, Al. 21, Fms. i. 44.
n. mark, distinction.
n. (= einkenni), mark, distinction, Karl. 180.
a. easy to recognize.
adj. = auðkendr, Hrafn. 13.
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f. a clear mark, sure sign, Sturl. i. 70. MS. A. M. 122 B; áminning suits better, so the Ed. and Brit. Mus. 11, 127.
pp. easily bought, cheap.
adj. part. easily bought, cheap, Hkr. iii. 246.
pp. easily chosen, easy to decide on.
adj. part. easily chosen, easy to decide between, Sd. 170.
a. tender, delicate, easily hurt or wounded; ~ í skapi, irritable.
adj. (now viðkvæmr), very touchy, tender, sensitive; a. ok lasmeyrr, of a snake’s belly, easy to wound, Stj. 98; öngvær (depressed) ok auðkumul, (fem.) touchy, Bs. i. 323; a. í skapi, irritable, 353.
m.; see aukvisi.
v. aukvisi.
a. easily talked over, easily moved, pliable.
adj. easily talked over, easily moved, obsequious, pliable; eptirlátr ok a., N. G. L. ii. 400; ertú ok eigi a. (hard to move) til fylgðar, Grett. 122 new Ed. = auðbeðinn.
m. a man of great wealth.
m. [kúfa, accumulare], poët. a heaper up of riches, a wealthy man, a Croesus; örr maðr er a., Edda 107; in prose in Sturl. i. 38, Al. 5; ríkismenn ok a., Post. 656 C. 30.
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adj. part. wealthy, whence auðlegð, Lex. Poët.
pp. easily kept in check.
adj. part. docile, easily kept in check, Glúm. 396 (in a verse).
pp. of easy, affable manners, complaisant.
adj. [lát, manners], of easy affable manners, Str. 36.
f. wealth, riches.
f. easy circumstances, wealth, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) 836; now freq.
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adj. happy, lucky, Fms. vi. 420 (in a verse).
m. wealthy man.
m. a wealthy man, Fms. ii. 21, Ísl. ii. 385, 125.
adv.
1) humbly;
2) easily.
adv. and -ligr, adj. humbly, Bs. i. 773, Grett. 207 new Ed.
a.
1) humble, meek;
2) pliable, docile.
adj. humble, meek, compar. auðmjúkari, Sturl. i. 45; a. iðran, devoted repentance, H. E. i. 510.
pp. easily remembered.
adj. part. easily remembered, not to be forgotten, Fms. vi. 249, v. l.
(-ta, -tr), v.
1) to humble;
~ sik, to humble oneself;
2) to make pliable.
t and ð, to humble; a. sik, to humble oneself, Bs. i. 854.
f. meekness, humility.
f. meekness, humility, Fms. viii. 54, v. 1.; now freq. in theol. writers.
a. easy to learn.
adj. [nema], easy to learn, teachable, Sks. 16.
a. easily learned, soon got by heart.
adj. easily learned, soon got by heart, Sks. 247 B; auðnæm er ill Danska, bad Danish is soon learnt (a proverb); auðnæmast þó hið vonda er, Pass. 22. 10.
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adj. part. easily proved, Laur. S. MS. 180. 85.
pp.
1) easily explained (of a dream);
2) easy to manage (of a boat).
adj. easily to ‘read’ or explain, Fas. iii. 561.
β. easy to manage, v. úauðráðinn.
a. pliable, yielding.
adj. easily guided, pliable, yielding, Bs. i. 265.
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part. easily told.
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m. treasury (poët.), Fsm. 7.
pp. easily seen, evident.
part., now auðséðr (cp. however Pass. 6. 4, 7), easily seen, evident, Hrafn. 13, K. Á. 214.
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part. (in a proverb), Ad. 21, eigi eru a. almanna spjör, it is not easy to make shafts to all people’s spear heads, i. e. to act so that all shall be pleased, cp. Hm. 127; auð-skæf (as given in the Skálda, where this line is cited) may be a better reading = not easily carved or made so as to suit everybody.
a. easy to understand.
adj. easy to distinguish, understand, Skálda 167.
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adj. part. easily injured, Eg. 770; delicate, tender, Stj. 345. Deut. xxviii. 56, Bs. i. 353.
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n. part. easily turned, Hkr. ii. 271.
a.
1) easy to perform, an easy task (þótti þetta eigi vera auðsóttligt);
2) that can easily be taken by force (borg auðsóttlig).
adj. easy to perform, an easy task, Fms. xi. 282.
pp. easy to win (mal auðsótt); ~ til bœna, pliable, yielding.
part. easily won, easy to win; mál a., Eg. 38, 200, in both cases of a happy suitor; a. land, land lightly won, Fms. iii. 49; auðsóttr til bæna, pliable, yielding, Al. 4: eigi a., not easily matched, Valla L. 205.
m. poet. wealthy man.
m. a wealthy man, Sdm.
a. pliable, yielding.
(and now also auðsveipinn, whence auðsveipni, f.), adj. pliable, yielding, now esp. used of good, obedient children, Bs.
(-da, -dr), v. to show, exhibit;
refl., ~st, to appear clearly.
d, to shew, exhibit, Bs. i. 274; má þat vel auðsýnast, to be seen, Stj. 13.
a. evident, clear.
adj. evident, and -liga, adv. clearly, Fms. i. 142, Stj. 14, 26.
f. making evident, explanation.
f. show, exhibition, Skálda 199. transl. of Lat. demonstratio; H. E. i. 517. proof, demonstration.
a. easily seen, clear, evident.
adj. easily seen, clear; hon var síðan kölluð Delos svá sem a., Stj. 87, 250: neut. = evident, Hom. 154, Eg. 736, Fms. i. 72.
a. = auðsýniligr.
adj. id., Fms. vii. 148.
a. = auðsýnn.
adj., neut. auðsætt, fem. auðsæ, easily seen, clear, Bjarn. 63, Fms. x. 175, 655 xi. I: metaph. clear, evident, Magn. 436, 625. 174: neut. evident, Fms. i. 42, Hrafn. 13: compar. auðsærri, more conspicuous, Fms. ii. 322: superl. auðsæstr, Ld. 236; auðsæust, Fms. iv. 321.
a. indecl. credulous.
adj. ind. credulous, Lex. Poët. (freq.)
f. simplicity, credulity.
f. ind., now auðtryggni, f. credulity, Gísl. 62.
a. simple-hearted, credulous.
adj. credulous, Stj. 199. Grett. 130 A, Fms. viii. 447.
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n. bad luck, Lex. Poët.
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adj. very painstaking in doing one’s duties, Bs. i. 141, an απ. λεγ.
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f. expectancy of fortunes (poët.), Lex. Poët.
(að), v. to make easy, take lightly.
d, to take lightly, make easy, Orkn. ch. 68.
n. easiness, facility; með ~, easily.
n. easiness, facility, Hom. 7. transl. of Lat. facultas; með a., as adv. easily, Fms. vii. 116, Karl. 131, 142: auðvelda-verk, n. an easy task, Grett. 127 new Ed.
adv.
1) easily, lightly, taka ~ í e-u, to make light of;
2) without reluctance, willingly.
and -velliga, adv. easily, lightly, Fms. i. 87, Stj. 99, Hkr. i. 200; taka a. á e-u, to make light of a thing, Fms. xi. 124: compar. -ligar, i. 262, Stj. 130.
a. easy to overcome (hversu auðveldlig sú borg var).
and -velligr, adj. easy, Stj. 8, 356. Josh. vii. 2.
a.
adj. ea s y, Eg. 39: superl. -veldastr, Ld. 14; metaph. compliant, Bs. i. 256, Sturl. i. etc.
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m. (poët.) a charitable friend [A. S. eâðvine] ; in the old poets freq. spelt otvin, v. Lex. Poët.
β. as a pr. name Auðunn; the etymology in Hkr. i. 12 is bad; and so is also the popular etymology of this word = none, fr. auðr, vacuus.
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etc., v. auvirð-.
pp. n. easy to know, clear, evident.
n. part. easy to know, clear, evident, Ld. 78, Finnb. 232: now often adv. = clearly, to be sure.
a. n., = auðvitað.
n. adj. sure, certain, Karl. 181.
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adj. part. easy to make flow, Stor. 2 (dub. passage).
a. weakly, feeble.
adj. [probably = ör-þrifligr, fr. ör- priv. and þrifligr, robust, strong], feeble, weakly, Ísl. ii. 456, Fb. i. 275 (of weak frame).
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qs. auðöfi, n. pl. [‘auðr,’ opes, and ‘of;’ = ofa-fé, q. v.; Lat. opes], opulence, abundance, wealth, riches, in the Grág. freq. = means of subsistence, emoluments, i. 269, 277 (twice), ii. 213, cp. Íb. 16, where it means emoluments: in the proper sense wealth, Hkr. i. 13, where it means gold and treasures, Sks. 334, 442; veg ok a., power and wealth, Greg. 23; himnesk a., Joh. 21; jarðlig a., Greg. 32. Matth. vi. 19, 20; mörg a., Eluc. 53, Hom. 151, etc.
interj. woe! alas!; a. mér or a. mik, woe is me!.
interj. [a for. word; Germ, au weh], woe! alas! used with dat., a. mér, Mar. 167; acc., a. mik, 175; absol., 147: after the Reformation ‘áví’ and ‘ó vei’ occur, or ‘vei’ alone.
f. thanks, gratitude, satisfaction, pleasure;
kunna e-m aufúsu fyrir e-t, to be thankful, obliged to one, for a thing;
gefa e-m aufúsu, to thank;
e-m er ~ á e-u, one is pleased, gratified, with;
ef yðr er þar nökkur ~ á, if it be any pleasure to you;
var mönnum mikil ~ á því, were much pleased by it.
u, f., in Norse MSS. spelt afusa, Dipl. i. 3; avusa, Str. 27, 54, Sks. 775 B; afuusa, N. G. L. i. 446. In Icel. always spelt with au, av, or ö, by changing the vowel, öfusa, aufusa, Ó. H. 155, where, however, some MSS. have aufussa, avfusa, Fms. viii. 39, 250; öfusa, Fs. 123; ofusa, 677. 3, Band. 6; öfussa, Bs. i. 481: the change of vowel is caused by the following f (v). The word is now quite obsolete, and its etymology is somewhat uncertain; it may be qs. á-fúss, or af-fúss, an ‘af-’ intens. and ‘fúss,’ willing, this last suggestion would best suit the Norse form. Its sense is thanks, gratitude, satisfaction, pleasure, and is almost exclusively used either as a supplement to ‘þökk’ or in such phrases as, kunna e-m au., or e-m er au. á e-u, to be pleased, gratified with; þakka með mikilli a., to thank heartily, Str. 27; ef yðr er þar nokkur a. á, if it be any pleasure to you, Fms. ix. 495; kunna e-m au. e-s, or with ‘at,’ to be thankful, Fb. ii. 257, Eg. 111, Ó. H. 56, Fms. viii. 1. c., Bs. i. 481, H. E. i. 432, Eg. 522, Sturl. iii. 125, Fær. 209, 677. 3; leggja at móti þökk ok au., Ó. H. 155; viljum vér au. gefa þeim góðum mönnum, we will thank them, Fms. …
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m. a welcome guest, Valla L. 217, Sturl. i. 178.
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n. thanks, Gísl. 100.
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m. friendly mien; sýna á sér au., Fs. 14.
(gen. pl. augna), n.
1) eye;
lúka (bregða) upp augum, bregða augum í sundr, to open (lift up) the eyes;
lúka aptr augum, to shift the eyes;
renna (bregða, leiða) augum til e-s, to turn the eyes to;
leiða e-n augum, to measure one with the eyes;
berja augum í e-t, to take into consideration;
koma augum á e-t, to set eyes on, become aware of;
hafa ~ á e-u, t have, keep, an eye upon;
segja e-t í augu upp, to one’s face, right in the face;
unna e-m sem augum í höfði sér, as one’s own eye-balls;
e-m vex e-t í augu, one has scruples about;
náit er nef augum, the nose is neighbor to the eyes;
gløggt er gests ~t, a guest’s eye is sharp;
mörg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes;
eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot hide it if a woman loves a man;
2) hole, aperture in a needle (nálar~), in a millstone (kvarnar~) or an axe-head;
3) pit full of water.
n., gen. pl. augna, [Lat. oculus, a dimin. of an obsolete ocus; Gr. οφθαλμός (Boeot. οκταλμός); Sanskr. aksha: the word is common to Sanskrit with the Slavonic, Greek, Roman, and Teutonic idioms: Goth. augo; Germ, auge; A. S. eâge; Engl. eye; Scot. ee; Swed. öga; Dan. öje, etc. Grimm s. v. suggests a relationship to Lat. acies, acutus, etc. The letter n appears in the plur. of the mod. northern languages; the Swedes say ‘ögon,’ oculi, the Danes ‘öjne;’ with the article ‘ögonen’ and ‘öjnene;’ Old Engl. ‘eyne;’ Scot. ‘een’]
I. an eye. It is used in Icel. in a great many proverbs, e. g. betr sjá augu en auga, ‘two eyes see better than one,’ i. e. it is good to yield to advice: referring to love, unir auga meðan á sér, the eye is pleased whilst it can behold (viz. the object of its affection), Fas. i. 125, cp. Völs. rím. 4. 189; eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot bide it, if a woman love a man, i. e. they tell their own tale, Ísl. ii. 251. This pretty proverb is an απ. λεγ. l. c. and is now out of use; it is no doubt taken from a poem in a dróttkvætt metre, (old proverbs have alliteration, but neither rhymes nor assonance, rhyming proverbs are of a comparatively late date): …
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adj. weak-sighted, Fms. ii. 8: augdepra, u, f. amblyopia, Fél. ix. 191.
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adj. fair-eyed, Lex. Poët.
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n. a face, countenance; fyrir a. alls lýðs, Stj. 326; fyrir Guðs a., before the face of God, Orkn. 170; í a. postulans, 623. 25, Ver. 7. Gen. vii. 1 (‘before me’); fyrir konungs a., Sks. 283. Now much used, esp. theol.
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n. ‘eye light,’ in the phrase, koma í a., to appear. Fas. i. 80.
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adj. clear, manifest, Fms. i. 229, Hkr. ii. 225.
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t, to make known, manifest: subst. auglýsing, f.
pr. p. seeing with one’s own eyes; at augsjándum postulum sínum, in sight of his apostles.
part. seeing ocularily, Mart. 117.
a. blear-eyed, = súreygr.
adj. blear-eyed, Stj. 171 (of Leah): súreygr is more freq.
f. sight; koma í ~ e-m, to appear before him; í ~ e-m, in the face of.
f. sight; koma í a. e-m, to appear before him, Eg. 458, 623. 12; í a. e-m, in the face of, Blas. 46.
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d, to shew, Fms. v. 200.
a. visible.
adj. and -liga, adv. evident, visible, Gþl. 42.
adv. and conj.
1) besides, = at auki (hundrað manna ok ~ kappar hans);
2) also, = ok.
adv. [cp. Goth. auk, freq. used by Ulf. as translation of Gr. γάρ; jah auk = και γάρ; A. S. eâc; Engl. eke; Germ. auch].
I. it originally was a noun = augmentum, but this form only remains in the adverbial phrase, at auk, to boot, besides, Bs. i. 317 (freq.): adverbially and without ‘at’ besides; hundrað manna ok auk kappar hans, a hundred men and eke his champions, Fas. i. 77; þriggja marka fé, en konungr þat er auk er, the surplus, N. G. L. i. 350: cp. also such phrases as, auk þess at, besides that; auk heldr, v. heldr.
II. as a conj. also, Lat. etiam, occurs in very old prose, and in poetry; svá mun ek auk bletza þá konu es þú baðsk fyr, 655 ix. B. 2 (MS. of the 12th century), Hkr. ii. 370 (in a poem of Sighvat); this form, however, is very rare, as the word soon passed into ok, q. v.
III. used to head a sentence, nearly as Lat. deinde, deinceps, the Hebrew ף, or the like; the Ormulum uses ac in the same way; in MSS. it is usually spelt ok; but it may be seen from poetic assonances that it was pronounced auk, e. g. auk und jöfri fræknum; …
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I)
(eyk, jók, jókum, aukinn), v.
1) to augment, increase (~ virðing e-s; ~ ætt sína; ~ vandræði);
to prolong (~ þing);
~nda ferr am e-t, something goes on increasing;
eigi er þat aukit (it is no exaggeration) þó at hann sé sagðr ríkastr maðr á Íslandi;
orðum aukit, exaggerated;
aukin (more than) þrjú hundruð manna;
2) to add, with dat. (jók ek því es mér varð síðar kunnara);
~ synd á synd ofan, to heap sin upon sin;
~ e-u við, to add;
~st orðum við, to come to words, to converse;
with acc., ~ ný vandræði (= nýjum vandræðum) á hin fornu, to add new difficulties to old ones;
impers., jók stórum hans harm, his grief increased greatly;
3) to surpass, exceed;
þat er eykr sex aura, þá á konungr hálft þat er eykr, if it exceeds six ounces, the king takes half the excess.
II)
(að), v. (a Norse form) = the preceding.
jók, jóku (mod. juku), aukit [Lat. augere; Gr. αυξειν; Ulf. aukan; A. S. eacan or ecan; Engl. to eche or eke; O. H. G. auhon]; pres. ind. eyk; subj. eyki or yki, mod. jyki. A weak form (aukar, aukaði, aukat) also occurs, esp. in Norse, and (as a Norwegianism) in Icel. writers, esp. after the year 1260, e. g. aukaðu, augebant, Barl. 138; aukaðist, augebatur, aukaði, augebat. Barl. 180, Fms. i. 140, 184, x. 21 (MSS. aukuðu or aukaði, and some even jóku), Róm. 234; subj. aukaðist, augeretur, Fms. vii. 158 in three Icel. vellum MSS.; only one has ykist, the strong genuine form. Pres. aukar, auget, and aukast, augetur, instead of eykr, eykst, Stj. 32: part. aukat (= aukit), O. H. L. 46; aukuð, aucta, Fms. x. 236. Even Snorri in the Edda has aukaðist, p. 3, both in the vellum MSS. Ob. and Kb.,—a form which is thoroughly unclassical; the poets use the strong form, and so Ari, who has jókk = jók ek, in the preface to Íb.;—so also the great bulk of the classical literature. Since the Reformation the strong form is the only one used either in speaking or writing.
I. Lat. augere, to augment, increase, with acc. …
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f. increase, augmenttation.
f. increase, K. Á. 20.
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m. ‘eke-day,’ dies intercalaris, Rb. 488.
m., at aukahlut, in addition, to boot, = at auk.
m. in the phrase, at aukahlut, to boot, Hom. 129.
n. nickname, additional name.
n. ‘eke-name,’ nickname, or additional name, Sks. 272.
n. superfluous thing.
n. a superfluous thing, a mere appendix, Fms. ii. 359.
n. intercalary moon.
n. intercalary moon, Rb. 116.
n. superfluous work.
n. by-work, Bs. i. 326.
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u, f. ‘eke-week,’ intercalary week, v. hlaupár.
m.
1) addition, increase (~ fagnaðar, pínsla);
verða at moldar auka, to become dust, to die;
til auka, in addition, to boot;
fœrast í alla auka (afls síns), to exert to the utmost one’s bodily strength;
2) seed, progeny, offspring (eigi gaft þú mér auka eðr afkvæmi);
3) produce of the earth;
4) interest of capital.
a, m. eke [A. S. eaca; Old Engl. and Scot. eke or eik]
1. increase, addition; Abram tók þann auka nafns síns, Ver. 14; a. öfundar ok hatrs, Stj. 192: cp. also in the phrase, verða at moldar auka, to become dust, to die, in a verse in the Hervar. S. Fas. i. 580; cp. maðr er moldu samr, man is but dust, Sl. 47; and another proverb, lauki er lítið gæft til auka, used by Sighvat (Lex. Poët.), the leek needs but little care to grow; sárs-auki, pain, Mirm. 47; Danmerkr auki is a poët. name of Zealand used by Bragi, Edda I: the phrase, í miklum auka, in a huge, colossal shape, Glúm. 345 (in a verse); hence perhaps comes the popular phrase, að færast í aukana (or haukana), to exert to the utmost one’s bodily strength, Glámr færðist í alla auka (of one wrestling), Grett. 114 A, (Ed. 1853 has færðist í aukana.)
2. metaph. seed, germs, thou hast given me no seed, Stj. III. Gen. xv. 2; esp. the sperm of whales, amber, Sks. 137.
β. produce of the earth, Barl. 193, 200.
γ. interest of capital, N. G. L. ii. 380; vide áauki, sársauki, sakauki, i. …
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f. increase.
f., Old Engl. ‘eeking,’ increase, Stj. 100, 176, Sks. 137.
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n. = aukanafn, ‘eke-name.’
(-da, -dr), v. to nickname.
d, to nickname, Landn. 243.
n. contemptuous name, nickname (eigi em ek bastarðr nema at ~, of William the Conqueror).
n. ‘eke-name,’ a nickname:
α. a defamatory name, punishable with the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 146.
β. in a less strong sense; hann var svartr á hár ok hörund, ok því þótti honum a. gefit er hann var Birtingr kallaðr, he was swarth of hair and skin, and for that it seemed a nickname was given him when he was called ‘Brighting,’ Fms. vii. 157: Helgi átti kenningar nafn, ok var kallaðr hvíti; ok var þat eigi a., því at hann var vænn maðr ok vel hærðr, hvítr á hár, Helgi had a surname (in a good sense), and was called ‘White;’ and that was no nickname, for he was a handsome man and well-haired, white of hair, Fbr. 80: þú hyggr at ek muna vilja giptast einum bastarði,—eigi em ek bastarðr nema at a., of William the Conqueror, Fb. iii. 464. In old times, esp. at the time of the colonisation of Iceland, such nicknames were in freq. use, as may be seen from the index in the Landnama; they gradually went out of use, but still occur now and then throughout the whole of the Saga period in Icel. down to the 14th century.
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an indecl. adj., qs. al-landi, an απ. λεγ. in the proverb Nj. 10, illt er þeim er au. er alinn. [The root is prob. al- (Lat. alius), land, cp. A. S. ellend or elland (Hel. elilendi), alienus, peregrinus; Old Engl. alyant; O. H. G. alilanta (whence N. H. G. elend, miser): there is in Icel. also a form erlendr, prob. a corruption for ellendr. This root is quite lost in the Scandin. idioms with the single exception of the proverb mentioned above, and the altered form er-.] The MSS. of the Nj. l. c. differ; some of them have á úlandi in two words, in terra malâ; Johnsonius has not made out the meaning: the proper sense seems to be exul ubique infelix. In olden times peregrinus and miser were synonymous, the first in a proper, the last in a metaphorical sense: so the Lat. hostis (= hospes) passed into the sense of enemy. The spelling with ö (ölandi) ought perhaps to be preferred, although the change of vowel cannot be easily accounted for.
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a, m. a dunce, aulaligr adj., aula-skapr m., aulast dep., etc., do not occur, as it seems, in old writers; prop. a slug (?); cp. Ivar Aasen s. vv. aula, auling.
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n. painful feeling from a wound or the like, Fél. ix. 192.
(-ja), m. miserable person, wretch (guð ~).
ja, m. a wretch, in Icel. in a compassionate sense; Guðs a., 655 xxxii. 15, Bs. i. 74, Hom. 87.
(að), v. to commiserate, to feel pity for (a person, etc.).
að, to bewail, to complain, esp. in the impers. phrase, a. sik, to feel compassion for, Bær. II, Al. 10, Róm. 182, Bret. 98, Fagrsk. ch. 34; now freq. used in reflex., aumkast yfir e-t, to pity.
f. lamentation, wailing.
f. lamentation, wailing. El. 10.
m. misery, wretchedness.
m. misery, Stj. 428, Bs. i. 321; now also used of the sore feeling of a wound or the like, v. aumr.
a. poor, miserable (~ ok hörmuligr).
adj. and -liga, adv. [A. S. earmlic], poorly, wretched, Grett. 161, Fms. i. 138, v. 218, Sturl. ii. 13, Bær. 4, Magn. 432, H. E. iii. 366.
a. poor, miserable, unhappy, wretched.
adj. [Ulf. has arms = miser; Dan. and Swed. öm], seems with all its compounds to be a Scandin. word. It originally probably meant sore, aching, touchy, tender. In mod. Icel. it is sometimes used in this sense, in Dan. and Swed. only = sore, and metaph. tender.
2. metaph. poorly, miserable, unhappy; styrkstú, aumr, strengthen thyself, wretched man, Orkn. 153, Hom. 15, 16, Th. 6, 16: in a bad sense = armr, Fms. ix. 414.
a. tender-hearted, charitible.
adj. tender-hearted, charitable, Stj. 547, Hom. 109.
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more correctly anneglur, cp. the Engl. agnail, hangnail, or naugnail, Fél. ix. 192; the lunula unguium is in Icel. called anneglur, and so is the skin round the finger-nail, id.
pp. in a poor, wretched state; miserably situated.
adj. part. in a poor, wretched state, Stj. 475.
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1. adj. pron., Lat. nullus, none, v. engi, enginn.
2. adj. narrow, Lat. angustus, v. ongr.
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n., medic. lipothymia, a fainting-fit, Fél. ix. 193.
from eyrir, ounce.
m. pl. money, aura- in compds, v. eyrir.
(acc. aurgan), a. clayey, muddy.
adj., only in the contr. forms aurgan (acc.), aurgu (dat.), clayey, muddy, Vsp. 31, Ls. 48; cp. úrigr, madidus.
m. moist earth, clay, mud (aurr etr iljar, en ofan kuldi).
s, m., prop. wet clay or loam, but also in Eggert Itin. p. 682 of a sort of clay, cp. Ivar Aasen s. v. aur. In A. S. eâr is humus; in the Alvismál one of the names of the earth is aurr (kalla aur uppregin). In the Völuspá the purling water of the well of Urda is called aurr; hence the paraphrase in the Edda, þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum, ok með aurinn (the clay, humus) er liggr um brunninn, ok ausa upp yfir askinn. Elsewhere used simply of mud, wet soil, aurr etr iljar en ofan kuldi, Gs. 15; auri trödd und jóa fótum, Gh. 16; ok við aur ægir hjarna, bragnings burs of blandinn varð, his brains were mixed with the mud, Ýt. 16; aurr ok saurr, mud and dirt, Ann. 1362; hylja auri, humo condere, in a verse in the Konn. S.
m. trout-stream.
m. a ‘beck’ full of trout, Bolt.
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f. trout-fishing, Bolt.
n. troutnet.
n. a trout-net, Gísl. 104.
n. a lake with trout.
n. a water stocked with trout, Bolt.
m. salmon-trout.
örriði, mod. urriði, a, m. salmo trutta, salmon-trout, Fél. i. II; salmo squamis argenteis, maculis nigris brunneo cinctis, pinna pectorali punctulis sex notata, Eggert Itin. p. 595: deriv. from örr, celer, and -riði, or from aurr (?); the Norse form aure indicates a diphthong, GÞl. 421, Edda (Gl.)
COMPDS: aurriðabekkr, aurriðafiski, aurriðanet, aurriðavatn.
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(aurvantá, Ub.), f. Aurvandil’s toe, probably the star Rigel in Orion, v. Edda 59.
n. the second plank from the keel of a boat.
n. the second plank from the keel of a boat, Vellekla and Edda (Gl.)
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s, m. [aurr, lutum, falr], the spike at the butt-end of a spear, Gr. σαυρωτήρ; þeir settu niðr aurfalina er þeir stóðu ok studdust við spjót sín, Fms. i. 280; síðan mældi hann grundvöll húsgörðarinnar fyrir þórhalli með aurfalnum á spjóti sínu, ii. 230; Abner sneri spjótinu í hendi sér ok lagði aurfalnum framan í kviðinn, Stj. 497, 2 Sam. ii. 23 (in Engl. Vers. ‘the hinder end of the spear’), Art. 105.
β. used of an arrow, Fb. iii. 406.
m.; see ørgáti.
a, m. [qs. ör-gáti, ör- and geta], a tit-bit, good cheer, good treatment, a rare and now obsolete word; mun ekki af sparat, at veita oss allan þann a. er til er, Fms. xi. 341; um tilföng veizlunnar, sem bezt búandi allan a., Mar. 97; af þeim örgáta sem hon hafði framast föng til, 655 xxxi. 2.
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m. an epithet of Hænir, Edda.
m. ‘mud-shoe’, horseshoe.
m. (prop. ‘mud-shoe’), a horse shoe, an απ. λεγ. in the story Fms. iii. 210, each of the shoes weighing 1½ lb. The story is a pendant to that told of king Augustus of Poland and the blacksmith.
f. landslip.
u, f. a land slip, avalanche, Fbr. 84, Fs. 59.
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m. a loamy field, Vsp.
I)
(eys, jós, jósum, ausinn), v.
1) to sprinkle, pour, with dat.;
þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum ok ~ (viz. því) upp yfir askinn, pour it over the ash-tree;
~ síld ór netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings;
fig., ~ sauri á e-n, to bespatter with abuse;
~ e-m e-u í augu upp, to throw … in one’s face;
2) ~ e-n (or e-t) e-u, to besprinkle with a thing;
~ e-n moldu, to sprinkle with earth, to bury;
~ barn vatni, a sort of baptism in the heathen age (Sigurðr jarl jós sveininn vatni ok kallaði Hákon);
3) with acc., to bale;
~ skip upp, to bale the ship out;
fig., ~ bát sinn, to make wetter;
4) of a horse, to kick or lash out with the hind legs.
II)
f. ladle;
ekki er enn sopit, þó í ausuna sé komit, there’s many a slip ‘twixt the cup and lip.
u, f. a ladle, ekki er sopið kálið Þó í ausuna sé komit (a proverb), many a slip ‘twixt the cup and the lip, Grett. 132, Þórð. 51.
I)
(eys, jós, jósum, ausinn), v.
1) to sprinkle, pour, with dat.;
þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum ok ~ (viz. því) upp yfir askinn, pour it over the ash-tree;
~ síld ór netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings;
fig., ~ sauri á e-n, to bespatter with abuse;
~ e-m e-u í augu upp, to throw … in one’s face;
2) ~ e-n (or e-t) e-u, to besprinkle with a thing;
~ e-n moldu, to sprinkle with earth, to bury;
~ barn vatni, a sort of baptism in the heathen age (Sigurðr jarl jós sveininn vatni ok kallaði Hákon);
3) with acc., to bale;
~ skip upp, to bale the ship out;
fig., ~ bát sinn, to make wetter;
4) of a horse, to kick or lash out with the hind legs.
II)
f. ladle;
ekki er enn sopit, þó í ausuna sé komit, there’s many a slip ‘twixt the cup and lip.
jós, josu (mod. jusu), ausit; pres. ind. eyss; subj. eysi or ysi, mod. jysi (hauriret), cp. Lat. haurio, haus-it; not found in Goth. or in Germ.
I. to sprinkle, with dat. of the liquid, and the object in acc. or with a prep.; þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum, ok ausa (viz. Því) upp yfir askinn, …pour it over the ash-boughs, Edda 11; ef maðr eyss eldi (fire, embers,) Grág. ii. 128; a. síld ór netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings, GÞl. 427: a. út, to pour out, fé, Grett. 126.
2. ausa moldu, to sprinkle with mould, bury; hlóðu Þeir at grjóti ok jósu at moldu, Eg. 300; er hann höfðu moldu ausit, Bjarn. II; salr ausinn moldu, his chamber sprinkled with mould (poët.), Hervar. S.; ausinn haugi, Ýt. 26.
β. ausa vatni is a standing phrase for a sort of baptism used in the last centuries, at least, of the heathen age. The child when born was sprinkled with water and named, yet without the intervention of a priest; this rite is mentioned as early as in the Hávamál, one of the very oldest mythological didactic poems on record, where it is attributed even to Odin; ef ek skal Þegn ungan verpa vatni á, if I am to throw water on a young thane, 159; …
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and usla-gjald, n. compensation, Gþl. 387.
m.; see auvisli, usli.
v. auvisli.
adv.
1) from the east;
á ~, blowing from east;
fyrir ~ (as a prep. with acc.), east of;
2) without motion, on the eastern side (þrjú hlið vóru ~ á borginni);
3) with gen., to the east of (~ árinnar; ~ fjarðar).
adv. [A. S. eastan; Hel. ôstan], from the east, Eg. 183, Eb. 4: of the direction of the wind (cp. vestan, sunnan, norðan), used with a preceding prep. á, á vestan, austan …, blowing from west, east …, Bs. ii. 48.
β. fyrir a. used as a prep. with acc. east of; fyrir a. mitt haf, Grág. ch. 85, p. 142 new Ed., Nj. 36, 81, Eg. 100, Landn. 228.
γ. with gen. in phrases like austan lands, a. fjarðar, cp. norðan, sunnan, vestan, Hkr. iii. 201.
COMPDS: austanferð, austanfjarðar, austangola, austankváma, austanmaðr, austansjór, austanveðr, austanverðr, austanvindr.
f. journey from the east.
f. a journey from the east, Fms. vii. 128.
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gen. loci, used as adverb, in the east of the firth, Hkr. ii. 295, Fms. i. 278, iv. 37.
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u, f. a light breeze from the east, Sturl. iii. 59 (Ed. austræn).
f. arrival from the east.
u, f. arrival from the east, Fms. vi. 23.
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m. a man from the east, Old Engl. easterling, Sturl. iii. 248.
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m. the east sea, nickname of a man, Fms. ix. 316.
n. easterly gale.
rs, m. an easterly gale, Rb. 438.
a. eastern, easterly.
adj. eastern (cp. norðan-, sunnan-, vestan-verðr), Landn. 25, Stj. 75, A. A. 286.
m. east wind.
m. an east wind, Sks. 38, cp. norðan-, vestan-. sunnan-vindr.
adv. easterly.
adv. and -ligr, adj. easterly, Fms. xi. 389.
a. superl. most easterly, easternmost.
superl. easternmost, v. eystri.
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f., v. búð.
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m. the court for the east quarter, v. dómr.
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m. the east quarter of Iceland, v. fjórðungr.
m. one from the east of Iceland.
m., esp. in pl. an eastfirther, one from the east of Iceland, Sturl. ii. 158.
COMPDS: austfirðingabúð, austfirðingadómr, austfirðingafjórðungr.
I)
n.
1) the east (sól í ~i; til ~s);
2) as adv., in the east (ek var a. ok ána varðak); towards the east (þú vart a. sendr).
II)
(-ra or -rar), m.
1) the act of baling out water; standa í ~i, to be engaged in baling;
2) bilge-water (skipit fullt af ~i).
rs and rar, m. [ausa], the act of drawing water in buckets, pumping; v. dæluaustr and byttuaustr, Grett. ch. 19; standa í austri, to toil hard at the pump, Fas. ii. 520, Sturl. iii. 68; til austrar, Grett. 94 B. β. the water pumped or to be pumped, bilge water, Gr. αντλος, Sturl. iii. 67, 68; skipið fullt af austri, full of bilge water, Fb. ii. 204 (Fbr.), Finnb. 234; standa í a., v. above.
COMPD: austrs-ker, austker (N. G. L. i. 59), a scoop, pump-bucket (cp. ausker), GÞl. 424.
I)
n.
1) the east (sól í ~i; til ~s);
2) as adv., in the east (ek var a. ok ána varðak); towards the east (þú vart a. sendr).
II)
(-ra or -rar), m.
1) the act of baling out water; standa í ~i, to be engaged in baling;
2) bilge-water (skipit fullt af ~i).
rs, m. [A. S. and Engl. east; Hel. ôstar; Germ, ost, osten], the east; sól í austri, Grág. ii. 224, Rb. 92, Landn. 276; ór austri, Sturl. ii. 25. 2. as adv. towards east, eastward, Nj. 151, Eg. 72, Grág. i. 96, 189.
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m. a vessel bound for the Baltic, Fms. vii. 256.
n. vessel bound for the Baltic.
n. id., Fms. viii. 61, Orkn. 274 old Ed., where the new Ed. 334 has útfararskip, a ship bound for the Mediterranean (better).
m. people of the east.
m. people of the east, Stj. 392. Judges vi. 33.
f. people of the east.
f. id., Stj. 389.
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a, m. the name of a dwarf, the Eastern, Edda, Vsp.
a. eastern.
adj. eastern, Stj, 336.
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m. pl. the three kings or Magi (‘wise men’) from the east, Stj. 16; a king of Russia, Fms. x. 397.
m. inhabitant of the austrvegr.
m. an inhabitant of Austrvegir, Hkr. i. 44.
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v. austrhálfa.
f. = austrætt.
and -ætt, f. eastern region, east; í austr., towards east, in eastern direction, Fms. ii. 49, x. 267, Sks. 38. 655 xiv. B. i.
m. a cross-beam near the baling place (in a ship).
a, m. a cross-beam nearest the pumping-place in a ship, Fs. 153.
.
and austr-för, f. voyage to the east, esp. to Russia or the east Baltic, Fb. i. 130, Ls. 60, the last passage in a mythical sense.
COMPDS: austrfararknörr, austrfararskip.
f.
1) the eastern part; hennar (of Europe) ~;
2) Asia (austraustr-hálfa heimsins).
u, f. [Hel. ôstarhalba = oriens], often spelt -álfa by dropping the h; the east, in old writers freq. of the Austria of the peace of Verdun, A. D. 843, including the Baltic and the east of Europe; sometimes also of the true east; um Garðaríki (Russia Minor) ok víða um a. heims, Fms. i. 96; í Görðum austr ok austrhólfunni, x. 275; í a. heims eru Þrjú Indialönd, A. A. 283; Licinius lagði undir sik víða a., Blas. 37; Adam ok Eva bygðu síðan í a. Þar sem Hebron heitir, Ver. 5, Stj. 67, 43: now used in Icel. = Asia, Vestrhálfa = America, Suðrhálfa = Africa, Norðrhálfa = Europe, Eyjaálfa = Australia.
COMPDS: austrhálfulýðr, austrhálfuþjóð.
a. easterly (var veðrit austrkennt).
adj. part. eastern, of wind, Bs. i. 388.
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m. a king of the East, Ýt.
n. pl. the East.
n. pl. the east, orient, the eastern part of Europe, in old writers often synonymous to Austr-hálfa, and opp. to Norðrlönd, Scandinavia; Suðrlönd, South Germany, etc.; Vestrlönd, the British Islands, Normandy, Bretagne, etc., Post. 656 C. 39, Fms. ii. 183, Post. 645. 102, Hkr. i. 134 in a poem of the 10th century used of Russia; cp. Brocm. 101.
n. turn at baling.
n. (navig.), the pumping-watch, the crew being told off two and two, to hand the buckets up, one of them standing in the bilge water down below and the other on deck, vide the Fbr. 131, Grett. ch. 19; en hverr Þeirra manna er síðar kemr en a. komi til hans, þá er hann sekr níu ertogum, N. G. L. i. 335 [ausmaal, bilge water, Ivar Aasen].
(að), v. to lavish, squander (~ fé sínu).
að, [austr], to lavish, squander, with dat. an απ. λεγ. as it seems, Fas. iii. 198, 202, where a. fé sínu; cp. Gr. αντλέω.
n. the eastern empire, esp. the east of Europe; also of Asia.
n. the eastern empire, esp. the east of Europe (Russia, Austria, sometimes also including Turkey of the present time); the term is often vague, and synonymous to Austrvegr, Austrlönd, or referring to the Germany of the year 843; (the mod. sense is = Austria); Ívarr víðfaðmi eignaðist allt Danaveldi, ok mikinn hluta Saxlands ok allt A., Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 45, Fms. vi. 8; Constantinopolis er æðst borga í A., Ver. 49; Þeodosius inn mikli var sex vetr konungr í A., 50; Licinius hét konungr í A., Blas. 37, in these last passages = the eastern empire (of Rome); þá er ek (viz. king David) lifða ok vask konungr kallaðr í A. (in the east), Niðrst. 4, cp. Baut. nos. 780, 979.
n. the baling place in a ship.
n. the part of a vessel’s hold near the stern where the pump is, Hkr. i. 82, Stj. 57, Fbr. 158, Edda 35; an aft and fore pumping-place (eptra ok fremra austrrúm) is mentioned Fms. viii. 139.
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n. a scoop, bucket,
m. the east, esp. the eastern Baltic, Russia.
s, m. the eastern way, east, esp. Russia, Wenden, the east Baltic; fara í Austrveg is a standing phrase for trading or piratical expeditions in the Baltic, opp. to víking or vestr-víking, which only refer to expeditions to the British Islands, Normandy, Brittany, etc.; austr-víking, Landn. 221, is a false reading; hann var farmaðr mikill (Hólmgarðs-fari) ok kaupmaðr; fór opt í Austrveg (Baltic), Landn. 169, Nj. 41, Eg. 228, Fms. freq., vide vol. xii, s. v. In the Edda fara í A. is a standing phrase for the expeditions of Thor against giants, Þórr var farinn í A. at berja tröll, 26, cp. Ls. 59, where a. means the eastern region of heaven. Sometimes it is used of the east in general, Ver. 9, Rb. 412, 623. 13, Baut. no. 813.
COMPDS: austrvegskonungar, austrvegsmaðr.
f. eastern region of the heaven, east.
v. austrátt.
m. pl. the east firths of Iceland.
m. pl. the east firths of Iceland, opp. to vestfirðir, Landn.
a. from the east firths (of Iceland).
adj. one from the east firths in Icel., Nj. 54, Lv. 57.
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f. = austrför.
n. = austrsker.
n. a scoop, bucket, v. auss-ker.
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m. pl. easterlings, cp. Kylfingar, an old Russian population, Kolbiager, east of the Baltic; in a poem of Hornklofi, Fagrsk. 9.
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adj. easterly, of the wind.
m. ‘eastman’, a man from the east; in Iceland and in the Orkneys, a man from Norway.
m., pl. austmenn, in Icel. and in the northern part of the British Islands a standing name of those who came from the Scandinavian continent, esp. Norse merchants, vide the old Irish chronicles, and the Sagas, passim. The English used ‘easterling’ in the same sense, and sterling is an abbreviation of the word from the coin which the ‘easterlings’ brought with them in trade. Eyvindr austmaðr, Landn., Nj. 81, Eg. 744, Ísl. ii. 192, 128, Sturl. ii. 47, Lv. 23, Valla L. 216, Landn. 36, 290, 305, Eb. 104, 196, etc. In the Norse GÞl. 450 it is used of Swedes in Norway: austmanna-skelfir, m. ‘skelper’ (conqueror, terror) of the east men, a nickname, Landn. 305.
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m. the east sea, the east Baltic (Estmere of king Alfred, Oros. Ed. Bosworth, p. 22), Ýt. 18.
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n. = austrmál, N. G. L. i. 335.
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f. the east mark, i. e. the east, Ýt. 4.
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u, f. eastern breeze.
a. eastern, coming from the east; austrœn gola, easterly breeze; ~ maðr-austmaðr; ~ viðr, timber from Norway.
adj. [Hel. ostroni; A. S. easterne; cp. norrænn, suðrænn], eastern, of the wind; a. gola, eastern breeze, Sturl. iii. 59; vindr, Orkn. (in a verse); viðr, timber from Norway or Scandinavia, Grág. i. 149, the Eistland tymmer of the old Scotch inventories (Jamieson, Suppl. s. v.); Austrænir menn, Norsemen in Iceland, Fms. ix. 276; as a nickname, Eb. 12, and Landn. The name denotes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian continent as opp. to the British Islands and Iceland.
f. scoop, = austrsker.
u, f. = austrsker, Grág. ii. 171; Ísl. ii. 382 spelt ausskota.
n. = austrsker.
n. = austr-ker, Shetl. auskerrie, a scoop, v. Jamieson Suppl. sub voce, Fs. 147.
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m. a wretch, laggard, 655, vide Sturl. ii. 139, Fær. 74, Þorf. Karl. 426.
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m. naughtiness, Gullþ. 12.
f. compensation for damage.
and usla-bót (N. G. L. i. 246), f. a law term, compensation fixed by a jury of five, cp. above; distinction is made between a. hin meiri and hin minni, first rate or second rate compensation, Grág. ii. 344: in pl. 225.
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adj. in a verse by Arnór, perhaps akin to the above, meaning eager, Orkn. 126: vide, however, Lex. Poët. s. v. ófur.
m. degenerate person, laggard (einn er ~ ættar hverrar).
a, m. [prop. auð-kvisi, from auð, easy, and kveistinn, touchy; cp. kveisa, f. ulcus, dolor]; in old writers it is spelt with au or av, and sometimes with a double k, ökkvisi, Bs. i. 497 vellum MS. A. M. 499; auðkvisi, Ld. 236 C and the vellum MS. A. M. 122 A to Sturl. ii. 8; aukvisi, MS. 122 B; O. H. (Ed. 1853) reads aucvisi; it means a weakly, irritable, touchy person. Used esp. in the proverb, einn er au. ættar hverrar, cp. the Engl. there is a black sheep in every flock, Hkr. ii. 238: mun ek son minn láta heita Gizur; lítt hafa þeir aukvisar verit í Haukdæla ætt er svá hafa heitið hér til, Sturl. ii. 8, at the birth of earl Gizur. [The name Gizur was a famous name in this family, Gizur hviti, Gizur biskup, Gizur Hallsson, etc.]
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and auvirði, mod. auðvirði, n. [af, off, and verð, value; the change of letter caused by the following v; a purely Icel. form, the Norse being ‘afv-;’ the mod. Icel. form is auð-v., as if it were to be derived from auð- and verð]:
1. a worthless wretch, a laggard, bungler; sel þú upp, auvirðit, knálegar bytturnar, Bungler! hand thou up stoutly the buckets, Fbr. 131; hygg ek at eingi maðr eigi jafnmikil a. at frændum sem ek, Hrafn. II; verða at a., Bret. 163, Sturl. i. 73.
2. a law term, damage, anything impairing the value of a thing; hann ábyrgist við þeim auvirðum er þat fær af því skaða, Grág. i. 431.
COMPDS: auvirðsmaðr, auvirðsskapr.
(að), v. refl., to become worthless, = afvirðast.
d, to become worthless, Eg. 103, Glúm. 377 C.
2. in the act. to think unworthy, disparage, Barl. 21, 57, 123, 190, Mar. 83: seldom used except in Norse writers, and consequently spelt with an ‘af-:’ in reflex. sense. Stj. 483.
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Norse afvirð-, and mod. Icel. auðvirðil-, adv. despicably, Sturl. iii. 220, Fs. 71.
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etc., adj. worthless, Fas. i. 87, Bret. 31, 72, Sturl. iii. 225, Barl. 75; at skurðarskírn sé afvirðilig (indigna) Kristnum mönnum, 159.
(af, vesall), m., contr. ausli, usli;
1) a law term, damage; bœta auvisla, to pay compensation for damage done;
2) hurt, injury in general; setja undan öllum auvisla, to get off unscathed.
and contr. ausli and usli, a, m.; etym. uncertain, ausli, Gþl. 385 A; usli, N. G. L. i. 246, Fms. i. 202, viii. 341, xi. 35, Edda (Gl.) In the Grág. auvisli, spelt with au or av; in the Ed. of 1829 sometimes with ö where the MSS. have au:
I. a law term, damages, Lat. damnum; bæta auvisla is a standing law term for to pay compensation for damages done, the amount of which was to be fixed by a jury; bæta skal hann a. á fjórtán nóttum sem búar fimm virða, Grág. i. 383, 418, ii. 229, 121, 223 (Ed. 1853), 225 (twice): hence auvislabót. In Norse law, gjalda a., Gþl. 384; ábyrgi honum garðinn ok allan ausla þann er, 385 A; beiða usla bótar, N. G. L. i. 246.
II. metaph. hurt, injury in general; mondi þeim þá ekki vera gjört til auvisla, Ld. 76; ok er þat þó líkast, at þú setir eigi undan öllum avvisla (thou wilt not get off unscathed), ef þú tekr eigi við, Fms. iii. 144.
2. devastation, Fms. xi. 81: esp. by fire and sword in the alliterative phrase, eldr (fire) ok usli; fara með eld ok usla, i. 202; heldr en þar léki yfir eldr ok usli, viii. …
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n. ear of corn.
n. [Goth. aks, cp. Goth. asans = harvest], an ear of corn, Stj. 201, Thom. 98.
see ‘øxar-’.
v. öx, an axe.
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f. [auðkumall], touchiness, sensitiveness; a. konunnar, a woman’s touchiness or weakness, 623. 36.
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að, to shoulder, Fms. iii. 228.
from öxl, shoulder.
v. öxl, shoulder.
n. shoulder-bone, shoulder-blade.
n. the humerus or the scapula, Nj. 27, Korm. 220.
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f. = axlbyrðr, Grett.
m. shoulder-joint.
m. the shoulder-joint, Þorf. Karl. 390.
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n. pl. ‘shoulder-straps,’ braces (mod.): they were unknown to the ancients, who kept up their nether-garments by a rope or belt round the waist (brók-lindi, bróka-belti).
f. load borne on the shoulder (öxl).
f. a shoulder-load, Orkn. 346, Grett, 177 new Ed.
a. as high as a man’s shoulder (~ e-m).
adj. shoulder high, Js. 101.
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m. pl. ‘shoulder-limbs,’ arms, Kormak.
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m., v. öxull, axis, an axle-tree.
f. stalk and ear of corn.
u, f. a blade of corn, ear and stem, Stj. 422, Ruth ii. 2 (Engl. Vers. ‘ears of corn’).
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n. an ear of corn, Edda (Ub.) ii. 283.
interj. = auvi (~ mér veslugri).
interj. dolendi, ay mér veslugri, Mar. Fr.