I) prep.
A. with dat.
I. of place;
1) on, upon, in;
á gólfi, on the floor;
á hendi, on the hand (of a ring);
á sjá ok landi, on sea and land;
á bókum enskum, in English books;
á himni, in heaven;
á jörðu, on earth;
hafa lykil á sér, … on one’s person;
vera á þingi, to be present at a meeting;
vera í skógi, to be out in a forest (of a hunter, robber, deer);
þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, … in Broad firth;
2) in connexion with proper names of countries, esp those ending in ‘-land’, in;
á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Grœnlandi, Íslandi, etc., á Mœri, Ögðum, Fjölum; á Mýrum (in Iceland); á Finnmörk, á Fjóni (a Danish island), but í Danmörk, Svipjóð; also before names of Icel. farms denoting open spaces; á Þórisstöðum, á Möðruvöllum, á Fitjum.
II. of time;
1) during, in the course of;
á nótt, by night;
á degi, by day;
á því ári, vári, sumri, in that year, spring, summer;
á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers;
var hann á fám dögum heill, within few days;
á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time;
2) used of a fixed recurrent period or season; …
or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at-tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical consonants, they change into kk, e. …
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f. abbess. Hkr. iii. 398, Fms. vii. 239, Gþl. 365.
(að), v. refl. to be angry, to quarrel (~ við e-n, upp á e-n).
að, dep. (= amast), to be incensed at, vex, molest; a-við e-t, Clem. 50, Fms. vii. 166; a-uppá e-t, Nj. 194.
n. constipation.
= af-bindi, n. tenesmus, Hm. 140; cp. Fél. ix. 185, where it is spelt afbendi.
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= at, v. that word, að- in compds, v. at-. -að, suff. neg., v. -a.
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u, f. (and COMPD öðu-skel, f.)
α. mytulus testa planiuscula, a shell.
β. fem. pr. n., Edda.
n. nature, disposition.
[O. H. G. adal, genus; cp. also A. S. éðele, nobilis; Old Engl. and Scot. ethel; Germ. edel; eðla- and eðal- came from mod. Dan. into Icel. aðall, nobility. It does not occur in old writings in this sense.]
I. n. nature, disposition, inborn native quality, used only in poetry; jóðs a., childish, Ýt. 13; ósnotrs aðal, foolish, insipid, Hm. 106; args a., dastardly, Ls. 23, 24; drengs a., noble, Km. 23; ódyggs a., bad, Hsm. 19. 2. in the sense of offspring; aðul Njarðar (where it is n. pl.?), the gods, the offspring of Njord, Hallfred in a poem, vide Fs. 59.
II. used in a great many COMPDS, chief-, head-. aðal-akkeri, n. sheet-anchor, Fms. x. 130:
β. metaph., Bs. i. 756. aðal-bjórr, s, m. prime beaver skin, Eb. (in a verse). aðal-borinn, part., v. óðalborinn. aðal-ból, n. a manor-house, farm inhabited by its master, opp. to tenant farms, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 150; also the name of a farm, Hrafn. 4. aðal-festr, f., v. alaðsfestr. aðal-fylking, f. …
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m. pl. = óðalvellir, Rm.
f. chief defendantship or prosecutorship.
older form aðilð, pl. ir, f. [root aðal], v. the following word aðili. It doubtless originally meant chiefdom, headship, but it only occurs in the limited legal sense of chief-prosecutorship or defendantship, and this only, as it seems, in Icel. not in Norse law. It is a standing word in the Icel. codes and histories of the Commonwealth. It became obsolete after the year 1272, and does not occur in the codes Jb. or Js. In early times there were no public prosecutions or lawsuits; the aðild devolved together with the erfð (heirship) on the principal male heir, if of age; erfð and aðild go together, the first as a right, the last as an incumbent duty, like an English trusteeship; til erfðar ok aðiðar, Eb. ch. 38. In the year 993 a law was passed to the effect that male heirs under sixteen years of age should be exempted from aðild, neither should heiresses ever be aðili. In such cases the aðild devolved on the next male heir above sixteen years of age, who then got a fee for executing this duty, Bs. i. 675. The aðild also could be undertaken by a delegate, called at fara með handselda sök, sök handseld, vörn handseld, fara með sök, carry on a suit, etc. …
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m. = aðili, Sturl. iii. 240, Orkn. 212.
(-ja, -jar, later -a, -ar), m. chief defendant (varnar~) or prosecutor (sóknar~, sakar~).
ja, m. the chief-defendant or prosecutor in an Icel. lawsuit in the time of the Commonwealth. It seems to have meant originally head, chieftain, princeps. A standing word in the Grágás and the Sagas. As to the form, the older one is that which preserves the j in the terminations, gen. dat. acc. aðilja, plur. -jar, acc. -ja, dat. -jum. The Grágás constantly employs this form. The Njála and some of the Sagas drop the j and write aðila etc. In the Grágás aðilja seems to occur as an indecl. word—at least four times in the Kb.—used as nom. pl.: but as -ar in old MSS. is frequently marked by a single ‘a’ with a little stroke (a-), this may be a misinterpretation. The indeclinable form occurs in the Kb. (Þ. Þ.) 25 and 109 (only preserved in the Kb.); Kb. 147, 170 has aðilja, where the Sb. has in both passages aðiljar: cp. however guðsifja and -bræðra. There is a distinction between a sóknar-aðili or sakar-aðili, prosecutor, and a varnar-aðili, defendant. Either with gen. or prep. at, varnar-a., sóknar-a., sakar-a.; or inversely, a. sakar, a. varnar, a. frumsakar, Kb. 42, 124; a. máls, 126; a. vígsakar, in a case of manslaughter, 167; or vígsakar a. …
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[A. S. Eâdgils], a pr. name, the name of the mythical Swed. king at Upsala, Edda 82; also on the Runic stones in the Isle of Man.
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adv. only, (mod.)
prep. w. dat.
I. Of place:
1) off, from;
G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;
ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;
Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;
Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;
hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;
Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;
tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;
bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;
land af landi, from one land to the other;
hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;
vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;
muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;
rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;
vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;
lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;
vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;
2) out of;
verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;
gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;
Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.
Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town. …
prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum—til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. …
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u, f. overbearing, Am. 1, Ls. 3, Bk. 2, 31, = afaryrði.
adv. on fair terms.
n. adj. on fair terms, Jb. 361, Sturl. ii. 79.
adv., used as an intensive before an a. or another adv., very, exceedingly (~ auðigr, ~ breiðr, ~ vel, ~ illa).
and avar- [cp. Ulf. afar = μετά, όπίσω; Germ. aber, esp. in compounds: v. Grimm Gr. ii. 709], only used as a prefix in compounds, very much, very. Now often pronounced æfar, which form occurs esp. in MSS. of the 14th and I5th centuries, e. g. Fms. i. 150, xi. 249, Ísl. ii. 131; cp. also æfr, adj. iracundus.
COMPDS: afarauðigr, afarbreiðr, afarfagr, afarhreinn, afarílla, afarkaup, afarkostir, afarkostalaust, afarligr, afarlítill, afarmenni, afarorð, afarstórr, afarsætr, afarúðigr, afarvel, afaryrði, afarþungr.
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adj. very rich, Lex. Poët.
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adj. very broad, Edda 10.
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adj. very fair, Edda (Ub.) 360.
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adj. very clean, Lex. Poët.
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adv. very badly, Hkr. i. 226.
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n. hard bargain, Sturl. (in a verse).
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m. pl. hard condition, Eg. 14, 353, Hkr. i. 144, Ld. 222.
a. immense, huge.
adj. immense, huge, Nj. 183, v. l.
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adj. very small, Merl. 2. 46.
n. an outstanding man.
n. an overpowering man, Orkn. 256 old Ed., Landn. 124, Ísl. ii. 190.
n. overbearing word.
n. overbearing words, Bs. ii. 9.
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adj. big, Lex. Poët.
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adj. very sweet, Sks. 534.
a. overbearing.
adj. [hugð], overbearing, of violent temper, Fms. vii. 20.
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adv. very well, Hkr. i. 204, Ísl. ii. 140; cp. ofa.
n. pl. proud speech.
n. = afarorð, Orkn. 274.
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adj. heavy, Edda (Ht.) 46.
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f. great aunt, Landn. 317.
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adv. surpassingly, Fas. i. 220.
a. surpassing.
adj. surpassing, Eb. 256, Fms. ix. 535, x. 230 (where spelt abb-), xi. 335.
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m. a great man, Fms. x. 293 (where spelt abb-).
n. tree of transgression.
n. tree of transgression, Niðrst. 623. 7.
m. the last day of a feast; ~ jóla, Twelth Night.
and affarar-dagr, m. the last day of a feast, esp. of Yule or the like; a. jöla—Twelfth-night, opp. to affanga-dagr = at-fangadagr, Christmas Eve, Hkr. iii. 304, Fbr. 139, Fms. vii. 272; a. veizlunnar, Bs. i. 287, Fms. iii. 121.
n. the last evening of a feast.
n. the last evening of a feast, Fms. xi. 424.
n. letter of indulgence.
n. letter of indulgence, Bs. 1. 699.
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n. a Norse law term, escheatable property, N. G. L. i. 324.
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n. words of a fool, in the proverb, úmæt eru afglapaorð, ‘a fool’s word is nothing worth’—now úmæt eru ómagaorð—Boll. 352.
m. = affaradagr.
m. = affaradagr, day of departure, Fas. iii. 600.
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n. surplus corn, Gþl. 352.
m.
1) grandfather;
2) man;
~ eptir afa, in regular descent.
a, m. [cp. Lat. avus, Ulf. avô = μάμμα, and aba = ανήρ, vir], grandfather: it is now frequent, but occurs very rarely in old writers, who almost always use móðurfaðir or föðurfaðir. Yet it occurs in the poem Rm. 16—afi ok amma—and Vþm. 29, where it = föðurfaðir. It is curious to observe that in the poem Skm.—whence it is again transferred into the Grógaldr—it is used in the sense of a boy or a son; cp. as an illustration of this use the Norse phrase—D. N. iv. 848—afi eptir afa = son after father, man after man in uninterrupted succession, in accord- ance to the Gothic aba; Edda 108, Fms. iv. 288, vi. 346, xi. 6. We also say lang-afi, great-grandfather, and langamma, great-grandmother.
COMPD: afasystir.
f. a superfluous word, syllable (in a verse).
u, f. syllaba hypermetra, Edda (Ht.) 137.
m. descendant.
m. descendant, Stj. 39, 160.
I) m. hearth of a forge.
II) n.
1) physical strength (ramr styrkr, at afli);
2) force, violence taka með afli, by force;
3) plurality of votes, majority; ok skal afl ráda, the majority shall decide;
4) virtue, inherent power; ~ dauðfœrandi grasa, the virtue of poisonous herbs.
m. [Grimm mentions an O. H. G. aval; abal is a dub. άπ. λεγ. in A. S. poetry, Ormul. avell]
1. strength, esp. physical force; afreksmaðr at afli ok áræði, Eg. 1; styrkr at afli, Fms. i. 19; ramr at afli, 155; fullkominn at afli ok hyggju, bodily and mental vigour, Ld. 256; stillt þú þó vel aflinu, at þú verðir eigi kendr, Nj. 32; hafa afl til e-s, be a match for, be able to do, Gþl. 411.
β. virtue; afl dauðfærandi grasa, virtue of poisonous herbs, 623. 26.
2. metaph. strength, power, might, Th. 19.
3. a law term, force, validity; dæmdu vér þetta boð Bjarna úlögligt ok ekki afl hafa, void, Dipl. iii. 3.
4. a law term, majority, odds, in the phrase, ok skal afl ráða, plurima vota valeant; ef gerðarmenn (umpires) verða eigi ásáttir ok skal a ráða, Grág. i. 493; nú verða fjórðungsmenn eigi ásáttir, þá skal afl ráða með þeim, i. l, cp. 44, 531 (where it is used of a jury); en ef þeir verða eigi ásáttir er í lögréttu sitja hvat þeir vilja lofa eðr í lög leiða, þá skolu þeir ryðja lögréttu (viz. divide) ok skal ráða a. …
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I) m. hearth of a forge.
II) n.
1) physical strength (ramr styrkr, at afli);
2) force, violence taka með afli, by force;
3) plurality of votes, majority; ok skal afl ráda, the majority shall decide;
4) virtue, inherent power; ~ dauðfœrandi grasa, the virtue of poisonous herbs.
s, m. hearth of a forge, Edda 69, 70, Stj. 312, Fms. viii. 8; in N. G. L. i. 328 it seems to mean hearth (in general).
(að), v.
1) to gain, earn, procure (~ e-m e-s);
~ sér fjár ok frama, to earn fame and wealth;
~ði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame;
2) with acc., to earn (~ði hann þar fé mikit);
refl., e-m ~st e-t, one gains a thing;
3) with dat., to perform, accomplish (hann ~ði brátt mikilli vinnu);
with infin., to be able (ekki ~r hann því at standa í móti yður).
að, [cp. Swed. afvel, breed, slock: Dan. avling, farming; avlsgaard, farm; faareavl, qvægavl, breed of sheep or cattle. In Norse (mod.) avle is to harvest; Swed. afla, to beget. In the Icel. verb afla the idea of producing or gathering prevails, whereas the nouns branch off; the weak afli chiefly denotes produce, means, stores, resources, troops, forces; the strong one—afl—force alone. Yet such phrases as ramr at afli indicate something besides the mere notion of strength. In the mod. Scandin. idioms—Dan., Swed., Norse—there are no traces left of the idea of ‘force:’ cp. the Lat. opes and copiae. The Icel. spelling and pronunciation with bl (abl) is modern, perhaps from the time of the Reformation: cp. the words efla etc. with a changed vowel. The root is OP-, as shown in Lat. ope, ŏpes, the ŏ being changed into a?].
I. with gen. of the thing, to gain, acquire, earn, procure; vandara at gæta fengins fjár en afla þess (a proverb); þá bjöggu þeir skip ok öfluðu manna til, got men to man it, Eg. 170.
β. the phrase, afla sér fjár ok frægðar, to earn fame and wealth, of young heroes going sea-roving; …
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f. gain, acquisition.
and öflun, f. gain, acquisition, Hkr. ii. 218, Sks. 233.
COMPD: öflunarmaðr.
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n. pl. [bragð], stores of fish, A. A. 276.
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n. adj. = aflfátt, Fms. iii. 133.
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n. acquired property, N. G. L. i. 448.
a. deficient in strength, weak.
adj. having little power, Finnb. 320 (compar. aflaminni).
m. powerful man.
m. powerful, strong, Lv. 12, 109.
a.
1) strong;
2) powerful.
adj. opp. to aflalítill, powerful, strong, Ld.; harðgjörr ok aflamikill, Bs. i. 635; var Sæmundr afiamestr, the strongest in men, Sturl. ii. 44:
β. (= aflmikill), used of physical strength, Stj. Judg. iii. 29; verða menn eigi ásáttir hvárr sterkari er, en þó ætîa flestir Gísla aflameira (= aflmeira), GÍsl. 26.
m. odds; etja við aflamuninn, to fight against odds.
m. odds, Sturl.; at etja við aflamuninn, to fight against odds, Al. 110.
m. short-coming in power or strength.
m. shortcoming in power, opp. to aflamunr, Bs. i. 525.
f. fishing season.
f. fishing season, Bs. ii.
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n. surplus corn, store corn, Gþl. 352, v. l. aflaupskorn.
m.
1) means, gain, earnings, proceeds (afli ok herfang);
2) might, power; hafa afla til einskis, to have means for nothing, be unable to do anything;
3) troops, forces; þeir draga afla at ýður, they gather forces against you; aflinn (the main body) Magnúss, konungs flýði allr.
a, m.
I. means, acquisition, gain, produce, stores, fruits; afli ok herfang, Fms. ii. 106; hafði þórir einn forráð þess liðs ok svá afla þess alls er verðr í ferðinni, iv. 297; eignir … með öllum afla ok ávexti, increase and interest, K. Á. 54.
2. now used,
α. partic. of fishing stores, fishing.
β. gener. of provisions and stores of any kind.
II. metaph.:
1. might, power; hafa afla til eingis, have might or means for nothing, be unable to do anything, to be powerless, Nj. 27.
2. forces, troops, body, Lat. copiae, opes; Ásgrímr sagði þat mikinn afla, great support, Nj. 210; en þat sýnist mér þó ráðligast at biðja sér liðs, þvíat þeir draga afla at yðr, they gather forces against you, 222; munu vér skjótt eiga af honum ván hins mesta úfriðar ef hann fær nokkurn afla, troops, resources, Fms. i. 188; at herja á þá feðga með allmikinn afia, strong body, 184; ok er hirð Sverris konungs sá, at aflinn Magnúss konungs (the main body) flýði allr, viii. 119.
COMPDS: aflabrögð, aflafátt, aflafé, aflalítill, aflamaðr, aflamikill, aflamunr, aflaskortr, aflastund. …
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m. difference in strength, odds.
m. odds, superiority of strength, esp. in the phrase, kenna aflsmunar, where there is a short struggle, the one being soon overcome, Eb. 182, Eg. 508, Hkr. i. 286:
β. kenna aflsmuna = kosta afls, to exert oneself to the utmost; varð hann at kenna a. (to exert the whole of his strength) áðr hann kæmi honum undir, Eb. 172.
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= aflraun.
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adj. strong, v. öflugr.
a. n. short of strength; e-m verðr ~, one fails in strength.
n. adj. short of strength; verða a., to fail in strength, Fms. i. 55. iii. 150.
f. forge-fit.
f. [afl, m.], hole below the forge, cinder-pit, or a water-pit wherein to cool the iron (?); cp. Vkv. 22, Þiðr. 72.
f. hearth-stone in a forge.
u, f. hearth-stone in a forge; er hann hafði þau (viz. the bones) niðrgrafit undir sína aflhellu, Þiðr. 95.
a. nerveless, weak, palsied, paralytic.
adj. weak, strengthless, a medical term, palsied, paralytic, Bs. i. 351.
n. weakness, nervelessness.
n. palsy, v. Fél. ix.
a. weak, feeble.
adj. weak, Fms. ii. 201, vii. 208.
a. strong, of great strength.
adj. of great strength, Sturl. i. 23, Fms. i. 261.
f. trial (proof) of strength (þótti þetta mikill ~);
pl. bodily exercises (Skallagrímr hendi mikit gaman at ~um ok leikum).
f. trial (proof) of strength; in plur. bodily exercises; Skallagrímr hendi mikit gaman at aflraunum ok leikum, Eg. 187; er þat flestra manna ætlan, at Grettir hafi verit sterkastr hérlandsmanna, síðan þeir Ormr ok þórálfr lögðu af aflraunir, Grett. 133; þótti þetta mikil a., Fms. iii. 210, Finnb. 274: cp. aflsraun.
m. lack of strength; (skortr við þik fyrrum).
m. failing of strength, Fms. ii. 149.
a. deficient in strength; verða ~, to succumb, be over-powered.
adj. ind. deficient in strength; verða a., to succumb; taka þeir fang, ok verðr Gunnarr mjök a., Fms. ii. 75 (in wrestling); enda varð hann a. fyrir liðs sakir, was overpowered, got the worst of it, Ísl. ii. 172; Eustachius sá sik aflvani (acc.) í móti þeim, 655 x. p. 2.
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a, m. [vöðvi, a muscle], the biceps muscle, Sturl. 51, Ld. 220, Fas. ii. 344.
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m. = amor, a Fr. word, amour, freq. in the Ballads (Rimur).
n. goods, an article of value, taken before a division; cf. afnám 2.
n. a law term, share, which is reserved before the division of property, spoil, inheritance, or the like, Eg. 240, Fms. iv. 28.
m. goods, an article of value, taken before a division; cf. afnám 2.
m. something reserved or set aside, Fms. x. 214.
I)
n. some kind of beverage.
II)
a. strong (~ í tvau áss brotnaði).
v. áfr, buttermilk.
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m. cognom., Germ. ‘steuerkopf,’ cp. nefgildi, Engl. poll-tax, v. the preceding.
m. a thing of great value.
n. a splendid object, a thing of price, Ld. 144.
m. a valiant man, hero.
m. a valiant man; a. at afli ok áræðí, Eg. I; en þat hefi ek spurt, at hirð hans er skipuð afreksmönnum einurn, heroes, 19, 84; a. um vöxt eðr afl, Ísl. ii. 190.
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n. valiant deed, Fær. 51, Al. 30.
f. strength, valour.
f. [afrendr], strength, prowess, valour, Hym. 28.
a. strong (~ at afli); cf. afrhendr.
adj. [frequently or almost constantly spelt afreyndr, as if from ‘af-’ intens. and ‘raun,’ of great prowess; but the derivation from ‘afr- = afar-’ and ‘-endi or -indi’ is better].
I. in the phrase, a. at afli, very strong, valiant, Fms. ii. 87, Finnb. 254; compar. afrendari, Fms. x. 321, Fs. 33, 48 (where the MS. Vh. spells afreyndr, so also does the Fb. i. 341, etc.)
II. absol. without adding at afli, Lv. 101 (where written afreyndr).
m. a court held for deciding causes concerning common pasture.
m. court held for deciding causes concerning common pasture, Grág. ii. 323.
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m. pl. owners or partners in common pasture, Grág. ii.
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n. = afaryrði, insolent words.
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n. pl. excuses, Stj.
a. having nothing to do with (gera sér ~ afskiptavið e-n).
adj. heedless, careless, having nothing to do with, Fb. i. 392.
a. caring little about (um e-t).
adj. caring little about, Fms. vii. 181, Orkn. 142.
a. = afskiptinn.
adj. meddling, partaking, v. úafskiptasamr.
m. a determined person (~ um e-t).
m. a determined, obstinate person; hón var a. mikill um þetta mál, he was very stubborn in this case, Hkr. ii. 74.
a. compar. less stubborn, more pliable.
adj. compar. less obstinate, more pliable; stóð konungr í fyrstu fast á móti, en drottning var allt aftakaminni, the king at first stood fast against it, but the queen was all along less stubborn, Fms. i. 139.
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m. a huge shield, Fas. i. 415.
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backwards, going the wrong way, v. öfugr.
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envy, v. öfund.
f. gratitude; see aufusa.
gratitude, pleasure, v. aufusa.
pp. n., e-m verðr ~ um e-t, one has bad luck (fails) in a thing.
part. pass.; verða a. e-s, to fail, have bad luck, Gísl. 61.
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= ofát, over-eating, gluttony, gormandizing.
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part. pass. ‘off-bloomed,’ deflowered, 655 xxxii. 3.
n. threats, high words.
n. threats, high words, Fms. x. 199; ofboð, n., is used of panic, fear, agony, and as a prefix in compds of boðs = exceedingly. So now the modern verb ofbjóða, mostly used impers., e-m ofbýðr, to be shocked at, etc.
n. paragon (~ annarra manna); in genitive as a prefix to nouns, surpassing, excellent (~s vænleikr, ~s maðr).
n. used of persons, a superior, excellent person; hann var a. í vizku sinni, wonderfully clever, Fms. x. 397; a. annarra manna, man of mark, vi. 144. 2. gen. afbragðs is now frequently used as a prefix to nouns to express something surpassing—a. fagr, góðr, fríðr, etc.—a. vænleikr, surpassing beauty, Stj. 195.
COMPD: afbragðsmaðr.
n. deviation, transgression.
and rarely afbrigði, n.—the compound afbrigðar-tré points to a fem.—deviation, transgression, offence, (cp. bregða af, to deviate from) esp. in pl., þeir sökuðu hann um nokkuð afbrigð þinga sinna, Post. 645. 97; sættarof ok afbrigð við guð, trespasses, 671. i; afbrigð, wrongs, Ld. 66; í afbrigðum boðorða Guðs, transgressions against the commandments of God, 671. 3; Þórðr afsakar sik um öll afbrigði við þik, for having wronged thee, Sturl. ii. 132, Fms. vii. 24, Ísl. ii. 201.
COMPD: afbrigðartré.
n. offence, transgressi on.
n. pl. trespasses, sin, K. Á. 36, Fms. xi. 443; very frequent in religious writings after the Reformation.
f. deviation.
f. deviation from, 656 B. 7.
a. jealous.
and ábrúðigr, adj. jealous, Str. 5, 75; v. the following.
(-dda, -ddr), v. to be jealous.
dd, [af- intens. and brúðr, sponsa], to be jealous, also contracted ábrýða; þeir vandlæta ok afbrýða sem karldýrin eru borin, Stj. 94.
n. jealousy.
and contr. ábrýði, f. (now obsol.) jealousy; en er Sisinnus sá Clemens páfa standa hjá konu sinni, þá, viltist hugr hans mjök af mikilli ílsku ok afbrýði, Clem. 41, 42, Fms. i. 9, Ýt. 11; in all these places spelt with af-, but ábryði is more common, and occurs Hkr. i. 111; in the poem Gkv. i. 10—hon ægði mér af ábrýði—it is used of the jealousy of a wife to her husband.
m. superiority; kvað honum eigi annat vænna til afburðar, to get the better of it; ok vilda ek, at hón yrði eigi með minnum afburðum, less glorious.
m. (also spelt abb-), odds, balance, bias, success (cp. bera af, to prevail); kvað honum eigi annat vænna til afburðar, in order to get the better of it, Sd. 166; sá hann at engi varð afburðrinn, they fought ‘aequo Marte,’ Sturl. ii. 74; hann ætlaði sér afburð, he meant to keep the odds in his own hand, Ísl. ii. 450; skal nú faraí haustvíking, ok vilda ek, at hon yrði eigi með minnum afburðum, less glorious, Orkn. 464.
II. gen. sing. and pl. afburðar-, a-, freq. used as a prefix in some COMPDS with the notion of gloriously, with distinction. afburðar-digr, adj. very thick, biðr. 24. afburða-fræknligr, adj. very gallant, Ísl. ii. 369. afburðar-járn, n. excellent iron, Fms. x. 173. afburðar-maðr, m. a man of mark, Rb. 316, Orkn. 474, Grett. 133, Finnb. 318. afburðar-mikill, adj. conspicuous, Fms. v. 181. afburðar-skip, n. a fine ship, Fas. iii. 106. afburðar-vel, adv. very well, Hkr. ii. 265, Fms. ix. 515. afburðar-vænn, adj. …
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f. an ‘off-booth,’ side-booth, apartment, Korm. 116.
m. a remote, an out-of-the-way, valley.
m. an ‘off-dale,’ remote valley; freq. in tales and rhymes of hidden valleys, esp. in pl., e. g. Hvað hét hundr karls er í afdölum bjó, in a nursery rhyme, K. Þ. K. 38, Fms. v. 183.
m. part, portion, share.
m. part, portion, share, Bs. i. 881.
m.
1) diminution, deduction;
2) subtraction.
m. [draga af, to detract], diminution, deduction, Ann. 1358 (of duties, fines), Dipl. i. 7, Jm. 135 = costs.
β. in arithmetic, subtraction, Alg. 358, now frádragning.
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n. shelter, in a storm, Skýr. 318.
n. pl. destiny, fate (líkligr til stórra ~a).
n. pl. [drifa], destiny, fate; barn líkligt til stórra afdrifa, a bairn likely to grow into a great man, Fms. iii. 112 (of an exposed child); þykir mér lítil okkur a. verða munu, inglorious life, Fær. 53. It is now also used of final fate, end.
2. offspring, Stj. 191.
f. = ofdrykkja.
u, f. over-drinking, drunkenness, = ofdrykkja [af- intens.]
(að), v. to dissuade.
að, to dissuade, (as we might say ‘to egg off’), Fms. ix. 352.
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ð, to curtail, deprive of, with dat. of the thing; a. þá sinni sæmd, to disgrace them, Bær. 3; riddaradómi, to degrade from knighthood, 4.
(að), v. to castrate.
t, to castrate, Bs. ii. 118.
(-ða, -ðr), v. to disinherit.
ð, to disinherit, Art. 130.
m. one whose ears have been cut off.
m. an animal, sheep with cropped ears, Bs. 1. 723, Sturl. iii. 47; also afeyra, ð, to cut the ears off, and afeyrt, n. adj. a mark on sheep.
n. diminution, abatement; selja e-t með afföllum, to sell at a discount.
n. diminution, discount, falling off, in the phrase, selja e-t með afföllum, to sell at a discount, Sd. 189.
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v. atfangadagr, day preceding a feast.
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v. afför.
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adj. who deviates, trespasses, Fms. viii. 237, v. 1.
(að), v. to degenerate.
að, dep. to fall short of his father, to degenerate, Fms. xi. 423.
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m. the spoon of Hela, Edda 231.
(-da, -dr), v. to unload (~ skip).
d and ð, [farmr], to unload a ship, Fas. ii. 448.
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f. and afflutningr, m. disparaging, depreciation, Bs. i. 714.
(see flytja), v.
1) to disparage (~ fyrir e-m);
2) to represent as unadvisable.
flutta, to disparage, Fms. x. 41, Grett. 100 A.
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ar, f. departure, in the following COMPDS: affaradagr, affarakveld.
a. very old, decrepit.
adj. [af- intens. ?], very old, decrepid from age, Nj. 190; a. karl, Fms. ii. 182, Sks. 92.
f.
1) digression;
2) deviation from the right course (~ guðs laga).
u, f. surplus, Fms. iii. 208, v. l.
II. deviation, digression, Skálda 203.
COMPD: afgöngudagr.
m.
1) surplus; hafa hey með afgöngum, to spare; afgangs, left over, remaining;
2) decease, death.
s, m. surplus, store, Ver. 17, Dipl. v. 10, Fms. iv. 236, K. Þ. K. 163, in the phrase, með afgöngum, to spare, Fms. iii. 108; afgangs, gen. used adverbially, over, to spare, l. c., v. 1.
II. decease, death [ganga af, to die], Fas. iii. 596.
f. chattering.
u, f. [gala, cp. hégilja], chattering, Edda 110.
f. indulgence, absolution.
f. [gefa af]
I. tribute, K. Á. 170.
II. indulgence, absolution, Bs. i. 712, H. E. i. 523, Dipl. i. 5.
COMPDS: afgiptarbréf, afgiptarfé.
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n. tribute, Vm. 78 (freq.)
a. eager to be off (~t er öfundarfé).
adj. eager to be off, flying away, in the proverb, afgjarnt verðr öfundarfé, Fas. ii. 332; cp. afsæll.
f. tribute.
f. = afgipt, K. Á. 170, 174, H. E. i. 430.
(að), v. to disturb an assembly or public meeting.
að, [cp. glepja], an Icel. law term, to disturb or break the peace of a court or public meeting, by violence, crowding, shouting, brawling, or the like; ef menn troðast svá mjök at lögréttu fyrir önnkost, eðr göra þar hrang þat eðr háreysti, at fyrir því afglapast mál manna, ok varðar þat fjörbaugsgarð, Grág. i. 5; ef várþing verðr afglapat, at eigi megu mál lúkast, 105; ef menn afglapa görð allir þeir er til vóru teknir, i. 495.
f. disturbance (þings ~).
and afglöpun, f. [v. the preceding word], used of rioting or brawling in a court or at a meeting, to break the law or the peace; it is also used of any illegal steps to stop the course of law, so that the pleadings are interrupted, and there is a flaw in the procedure, v. þingsafglöpun; frequent in the Grágás and the Sagas; it was liable to the lesser outlawry, v. above: bribery and false witness seem to be counted as þingsafglöpun in Nj. 150, and were to be challenged to the High Court, Lv. 12, 31, Nj., Grág., esp. in the þ. þ. etc.: v. Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal.
m. fool, simpleton.
a, m. an oaf, fool, simpleton, Fms. i. 156, Ld. 34, Sd. 145.
COMPD: afglapaorð.
f. payment, contribution.
u, f. payment, contribution, Vm. 141.
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adv. ungodly, N. G. L. i. 376, v. l. = óguðliga.
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u, f. taking care of, H. E. i. 396, uncert. read.
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ð, to offend, do amiss, transgress, Nj. 254, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 300.
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f. transgression, offence, mostly in pl., trespasses in a religious sense, Sks. 601, Hkr. iii. 225.
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v. atgörfi.
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false read. = ofjarlar, Vall. L. 206, v. l.
a. having a downward slope.
adj. sloping downward, Eg. 277.
m. side-mound.
m. a side-mound, Ísl. ii. 46.
f. withholding, anothet’s property.
f. [hefð, possessio], ousting, D. N. iv. 881.
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d, to enclose, hedge, D. N. iii. 774.
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gen. pl. n. [heima], from home, out of doors, abroad; fara til afheirna, to go abroad, opp. to at heimili, at home, N. G. L. i. 158.
(að), v. refl. to become unholy, to be profaned.
að, dep. to become unholy, to be profaned, Sks. 782 B.
m. side-cave.
m. side-cave, Fms. iii. 570, Fas. ii. 152, Brandkr. 62.
(-nda, -ndr), v.
1) to hand over;
2) to pay (~ skuld).
d and t, to hand over, Lv. 6, Dipl. ii. 14, 16; a. skuld, to pay a debt, Vápn. 41; a. heit, to pay a vow, Bs. i. 121.
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f. a metrical term, a subdivision of the samhenda, when the final assonance of a verse is repeated in the next one, e. g. seim þverrir gefr seima | seim örr …, Edda (Ht. 47 and 24). In mod. Icel. metric, afhenda is quite different, viz. a short metre in only two lines.
adv. off one’s hand.
adv. off one’s hand, N. G. L. i. 180.
a. out of one’s hand; segja e-n (sér) afhendan, to give one up.
adj. out of one’s hand, in the phrase, segja e-n sér afhendan, to give one up, of a client or the like; leitt er mér at segja þik afhendan, því at þat hefi ek aldri gert ef ek hefi við manni tekit, Fs. 34, Fms. iii. 51 (of the poet Hallfred and king Olaf).
II. n. afhent impers., e-m er e-t afhent, unfit for, unable to, Fms. viii. 21.
pr. p. out of hearing; absent, opp. to áheyrandi.
part. act. out of bearing, absent, Grág. ii. 143.
adv. out of hearing, opp. to áheyris.
adv. out of bearing, opp. to áheyris, Bs. i. 771.
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f. unloading, N. G. L. i. 410.
n. surplus.
n. surphis, Fms. iv. 336; til afhlaups, to spare, Alg. 370.
COMPD: afhlaupskorn.
m. share of a thing.
m. share of a thing, v. fjár-afhlutr.
(-dd), v. refl. to disobey.
dd, to disobey, D, N. ii. 173.
m. impoverishment.
a, m. offscourings, outcasts, (an άπ. λεγ.,—afhrak being now used); ok ræðr hann sér einum á hendr afhrapa hans, Grág. i. 294 (of the consequences of harbouring a vagabond).
n. damage, loss; gjalda mikit ~, to sustain a heavy loss; gera mikit ~, to make great havoc.
n. destruction, v. afráð, Fas. iii. 169.
a. indecl. having turned one’s mind from; verða ~ e-u, to mind no more.
adj. ind. averse, having turned one’s mind from; verða a. e-u or við e-t, to forget, mind no more, Ísl. ii. 274, Stj. 202, Fs. 47, Bs. i. 78, 655 xi. 3.
(að), v. refl. to put out of one’s mind, with dat.
að, dep. gov. dat. to forget, Fms. viii. 252; part. afhugaðr við e-t = afhuga, having put it out of one’s mind, ii. 336.
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n. out-house, side-apartment, Eb. 10.
n. deviation from the direct path (opp. to gagnvegr).
n. [hverfa], a diversion, turning aside, Hm. 33, in which passage it is opp. to gagnvegr, the straight path, Lâ. 204.
(-dda, -ddr), v. to scourge thoroughly.
dd, to scourge thoroughly, ‘hide,’ Grett. 135, Sturl. iii. 295.
(að), v. to behead.
að, to behead, Fms. i. 217, Stj. 464.
n. hewing off, mutilation; chippings.
n. a law term, ‘off-hewing,’ mutilation, maiming, N. G. L. i. 170, Bs. i. 675, H. E. i. 237.
II. chips, splinters, Fms. ii. 290.
n. bad bargain (opp. to hagkeypi).
n. bad bargain, Fms. v. 255.
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v. afkárligr.
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adj. = afkárr, Lex. Poët.; now freq. afkáralegr, adj. and -lega, adv. of manners, odd, like a madman.
a. strange, prodigious.
adj. [af- intens.; kárr does not occur; cp. the modern kári, a gale, tempest, (poët.)], strange, prodigious; er hér nokkut afkárt inni, of a giant pulling a bear out of his den by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; it occurs repeatedly in Lex. Poët. = very strong, remarkable; afkárr söngr, discordant song, of shouting, Akv. 38; cp. launkárr.
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n. in the COMPD afkleyfis-orð, n. a metric. term, a superfluous word, syllable, in a verse, an enclitic syllable preceding the höfuðstafr in a verse.
COMPD: afkleyfissamstafa.
(-dda, -ddr), v. to undress;
refl., ~st, to undress oneself.
dd, to undress, Stj. 194.
β. reflex, to undress oneself, Eg. 420, Fms. x. 294.
(pl. -endr), m. descendant.
part. descendant, Hkr. iii. 170.
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n. [kvám], ‘off-coming,’ offspring, in a collect. sense, Fms. i. 212, Hkr. i. 325, Orkn. 142, Stj. 39.
COMPD: afkvæmismaðr.
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a, m. nook, Ísl. ii. 471 (paper MS.); kymi, id., is now freq.
n.
1) slaughtering of cattle;
2) gen., ~s = ‘afgangs’, left over.
n. [leggja af], gen. aflags.
I. used as adv. = afgangs, sparingly, Fas. iii. 477. In modern Icel. hafa aflögum or aflögu, to have to spare.
II. slaughtering of cattle, killing off; leggja af margan fénað … minti biskup enn á um aflögin, the slaughtering, Bs. i.
adv. unlawfully.
adv. unlawfully, Grág. i. 473, ii. 367, Gþl. 294, 432, 473, Hkr. ii. 246, Al. 153; ganga a., Stj. 430.
2. now used in the sense to be out of joint, things going wrong.
adv. = aflaga.
adv. = aflögliga, 655 xxxii. 4.
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adj. oblong, Ann. year 1414; formed from the Lat. (?), new common.
f.
1) discharge (release) from claim or obligation;
2) absolution, indulgence (~ synda).
f., Lat. absolutio.
1. some small release, ransom, compensation, Sturl. iii. 142, 239; gjöra a. urn e-t, to relieve, release oneself in regard to a thing: Ólafr konungr mælti, ‘Framar hefir þú þá gert urn vígin á Grænlandi, en fiskimaðrinn kallar a. vera fiskinnar; því at hann kallast leysa sik, ef hann dregr fisk fyrir sik, enn annan fyrir skip sitt, þriðja fyrir öngul, fjórða fyrir vað,’ king Olaf said, ‘Thou hast done more then in the matter of manslayings in Greenland, than what the fisherman calls the ransom of his fishing; for he says that he has freed himself (of his fishing), if he draws (up) a fish for himself, but another for his boat, a third for his angle, a fourth for his line,’ (this way of reckoning their catch is still common with fishermen in many parts of England and Scotland), Fbr. 154: cp. a stanza in a Scottish ballad, ‘I launched my boat in Largo Bay, | And fishes caught I three; | One for wad and one for hook, | And one was left for me.’
2. eccles. = absolution, K. Á. 226, Hom. 137, Grett. 162, Fms. x. 18.
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n. leaving off, relinquishing; a. synda, Stj. 567, Sks. 612 B; án afláti, used adverb. incessantly, 625, p. 77, Th. 20.
β. remission, pardon; aflát misgörninga, Hom. 160; a. synda, 159.
COMPD: aflátskorn.
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adj. negligent, lazy, Hom. 152.
f.
1) terms; góðar ~ar eru með þeim, they are on good terms;
2) metric., continuation.
f. ‘off-leading:’
1. now generally used in the pl. consequences, result;
2. in old writers, on the contrary, it seldom occurs, and then in a peculiar sense. So Sturl. iii. 128, góðar afleiðingar eru með e-m, they are on good terms, things go on pretty well between them.
3. metric. continuation; her er hinn fyrri vísuhelmingr leiddr af þeirri vísu, er áðr var kveðin ok fylgir þat málsorð, er afleiðing (continuation) er kölluð, Edda (Ht.) 126.
m. = afleiðing 1; þeir skildu góðan afleiðing, they parted on friendly terms.
s, m., skilja góðan afleiðing, used adverb. to part on friendly terms, Sturl. iii. 134: cp. the preceding word, 128; both passages are taken, from the Þorgils S. Skarða, to which the phrase seems to be peculiar.
adv.
1) out of the right path or course (sigla ~);
2) fig., ganga ~, to go astray; snua (draga, fœra) e-t ~, to pervert, misrepresent (þú fœrðir orð þeirra ~); snúa e-m ~, to lead astray.
adv.
1. loc. astray, out of the path, Sd. 146, 655 xvii. 4.
2. metaph., færa a., to pervert, Stj. 227, 519; þeir lugu á okkr, en þú færðir orð þeirra a., you perverted their words, Bs. i. 7, Glúm. 327; Snúa e-m a., to seduce, Andr. 625. 75.
β. impers., e-u þokar a., turns out wrong, Bs. i. 340.
f. pl. leavings, remnants.
f. pl. scraps, remnants, leavings, Stj. 383, Bs. i. 237; f. búsafleifar, Grág. i. 299.
a. of odd appearance.
adj. = afleitr, of odd appearance, Fas. ii. 329.
adv. perversely (illa ok ~).
adv. perversely, Stj. 55; illa ok a., 173.
a. perverse, deformed.
adj. = afleitr, perverse, deformed, Stj. 274, Al. 96.
a.
1) strange, hideous, disgusting (hversu afleitir oss sýnast þeirra hættir);
2) with dat., deserted by; ~ hamingjunni, luckless.
adj. [líta, cp. also -leitr in compounds], strange, hideous; neut., hversu afleitt (how disgusting) oss virðist um þeirra háttu, Hks. iii. 435; hversu afleitir (stupid) oss sýnast þeirra hættir, Fms. vii. 296, l. c.; þeir fyrirlíta ok halda alla sauðahirða sem afleita, odd, peculiar, Stj. 293; afleitt eðr eligt, vile, 1 Sam. xv. 9.
β. abandoned, the face turned from, deserted by, with dat.; afleita hamingjunni, luckless, Stj. 421. Ruth i. 12.
adv. abroad (= erlendis).
adv. = erlendis, abroad, N. G. L. i. 244.
a. far from land, in open sea.
adj. far from land, in open sea, Bs. ii. 47.
(see letja), v. to dissuade from (~ e-n at gera e-t, ~ e-t fyrir sér).
latti, to dissuade:
α. with infin., Bs. i. 39.
β. with acc., aflatti hann mjök fyrir sér ferðina, Fms. ix. 437.
γ. or witn an acc. of the person and gen. of the thing; a. e-n e-s, v. letja.
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tt, to cease, Fr.
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prompt, ready, v. ofléttr.
I)
(að), v. to dismember, mutilate.
II)
a. indecl.
1) dismembered, mutilated;
2) fig., verða ~, to lose the use of one’s limbs, to become paralysed; verða e-m ~, to be parted from (ek kveð ~ orðnar þérdísir).
1. adj. ind., verða e-m a., to be cut off, separated from, Post. 95, Am. 26.
2. að, to ‘off-limb,’ to dismember, maim, mutilate, Js. 37, Ann. 1342.
f. dismembering, mutilation.
f. ‘off-limbing,’ mutilation, Bs. ii. 75.
v. to prohibit.
að, to refuse, Fr.
adv. unlawfully.
adv. = aflaga, unlawfully, D. N. i. 80, Stj, 154.
(see má), v. to blot out, destroy.
ð, to ‘mow off,’ to blot out, destroy, Fms. ii. 238, Stj. 208, 346.
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f. [af, má], degradation, shame, v. the following.
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að, = afmá, to degrade, pollute.
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part. polluted, defiled, Rb. 332.
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að, to deform; dep. afmyndask, to be deformed, Fas. i. 425 (paper MS.); the word is now very freq.
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f. [móðir], right of weaning lambs, by taking them from the mother; kirkja á lamba a. (perhaps wrongly for afmæðring) í Mölvíkrhöfða, Vm. 164.
n.
1) taking away, extirpation, destruction;
2) at ~i, by reservation (before division of property, spoil, or inheritance);
3) loss (ef hann verðr at skaða þeim mönnum, er oss mun þykkja ~ í);
4) surplus.
n. gener. taking away, removal, Stj. 2 Sam. iv. II.
β. esp. in the phrase, at afnámi, of something reserved, before the division of spoil, property, or inheritance; now, taka af óskiptu, Dan. forlods, Grág, i. 330, 336, Jb. 289 (Ed. af námi); konungr skildi hafa úr hlutskipti þriðjung við liðsmenn, en umfram at afnámi bjórskinn öll ok safala, Eg. 57.
2. metaph. privation, loss; ok hann verðr at skaða þeim mönnum nokkrunn, er oss mun þykkja a. í, Eg. 114, Fms. vii. 244.
COMPDS: afnámsfé, afnámsgripr.
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að, to cut off one’s nose, Sir. 35.
(að or -tta, -tt), v.
1) to renounce (~ veröldinni);
2) deny, refuse (eigi vil ek því ~).
að and tt, and afníta, tt, now always afneita, að, to deny, refuse; with dat., hefir afneitað tiltekinni trú, Fms. iii. 166; eigi vil ek því afneita, refuse, Fs. 11; ek afneitta eigi hans orðsending, Stj. 1 Kings xx. 7; en er hann afneitti eigi með öllu (refused not), þá báðu þeir hann því meir, Grett. 146.
2. absol. afnita; en þar es Jökull bróðir minn laust þik högg, þat skaltú hafa bótalaust, því at þú afníttir þú er þér vóru boðnar, Fs. 57.
f. abnegation, renunciation, denial.
f. denial, renunciation, Th. 17.
f. use (~ skógarins).
u, f. use, consumption; a. skógarins, Fs. 125, Nj. 78; a. fjár (pl.), Jb. 404 A, B (Ed. ofnevzlur).
n. payment; gjalda ~, to pay heavily, suffer severely.
afráð, afroð, and afhroð, n. (Fas. iii. 169), [cp. Swed. afrad; from roð, rud, fundus, ager (?)].
I. prop, a Norse and Swedish law term, tribute, ground tax, payable to the king; a. ok landaura, N. G. L. i. 257, D. N. iii. 408. So also in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldu æsir a. gjalda, where it is opp. to gildi, league.
II. metaph. loss, damage,
1. in the phrase, gjalda a., to pay a heavy fine, suffer a great loss; en þat a. munu vér gjalda, at margir munu eigi kunna frá at segja hvárir sigrast, there will be so heavy a loss in men, such a havoc in killed, Nj. 197 (where most MSS. read afroð, some afrað, Ed. afrauð); töluðu þeir opt um málaferlin, sagði Flosi, at þeir hefði mikit a. goldit þegar, 254 (MSS. afrað, afroð, and afhroð); Lýtingr mun þykjast áðr mikit a. goldit hafa í láti bræðra sinna, 155 (MSS. afrað, afroð, and afhroð), Fms. x. 324.
2. in the phrase, göra mikit a., to make a great havoc; görði hann mikit afhroð í sinni vörn, great slaughter, Fas. iii. 169: cp. Lex. Poët.
3. advice, Vtkv. …
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f. outlay, payment.
u, f. = afgreizla, outlay, payment, Ám. 13.
n. great achievement, deed of prowess (vinna ~; margir lofuðu mjök ~ Egils).
n. [af- intens.], a deed of prowess, a deed of derring do; margir lofuðu mjök afrek Egils, ok sigr þann sem hann vann, Fms. xi. 234; vinna afrek, Fs. 6; ekki a. gerði hann meira í Noregi, Fagrsk. 94; hann lét ok göra þar í Níðarósi naust bæði mörg, ok svá stór, at afrek var í, grand, magnificent, Hkr. iii. 268.
COMPDS: afreksgripr, afreksmaðr, afreksverk.
(að), v. to achieve, perform (munu þér mikit ~).
að, to achieve, perform; munu þér mikit afreka, Lv. 33; hvat þeir höfðu afrekat, Fas. iii. 221; a. vel, to succeed, Bárð. 175.
f. restriction, encumbrance.
u, f. [ramr], restriction, encumbrance, obligation; sú er a. meðr þessum tillögum, at prestr skal vera at heimilishúsi ok syngja allar heimilistíðir, Ám. 37.
m. common pasture (þat er ~, er tveir menn eigo saman eða fleiri).
m. and afrétt, f. (now always f.; cp. rótt), [prgbably akin to reka, viz. afrekt, contr. afrétt], compascuum, common pasture; it is now prop. used of mountain pastures, whither the cattle (sheep) are driven in the summer in order to graze during July and August, and again collected and driven down in the autumn (Sept.); in Norway called almenningr.
I. masc., thus defined, en þat er afréttr, er ij menn eigu saman eðr fleiri, hverngi hlut sem hverr þeirra á í, Grág. ii. 303, 330; í afrétt þann, er, i. 397, ii. 303; afréttu, acc. pl., ii. 301, Jb. 198 A, K. Þ. K. 90, Olk. 37; hálfan afrétt, Vm. 29.
II. f. afréttinni (dat.), Grug. (Kb.) ii. 301, 325 A; gen. afréttar (gender uncert.), 303 A; afréttin, id., Cod. A; afrétt (dat. f. ?), Ísl. ii. 330, Háv. 39; afrettum, dat. pl. (gender uncert.), Boll. 336.
COMPDS: afréttardómr, afréttamenn.
n. = afhroð, afráð.
v. afráð.
n. justification, excuse.
n. excuse, justification, Str. 71.
m. clearing of, defence.
m. [ryðja], clearing off, defence, repeal, Pr. 425.
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a, m. [runi, renna], deviation; metaph. sin, trespasses; umbót ok iðran afruna (gen.), 125. 174; iðrun fyrir görva afruna (acc. pl.), id.; tárfelling er hann hefir fyrir afruna þá, er verða í þessa heims lífi, id. 184.
β. injury, offence, D. N. iii. 367 (Fr.)
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n. [af- intens. and ráð], absolute rule, D. N. ii, 336 several times (Fr.)
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t and ð, to neglect, contemn, H. E. i. 257; reflex, afrækjast, in the same signification,
α. with dat, a. lögunum, to break, neglect the law, Al 4.
β. with acc. (now always so), a. sitt höfuðrnerki, Karl. 189.
γ. uncert. dat. or acc., a. Guðs hlýðni, Edda (pref.) 144, Stj. 241.
δ. with at and a following infin., Gþl. 183; konungar afræktust at sitja at Uppsölum, left off, Hkr. ii. 97.
ε. absol., Fms. vii. 221, 188, Gþl. 506.
(að), v. to excuse, exculpate.
að, to excuse, exculpate, K. Á. 230, Stj. 37.
β. pass. afsakast, to be (stand) excused, K. Á. 226, Stj. 125.
f. excuse, exculpation.
and afsökun, f. a ‘begging off,’ excuse, exculpation, K. Á. 228, Stj. 152.
COMPD: afsakanarorð.
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a, m. excuse, 623. 60.
(að), v. to prove to be false, refute.
að, to refute, prove to be false (‘unsooth’), 655 xvii. 1.
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n. seed-corn, N. G. L. i. 240.
(see segja), v.
1) to resign, renounce (afsagði hann sér heiminn);
2) to refuse, deny (þeir afsögðu leiðangr úti at hafa).
sagði, to resign, renounce; a. sér e-t, Barl. 210. Now used in the sense of to refuse, deny.
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setti, to depose, put down, v. the following.
f. deposition.
f. and afsetningr, m. deposition, (off-setting, cp. Scot. ‘aff-set,’ Jam., which means dismissal, the act of putting away), H. E. ii. 74, 523.
a. indecl. immoral.
adj. ind. immoral, of loose manners, Grág. i. 338.
(að), v. to alienate from one’s family (~ sér e-t).
að, [sifjar], a law term, to cut off from one’s ‘sib,’ alienate from one’s family, renounce; gefa má maðr vingjafir at sér lifanda, hest eða yxn, vápn eða þvílíka grfpi, ok afsifjar (Cod. A reads afsitjar, but doubtless wrongly) hann sér þó at sex skynsömum mönnum þyki eigi arfsvik gör við erfingja, Jb. 163, D. N. i. 141, Pál Vidal. p. 84. The word appears to be a Norse law term, and does not occur in the laws of the Icel. Commonwealth, but came into use with the code Jb.
adv. aside, apart.
adv. aside, apart, Krók. 56.
a. monstrous, huge, shocking (afskapligt áfelli).
adj. [skapligr], misshapen, monstrous, huge, shocking; a. áfelli, shocking accident, Stj. 90; herfiligr ok a., 655 xiii. A. i; a. ok úmannligt, Stj. 272; a. úmenska, Fms. ii. 225, K. Á. (App.) 230.
adv. out of the right path, astray, = afleiðis, afvegis.
adv. astray, H. E. i. 252, 655 xi. 3, Hom. 99.
f. dismissal, deposition.
f. deposition, dismissal, D. N. (Fr.)
a. indecl. wronged, cheated; vera görr ~, to be wronged.
adj. ind. cut off, from an inheritance or the like, Lat. expers; in the phrase, vera görr a., to be wronged, Hrafn. 14.
n. pl. dealings (with), intercourse (ok engi ~ veita heiðnum goðum).
n. pl. dealing with, intercourse, (cp. the phrase, skipta sér af e-u, to meddle with, care about); ok eingi a. veita heiðnum goðuin, Fms. ii. 160; ef hann veitir súr engi a., does not deal with, Grág. ii. 121.
COMPDS: afskiptalauss, afskiptalítill, afskiptasamr.
a. meddlesome.
adj. meddling, partaking, Ld. 66.
pp.
1) wronged, cheated;
2) ~ af e-u, void of, leaving no interest in.
part. = afskipta, wronged, cheated, Fas. iii. 619. Metaph. void of, having no interest in, Stj. 155, 195.
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participial noun, [skirrast], an offscouring, outcast; leiði þér þenna a. út ór horgiimi, 656 C. 33.
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adv. hideously, Hom. 155.
a. hideous, monstrous (afskrámligt illvirki).
adj. [af- intens.; skrámr means a giant; skrimsl, a monster; cp. Engl. to scream], hideous, monstrous; a. illvirki, a sacrilege, K. Á. 222: also spelt askramligr and askramliga, Al. 142, Hom. 155.
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n. a monster, v. the following.
adv. hideously; óttast ~, to be scared at.
adv. hideously:
α. of a scream; þá lét út á stöðli a., howled piteously, of a ghost, Hkr. ii. 312, Eb. 320, of the bellowing of a mad bull.
β. of a monstrous shape; þrællinn (of a ghost) rétti inn höfuðit, ok sýndist honum a. mikit, Grett. 83 new Ed.
γ. metaph., óttast a., to be shocked at, Stj. 101.
m. cutting, off.
ar, m. a chip, lappet, Dipl, iii. 3.
f. obligation, encumbrance.
f. a law term, due, obligation, encumbrance, several times in the Cartularies and deeds of gift, in the phrase, sú er a. þessa fjár, D. I. i. 273, etc.; með þessi a. fara þessir fjárhlutir, 282, Vm. 108: cp. the still more freq. phrase, sú er afvinna, cp. afvinna.
n. a bit cut off, snip.
n. a lappet, snip, Pr. 412.
f. cutting or snipping off.
f. snipping off. afsniðningar-járn, n. a chopper, Fr.
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adv. cut through, across, Bs. i. 388.
m. rumour, news.
a, m. [cp. A. S. sprecan; Germ. sprechen], rumour, hearsay; Hákon jarl hafði fengit afspraka nokkurn (perh. better in two words), Fms. 1. 187.
m.
1) = afspringi;
2) band, detachment;
3) fig. offshoot (er mikill ván, at þar verði nökkur ~ af þessum ófriði);
4) rumour, notice (fá nökkurn afspring um e-t).
m., Al. 11, Hkr. iii. 277, Edda (pref.) 146, and various other forms; afsprengr, m. and afspringi, n., Gþl. 47, Fms. viii. 237, Sks. 46 B, Stj. 63, Orkn. 176; the form now usual is afsprengi, n., Fms. v. 217, Fas. ii. 391, Bret. 112.
1. gener. offspring, progeny, v. the quotations above.
2. in pl. used of the produce of the earth, Sks. 48 B (rare).
3. metaph.:
α. a band, a detached part of a body; þóttist Hrafn þegar vita, at þessi a. mundi vera af ferð þeirra Þorgils, that this detachment must be from the host of Thorgils and his followers, Sturl. iii. 274.
β. a branch, ramification; ok er mikil van, at þar verði nokkurr a. (offshoot) af þessum ófriði á Limafirði, Fms. xi. 13.
γ. rumour, notice, = afspraki; fá nokkurn a. um e-t, Fms. viii. 160.
f. news, information.
f. a ‘speering of,’ news, notice, Fms. i. 187.
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part. spit out of, deprived of, Anecd. 42.
(see standa), v. to cease, part with.
stóð, [Germ. absteben], to cede, part with, Sturl. i. 164, v. l. miðla, Fms. iii. 208.
m. bypath.
s, m, by-path, Fs. 5, Fær. 102.
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að, or afstýfa, ð, to lop, prune, of trees; a. við, N. G. L. i. 350, Lex. Poët., v. stúfr.
f. side-nook, side-room.
n, f. side-nook, 655 xxxii. 4; a side-room in a temple, Fas. iii. 213; now stúka is almost always used of a sacristy.
n. refusal; veita e-a afsvör, to refuse, deny.
n. refusal, in pl. in the phrase, veita e-u afsvör, to refuse, Ld. 114, Fas. i. 444, Fbr. 120.
(að), v. to deny, refuse (~ e-u or um e-t).
að, to deny, refuse, Fas. i. 528; with dat. of pers. and thing, Sturl. iii. 180.
pp. deprived of;
~ þinni ásjónu, cut off from thy countenance.
part. stripped; with dat., afsviptr þinni ásjónu, cut off from thy countenance, Stj. 228. Gen. xlviii. 11, Sks. 342, H. E. i. 457.
adv. out of sight.
adv. out of sight, Fms. viii. 344.
a. unfortunate, luckless.
adj. luckless, in the proverb, a. verðr annars glys jafnan, (another version of the proverb is quoted s. v. afgjarn), coveted wealth, which is eagerly looked for by another, is luckless, difficult to keep safe, Stj. 78.
n.
1) taking away;
2) slaying, manslaughter;
hvat hann vildi bjóða fyrir ~ Geirsteins, for the slaying of G..
n.
1. gener. taking away, B. K. 108.
2. ‘taking off’ (Shaksp.), slaying, executing; hvat hann vill bjóða fyrir a. Geirsteins, compensation for the slaughter of G., Fms. vii. 360; en a. hans (slaying) segja eigi allir einum hætti, x. 390; með aftaki Ólafs, by slaying him, 195; um manna aftök, executions, Gþl. 137: cp. aftaka, and taka af, to execute, behead.
3. in pl. commonly used of,
α. flat denial, in such phrases as, hafa aftök um e-t, to deny flatly. In some compds this signification can be traced, as in aftaka-minni, Fms. i. 139.
β. it is also now used in many compds of whatever is excessive, above all measure, e. g. aftaka-veðr, a hurricane.
COMPDS: aftaksskjöldr, aftakamaðr, aftakaminni.
f.
1) taking away, loss;
2) slaying, = aftak (hann hafði verit at aftöku Þorkels fóstra).
n, f. = aftak:
1. gener. loss, privation; a. ok missa, of a personal loss by death, Edda 37.
2. death by violent means, slaughter; til aftöku manna eðr fú upp at taka, for the cutting off of men or the confiscation of their goods, Eg. 73, 252; hann hafði verit at aftöku þorkels fústra, Fms. vii. 201, Orkn. 22 old Ed. Formerly there were no public executions in Icel., except the stoning of wizards or witches, Ld. ch. 98, Eb. ch. 20, Vd. ch. 26; and the hanging of thieves, Fbr. ch. 19, Kb. l. c. Now, however, used in the sense of public execution, and in various compds, e. g. aftöku-staðr, m. place of execution, etc.
f. revenue (ábúð ok ~ staðanna).
u, f. dues, collections, revenues, or the like; til forræðis ok allra aftekna (gen. pl.), Bs. 692; ábúð ok a. staðanna, revenue, 752.
f. taking away.
f. taking away, a grammatical term, an apostrophe, Skálda 182.
f.
1) = aftekja;
2) = aftak 2.
f. = aftekja, Fms. v. 274, xi. 441, Bs. i. 68.
(see telja), v. to represent as unadvisable, dissuade (~ e-t fyrir e-m).
talði, to dissuade, Fms. x. 27.
(að), v. to strip of dignity or honour.
að, now antigna, v. andtigna, to disgrace, Sks. 225.
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f. unbelief, heresy, Orkn. 188.
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að, dep. to fall into unbelief, Bs. ii. 181.
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n. adj. advisable, feasible, [cp. taka e-t af, to decide for], Fms. viii. 348.
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n. adj. blamable; er þat ok ætlun mín at fátt muni vera aftækt um yðra skapsmuni, I ‘ettle’ that there will be little blameworthy about your turn of mind, Fms. v. 341.
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ð, to ‘loom off,’ to empty, Fr.
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adj. cross, uncivil.
adv. out of the right way, astray.
adv. [afvegar, Bs. ii. 92], off the way, astray, Sd. 149. Metaph. in moral sense; leiða a., to mislead; ganga a., to go astray.
pp. led astray, misled.
part. misled, Mar.
adv. = afvega.
= afvega, astray, Skálda 203.
a. indecl. fallen on the back and unable to rise.
adj. [the Scot. awald or awalt], cast, used of cattle, sheep, or horses that have fallen on the back and are unable to rise. Háv. 44.
f. expenses, outlay.
u, f. expenses, outlay; auðræði (means) urðu brátt eigi mikil, en afvenslur þóttu varla með mikilli stillingu, Bs. i. 136.
n. creek, recess.
n. a creek, recess, Stj. 195; metaph. a hiding-place, Þiðr. 137.
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part. secluded, retired; a. staðr = afvik.
f. = afvensla.
u, f. encumbrance, due, fees, outgoings, = afskyld. Freq. in deeds of gift. e. g. D. I. i. 203, 266; þá lágu öngar gjafir til staðarins, en a. varð öngu minni, then no gifts came in to the see, but the outlay was in nothing less, Bs. i. 84; þá görðust fjárhagir úhægir í Skálaholti, urðu afvinnur miklar (great outgoings) en tillög (incomings) eingin, Bs. i. 99.
(-rða, -rðr), v.
1) to disgrace, dishonour (~ náunga sinn);
~ fyrir e-m, to throw a slur on one;
2) to detest, abhor (~ ódáðirnar);
refl., ~st, to think it unworthy of oneself, with infin.
ð and t, to despise, Barl. several times.
a. detestable, mean.
adj. worthless, poor, despicable, Barl. 75, 154; v. auvirðiligr and auðv., which are the Icel. forms.
f. disparagement, depreciation.
f., contr. ávirðing, disrepute, disgrace, fault, Bs. ii. 187.
a. unexpected, = úvænn.
adj. unexpected, Fas. 11. 552.
m. decrease, loss, opp. to ávöxtr.
m. ‘off-wax,’ i. e. decrease, N. G. L. i. 214; opp. to ávöxtr.
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ð, and mod. að, to wipe off; metaph. to expunge, Stj. 142.
(að), v. to disparage, discredit, to bring into discredit (~ fyrir e-m);
refl., ~st e-m, to displease.
að, in the phrase, a. e-t fyrir e-m, to throw discredit on, run down, set against, Fms. ii. 145; hann útti fátt við jarl, en afþokkaði heldr fyrir þeim fyrir öðrum mönnum, he had little to do with the earl, but rather ran them down before other men, Orkn. 378.
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m. a washing off, ablution, Fr.
f. a great bully.
u, f. [af and eta], prop, a voracious beast, a glutton, a great bully; ér langfeðgar erut garpar miklir ok afætor, Fms. xi. 111; sterkir menn ok afætur miklar, iii. 143. It is perhaps identical with the present ófóti, n. a vile thing, offscouring.
v. impers., nú agir við, now there is a great uproar.
1. = æja, Fb. iii. 449.
2. að, to chastise, Bible.
a. unruly.
adj. unruly, Fms. vii. 274.
a. turbulent; agasamt mun þá verða í heraþinu, ef, there will be uproar in the district, if.
adj. turbulent, in uproar; agasamt mun þá verða í héraðinu, ef allir þorláks synir eru drepnir, there will be uproar in the district if all Thorlak’s sons are slain, Eb. 230.
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n. brawl, strife, now freq.
m.
1) awe, terror (þá skelfr jörð óll í aga miklum);
2) uproar, turbulence (~ ok úfriðr);
3) discipline, constraint.
a, m. [A. S. oga; Dan. ave; Engl. awe: cp. Ulf. agis, n., and perh. άγοϛ or αγοϛ]
I. gener. awe, terror; þá skelfr jörð öll í aga miklum, then all the earth quakes in great awe, Hom. 100; agi ok ótti, awe and terror, Fms. vi. 442.
β. metaph. turbulence, uproar, disorder, esp. in the phrase, agi ok úfriðr, uproar and war, Fms. ii. 241, vi. 298, 430.
γ. awe, respect; var eigi sá annarr konungr, er mönnum stæði af jafnmikill agi af fyrir vizku sakir, there was not another king who inspired his men with so much awe for his wits’ sake, Fms. x. 406; Guðs a., fear of God, Sks. 354, 667. δ. discipline, constraint, now freq. in this sense; í æskunni meðan hann er undir aga, Sks. 26.
II. moisture, wet, now freq., cp. vatnsagi. Also a verb aga, að, to chastise, is now freq.
COMPDS: agasamligr, agasamr.
n. bait;
ganga á ~it, to nibble the bait.
n. bait, Barl. 123, Niðrst. 623. 3. There is now in many cases a distinction between agn, bait for foxes and land animals, and beita, bait for fish; but in the poem Hým. 18, 22, at least, agn is used of fishing; ganga á agnið is to nibble or take the bait: cp. egna.
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n. a barb of a hook.
n. a knife for cutting bait.
n. fishing knife, with which bait for fish is cut, Edda 36, Nj. 19 (arnsax is a false reading), Fas. i. 489.
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a, m. the barb of a hook for keeping on the agn; skal a. vera á hverjum þorni, Sks. 419 (B. reads agnör).
f. barb of a fish hook.
f. a barbed hook, Sks. 89 new Ed.
(ek, ók, ókum, ekinn), v.
1) to drive (a vehicle or animal drawing a vehicle), with dat.: gott er heilum vagni heim at a., it is good to get home safe and sound; a. þrennum eykjum, with three yoke of horses;
2) to carry or convey in a vehicle, to cart, with dat. or acc. (hann ók heyjum sínum á yxnum; hann ók skarni á hóla); a. saman hey, to cart hay; líkin váru ekin í sleða, carried in a sledge;
3) with the prep. í or á; Freyr ók í kerru með gelti; ríðr Þ. hesti þeim, er hann hafði ekit á;
4) absol., to drive in a vehicle (fóru þeir í sleðann ok óku alla nóttina); with acc. of the road (óku úrgar brautir);
5) naut., to trim the sail (~ seglum at endilöngum skipum);
6) to remove, with dat.; ók hann af sér fjötrinum, worked it off by rubbing; ók Oddr sér þar at, worked himself thither (of a fettered prisoner); a. e-m á bug or a. bug;á e-n, to make one give way, repel; intrans. = ‘akast’, to move slowly; hvárrgi ók (gave way) fyrir oðrum; a. undan, to retire, retreat;
7) impers., hart ekr at e-m, one is in great straits; ekr nú mjók at, I am hard pressed; e-m verðr nær ekit, one gets into straits, is hard pressed; …
ók, óku, ekit; pres. ek. It also occurs in a weak form, að, Fagrsk. 104, which form is now perhaps the most common. [Neither Ulf. nor Hel. use this word, which appears also to be alien to the South-Teut. idioms. The Germans say fahren; the English to drive, carry; cp. Engl. yoke. In Latin, however, agere; Gr. άγειν] Gener. to move, drive, transport, carry:
I. to drive in harness in a sledge or other vehicle (where the vehicle is in dat.), as also the animal driven; bryggjur svá breiðar, at aka mátti vögnum á víxl, ‘briggs’ (i. e. wharfs or piers,, cp. ‘Filey Brigg’) so broad, that wains might meet and pass each other, Hkr. ii. 11; gott er heilum vagni heim at aka, ‘tis good to drive home with a whole wain, to get home safe and sound, cp. Horace solve senescentem, Orkn. 464, Al. 61; þórr á hafra tvá, ok reið þá er hann ekr, in which he drives, Edda 14, Ób. adds í (viz. reið þá er hekr i), which may be the genuine reading.
β. with the prep. í; Freyr ók ok í kerru með gelti, Edda 38.
γ. absol. to drive, i. e. travel by driving; …
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n. acorn.
n. [Ulf. akran = καρπός; Engl. acorn; Germ. ecker; Dan. agern], acorn, Edda 30 and Gl.
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u, f. a shaft, Edda (Gl.)
n. anchor; liggja um ~, to lie at anchor; leggjast um ~, to cast anchor; heimta upp ~, to weigh anchor; ~ hrífr við, the anchor holds.
n. [no doubt, like Engl. anchor, of foreign origin; cp. Gr. άγκύρα, Lat. ancora. It occurs, however, in a verse as early as the year 996], ankeri, Lv. 99, is a corrupt form from a paper MS., so is also atkeri, Hkr. i. 311; liggja um akkeri, to lie at anchor, Fbr. 52; leggjast um a., to cast anchor, Fms. iv. 301; heimta upp a., to weigh anchor, 302; a. hrífr við, the anchor holds, Ld. 21, Grág. ii. 397, Jb. 397, Eg. 129, Fms. vii. 264, ix. 44, x. 136, Hkr. i. 311, Lv. 99, Fas. i. 511, 515. Metaph., a. vánar, anchor of hope, 677. 17.
COMPDS: akkerisfleinn, akkerislauss, akkerislægi, akkerissát, akkerisstokkr, akkerisstrengr, akkerissæti.
m. fluke of an anchor.
m. the fluke, palm of an anchor, Fms. ix. 387, Orkn. 362.
a. without anchor.
adj. without an anchor, Ann. 1347.
n. anchorage.
n. anchorage, Jb. 396.
f. = akkerislægi.
f. id., Grág. ii. 402, 408.
m. anchor-stock.
m. an anchor-stock, Orkn. 362.
m. anchor-rope, cable.
m. an anchor-rope, cable, Fms. ii. 10.
n. = akkerissát.
n. anchorage, Jb. 397 B.
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að, [for. word], to accord, Rb. 446.
(gen. akrs, pl. akrar), m.
1) field, corn-field (bleikir akrar en slegin tún);
2) crop (þeir hófðu niðrbrotit akra hans alla).
rs, pl. rar, [Ulf. akrs; A. S. œcer; Engl. acre; Germ. acker; Lat. ager; Gr. άγρός], arable land, ground for tillage:
α. opp. to engi, a meadow; cp. the law term, þar er hvárki sé a. ne engi, Grág. i. 123, Hrafn. 21.
β. opp. to tún, the ‘town’ or enclosed homefield; bleikir akrar en slegin tún, the corn-fields are white to harvest and the ‘town,’ i. e. the ‘infield,’ is mown, Nj. 112; helgi túns ok akra ok engja, Bs. i. 719; teðja akra, Rm. 12.
2. metaph. the crop; þeir höfðu niðrbrotið akra hans alla, destroyed all the crop in the fields, Fms. v. 50; ok er hann óð rúgakrinn fullvaxinn, þá tók döggskórinn á sverðinu akrinn uppstandanda, and when he (Sigurd Fafnir’s bane) strode through the full-waxen rye-field, the tip of his sword’s sheath just touched the upstanding ears. Fas. i. 173; sá hinn góði akr (crop) er upp rann af þeirri hinni góðu jörð, Hom. 68.
β. name of several farms.
COMPDS: akraávöxtr, akragerði, akrakarl, akraspillir.
m. produce of the fields.
m. produce of the fields, Ver. i.
n. enclosure of arable land.
n. a ‘field-garth,’ enclosure of arable land, N. G. L. i. 22.
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m. cognom. ‘Acre-carle,’ Lv. 40.
m. destroyer of fields.
m. cognom. destroyer of fields, Glúm. 333, Fas. ii. 362, better askaspillir, q. v.
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m. ploughmen, Nj. 54.
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a, m. a bird, Edda (Gl.)
m. reaper.
m. a reaper, Stj. Ruth ii. 21 (young men).
m. husbandman; tiller of the ground.
m. ploughman, tiller of the ground, Ver. 5. Gen. iv. 2.
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n. (?), wild gourds; veit ek eigi hvat þat heitir (adds the translator) þat var því líkast sem a., Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 39.
n. patch of arable land.
n. a plot of arable land, D. N. ii. 123 (Fr.)
n. enclosure of arable land.
n. enclosure of arable land, Fms. vii. 178.
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f. agriculture.
f. quail.
u, f. a ‘field-hen,’ quail, opp. to heiðarhæna or lynghæns, Stj. 292.
m. ploughman, reaper.
m. a ‘field-carle,’ ploughman or reaper, Stj. 273, 441, El. 4, 19.
n. potherbs.
n. ‘field-kale,’ potherbs, Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 39.
n. arable land.
n. land for tillage, Grág. ii. 258, D. I. i. 268, Bs. i. 348, Fms. iii. 18. akrlands-deild, f. division of a field, Grág. ii. 260.
f. field’s length (svá at ~ var í millum þeirra).
f. a field’s length (now in Icel. tunlengd, i. e. a short distance); svá at a. var í milli þeirra, so that there was a field’s length between them, Bev. 14 (Norse).
m. = akrkarl, akrgerðarmaðr.
m. ploughman, tiller of ground, Fms. vi. 187.
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part. used as arable land, tilled, Sks. 630, v. l.
m. ploghman.
m. ploughman, Stj. 255.
f. strip of arable land.
f. a strip of arable land, D. N. ii. 561.
n. division of a field.
n. a division of afield, Fms. xi. 441.
m. reaping.
ar, m. reaping.
f. field-sorrel.
u, f. field-sorrel, Hom. 82, 83.
f. tithe paid on arable land.
f. tithe paid on arable land (Norse), N. G. L. i. 391.
n. field-work, harvest-work.
n. field-work, harvest-work, Bret. 6, Fms. vi. 187, Stj. Ruth ii.
(að), v.
1) to number, tax, value (~ fólkit, ~ vísaeyri konungs);
2) to examine, search into (aktið þér ok öll leyni þau, er hann má felast);
3) to devote attention to, to study (~ ýmisligar íþróttir, bókligar listir);
4) to procure (~ þá hluti er hinum sjúka henta); ~ e-t inn, to furnish, supply;
5) to debate, discuss in parliament (nú sem þetta var ~t, gengu menn til lögréttu).
að, [for. word, which therefore does not observe the contraction into á, which is the rule with genuine words; it appears esp. in eccl. writers and annalists at the end of the 13th and 14th centuries, Arna b. S., K. Á., Stj., the Norse Gþl., etc.: cp. A. S. eahtan; Hel. ahton, censere, considerare; Germ. achten; mid. Lat. actare, determinare et actare, Du Cange in a letter of the year 1284.]
I. to number, tax, value, take a census; akta fólkið, Stj. 2 Sam. xxiv. 10; fóru þeir víða um land ok öktuðu vísaeyri konungs, taxed, Bs. i. 707; nú byggir maðr dýrra en vandi hefir á verit, akti (tax) því fremr dýrra ok fremr til leiðangrs ok landvarnar, he shall be taxed in due proportion, Gþl. 337.
2. to examine, enquire; aktið inniliga öll þau leyni sem hánn má í felast, to take diligent heed of all the lurking-places, Stj. 479. 1 Sam. xxiii. 23; aktið þó áðr, and look, that, id. 2 Kings x. 23; hann aktaði eptir (looked after) urn eignir staðarins, Bs. i. 778.
3. to devote attention to, study; hann aktaði mjök bókligar listir, Bs. i. 666, 680.
II. …
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f. [Germ. achtung], heed, consideration, H. E. i. 410.
f. carriage-road.
n. carriage road, Hkr. ii. 253, Fær. 102, vide Fb. i. 144.
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n. driving gear, carriage and harness, Fms. iii. 206, Nj. 153.
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m. probably a chair on wheels or castors; Ketilbjörn sat á akstóli injök við pall, in the banquet at Flugumýri in the year 1253, Sturl. iii. 182.
a. tame under the yoke (griðungr ~).
adj. tame under the yoke; griðungr a., Grág. ii. 122.
m. esp. in pl. aktaumar, braces (straps) of a sail (cf. aka segli); Þórarinn hafði aktaumana um herðar sér, had the braces round his shoulders; sitja í aktaumum, to manage the sail; fig., to have the whole management of a thing.
m. esp. in pl. ar, lines (taumar) to trim (aka) the sail, distinguished from höfuðbendur, the stays of the mast, perhaps the braces of a sail (used by Egilsson to transl. ύπέραι in Od. 5. 260), Þórarinn stýrði ok hafði aktaumana um herðar sér, þvíat þröngt var á skipinu, had the braces round his shoulders, because the boat was blocked up with goods, Ld. 56; the phrase, sitja í aktaumum, to manage the sail; ef ek sigli með landi fram, ok sit ek í aktaumum, þá skal engi snekkja tvítugsessa sigla fyrir mér, eða ek vilja svipta (reef the sail) fyr en þeir, Fms. v. 337; reiði slitnaði, svá at bæði gékk í sundr höfuðbendur ok aktaumar, Fas. iii. 118; reki segl ofan, en a. allir slitni, 204; slitnuðu höfuðbendur ok aktaumar, Bær. 5, Edda (Gl.) That the braces were generally two may be inferred from the words við aktaum hvárntveggja hálf mörk, N. G. L. i. 199.
2. metaph., sitja í aktaumum, to have the whole management of a thing; mun yðr þat eigi greitt ganga ef þér erut einir í aktaumum, if you are alone in the management of it, Ísl. ii. 49; einir um hituna is now used in the same sense. (The Engl. …
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(el, ól, ólum, alinn), v.
1) to beget; born ólu þau, they begat children; börn þau, er hann elr við þeirri konu, begets by that woman;
2) to bear, give birth to (þóra ól barn um sumarit); börn þau óll, er alin eru fyrir jól, who are born before Christmas; alnir ok úalnir (= úbornir), born and unborn, present and future generations;
3) to bring up (children); ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, every child that is born shall be brought up; adding the particle ‘upp’ skal eigi upp alla, heldr út bera arn þetta, this child shall not be brought up, but be exposed to perish; of animals, to rear, breed (einn smásauð, er hann ól heima í húsi sínu);
4) to give food to, harbour, entertain (~ gest ok ganganda); guð elr gesti, God pays for the guests;
5) fig. in various phrases; ~ aldr, ~ aldr sinn, to pass one’s days; a. sút to grieve, mourn (= sýta); a. önn of e-t or at e-u, to take care of, see to; a. e-t eptir e-m, to give one encouragement in a thing (ól hann eptir engum mönnum ódáðir); a. á mál, to press or urge a matter (nú elr Gunnarr á málit við þórð ok segir).
ól, ólu, alið; pres. el, [Ulf. a single time uses the partic. alans = εντρεφόμενος, and twice a weak verb aliþs = σιτευτός, a fatling. The word seems alien to other Teut. idioms, but in Lat. we find alere; cp. the Shetland word alie, to nourish.] Gener. to give birth to, nourish, support, etc.
I. to bear, esp. of the mother; but also of both parents; rarely of the father alone, to beget: börn ólu þau, they begat children, Rm. 12; þat barn er þau ala skal eigi arf taka, Grág. i. 178: of the father alone, enda eru börn þau eigi arfgeng, er hann elr við þeirri konu, which be begets by that woman, 181; but esp. of the mother, to bear, give birth to; jóð ól Amma, Rm. 7; þóra ól barn um sumarit, Eg. 166, Fms. iv. 32, i. 14; hon fær eigi alit barnit, Fas. i. 118.
β. metaph. to produce, give rise to; en nú elr hverr þessara stafa níu annan staf undir sér, Skálda 162.
2. pass. to be born, begotten; börn þau öll er alin eru fyrir jól, who are born, N. G. L. i.; 377; the phrase, alnir ok úbornir, born and unborn, present and future generations, has now become aldir ok óbornir; …
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f. the last ounce (eyrir) of the sum fjörbaugr to be paid by a convict in the Court of Execution.
ar, f. [obsolete alaðr, alimentum, Ýt. 13, v. l.], a law term in the Icel. Commonwealth, viz. the eighth part of the sum fjörbaugr (life-money), amounting to an ounce, a fee to be paid by a convict in the Court of Execution (féránsdómr); if a convict, liable to the lesser outlawry, failed in paying off the alaðsfestr, he thereby became a complete outlaw, úalandi; hence the name life-money or blood-money. It is thus defined: þar skal gjaldast mörk lögaura at féránsdómi, goða þeim er féránsdóminn nefndi; þat fé heitir fjörbaugr, en einn eyrir (ounce) þess fjár heitir a. ef þat fé (the alaðsf. or the whole fjörb.?) gelzt eigi, þá verði hann skógarmaðr úæll, Grág. i. 88; nú gelzt fjörbaugr ok a. þá skal dæma svá sekðarfé hans sem skógarmanns, 132: Njála uses the less classic form, aðalfestr (per metath.), Nj. 240; cp. Johnsonius (Lat. transl.), p. 529, note 8.
I)
f. a heavy (swelling) wave, a roller.
II)
gen. pl. of öld.
u, f.
1. a wave, freq. as a synonyme to bylgja, bára, etc.; it is esp. used of rollers, thus undiralda means the rollers in open sea in calm weather, Edda (Gl.)
2. metaph. in the phrase, skil ek, hvaðan a. sjá rennr undan (whence this wave rolls), hafa mér þaðan jafnan köld ráð komið, veit ek at þetta eru ráð Snorra goða, of deep, well-planned schemes, Ld. 284.
Now used in many COMPDS: öldugangr, öldustokkr.
n. everlasting possession (at ~).
n. a time of yore; see óðal in Addenda.
n. spirit or manners of the age.
n. = genius seculi, Merl. 1. 50; Aldarfars-bók = De Ratione Temporum, a work by Bede, Landn. (pref.)
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m. a name of a poem by Hallgr.
n. tenure for life.
n. = aldr-máli (q. v.), Fms. vii. 139.
n. end of ages.
n. the ‘crack of doom,’ the Last Day, Hkv. 2. 39.
n. strife of men.
n. a strife of men, Hm.
n. age (gamall at ~i).
n. a ‘tale of time,’ an age; gamall at aldar tali, Edda (pref.)
f. pl. everlasting truce.
f. pl. an everlasting truce, Grág.
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m. a law term, an inheritance to which there is no heir alive, Gþl. 282, N. G. L. i. 49; cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 11, where aldauðraarfr is a mis-reading; the meaning of the passage hyggsk a. ráða is, that he would destroy them to the last man.
I)
f. a heavy (swelling) wave, a roller.
II)
gen. pl. of öld.
and aldar-, v. old, time, period; (poët. = people.)
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-föðr, m. the father of men, i. e. Odin, Vþm., Edda: a patriarch, Hom. (St.)
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m. a name of Odin = Aldafoður, Vtkv.
n. pl. the meeting of two (lunar) cycles, change of cycles.
n. pl. the meeting of two cycles; tveim vetrum síðar varð alda-mót, two years after (i. e. two years after A. D. 1118) there was a change of cycles, so that the year 1121 is the first in a new lunar cycle, see Rb. s.a.: mod. the meeting of two centuries, síðustu aldamót, the last aldamót (i. e. the time about A. D. 1800).
n. change of time.
n. a change of time, Fms. viii. 99.
m. old, trusty friend.
m. an old friend, Fms. vi. 198, Bs. i. 426, passim in old and mod. usage.
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a, m. = aldarvinr, Edda i. 536.
n. tree-fruit (nuts, acorns, apples); fig., blezat sé a. kviðar þíns, the fruit of thy womb.
n., dat. aldini, [Dan. olden; a Scandinavian radical word (?) not found In Ulf.], gener. fruit of trees, including apples, nuts, acorns, and sometimes berries; gras ok aldin ok jarðar ávöxtr allr, herbs, fruits, and earth’s produce, K. Þ. K. 138; korn ok öllu aldini (dat.), K. Á. 178; þá verðr þegar eitr í öllu aldini á því tré, Rb. 358. It originally meant wild fruits, nuts and acorns; hafði hann enga aðra fæðu en aldin skógar ok vatn, Hom. 105; af korninu vex rót, en vöndr af rótinni, en af vendi a., 677. 14; lesa a., to gather nuts, acorns, Dropl. 5; úskapligt er at taka a. af trénu fyr en fullvaxið er, unripe fruit, Al. 18; epli stór ok fíktrés aldin, great apples and the fruit of fig-trees, Stj. 325. Numb. xiii. 23.
β. of garden fruit; allt þat a. er menn verja með görðum eðr gæzlu, Gþl. 544; akr einn harla góðr lá til kirkjunnar, óx þar it bezta aldini, the finest fruits, Fms. xi. 440.
γ. metaph., blezað sé a. kviðar þíns, the fruit of thy womb, Hom. 30. Luke i. 42.
COMPD: aldinsgarðr.
n. = aldin.
fruit, v. aldin.
a. old (inn aldni jötunn).
adj. [Engl. old; Germ. alt; Ulf. alþeis = αρχαιος]. In Icel. only poët. The Scandinavians say gamall in the posit., but in compar. and superl. ellri, elztr, from another root ald: it very seldom appears in prose authors: v. Lex. Poët.; Sks. 630; cp. aldrænn.
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m. a fruit-garden, orchard, Gþl. 543.
pr. p. bearing fruit.
part. bearing fruit, Sks. 630.
a. indecl. wearing an old-fashioned head-dress.
n, f. a lady with an old-fashioned head-dress, Rm. 2.
m. garden, orchard.
m. garden, orchard, Lat. hortus; víngarða, akra ok aldingarða, Stj. 441. 1 Sam. viii. 14, where aldingarða answers to olive-yards, Fms. iii. 194.
a. bearing no fruit (aldinlaust tré).
adj. without fruit, sterile, barren; a. tré, Greg. 48.
n. wood of fruit-trees.
ar, m. wood of fruit-trees, Stj. Judg. xv. 5, where víngarðar, olivatré ok aldinskógar answer to the Engl. vineyards and olives.
n. fruit-tree.
n. fruit-tree, Stj. 68.
m. fruitbearing trees.
ar, m. fruit-trees, a poët. paraphrase, Fms. ix. 265, Sks. 105.
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m. [from the A. S. ealdorman], an alderman, Pd.
(gen. ~s), m.
1) age, life-time;
sautján vetra at ~i, seventeen years of age;
ungr at ~i, young;
á ungum ~i, in (one’s) youth;
á gamals ~i, in (one’s) old age;
hniginn at ~i, in the decline of life;
hniginn á efra ~, stricken in years;
á léttasta ~i, in the prime of life;
lifa langan ~, to enjoy a long life;
nema, ræna e-n ~i, to take one’s life;
týna (slíta) ~i, to lose one’s life;
2) old age;
vera við ~, to be up in years;
~i farinn or orpinn, very old;
3) long period, age (eptir marga vetr ok mikinn ~);
allan ~, through all time, always;
of ~, um ~ (ok æfi), for ever and ever;
after a negation, ever (þvílíka gersemi höfum vér eigi sét um ~);
hverr um ~ var svá djarfr, who ever was so bold?.
rs, pl. rar, m. [Ulf. alþs = αιών or Lat. aevum; Engl. old; Germ. alter], age, life, period, old age, everlasting time.
1. age, life-time, Lat. vita, aetas; hniginn at aldri, stricken in years, Eg. 187; hniginn á aldr, advanced in years, Orkn. 216; ungr at aldri, in youth, Fms. iii. 90; á léttasta aldri, in the prime of life, v. 71; á gamals aldri, old, iii. 71; á tvítugs, þrítugs aldri, etc.; hálfþrítugr at aldri, twenty-five years of age, Eg. 84; vera svá aldrs kominn, at that time of life, Fs. 4; hafa aldr til e-s, to be so old, be of age, Fms. i. 30; ala aldr, to live, v. ala, Fs. 146; allan aldr, during the whole of one’s life, Ver. 45; lifa langan a., to enjoy a long life, Nj. 252.
2. old age, senectus; aldri orpinn, decrepid, lit. overwhelmed by age, Fms. iv. 233, xi. 21; vera við aldr, to be advanced in years.
3. manns aldr is now used = generation; lifa marga manns aldra, to outlive many generations: sometimes denoting a period of thirty to thirty-three years.
4. …
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a. elderly (öldruð kona).
adj. elderly, Fms. i. 70, 655 xiv. B. I; öldruð kona, Greg. 27.
adv.
1) never (~ skal ek heðan ganga fyrr en hann ríss upp);
2) ever, after a preceding negative or a comparative (er nú ørvænt at vér munum a. fá dýr skotit); gerðu þá verra en ~ fyrr, worst than ever before.
qs. aldri-gi, [dat. from aldr and the negative nominal suffix -gi; Dan. aldrig], with dropped neg. suffix; the modern form is aldrei; unusual Norse forms, with an n or t paragogical, aldregin, aldregit: aldregin, N. G. L. i. 8, Sks. 192, 202 B, Hom. ii. 150, Stj. 62 (in MS. A. M. 227. Ed. aldri), O. H. L. 17, 79, and several times; aldregit, N. G. L. i. 356. The mod. Icel. form with ei indicates a contraction; the old aldri no doubt was sounded as aldrí with a final diphthong, which was later (in the 15th century) changed into ei. The contr. form aldri occurs over and over again in the Sagas, the complete aldregi or aldrigi is more rare, but occurs in Grág. i. 220 A, 321 A, ii. 167, etc.; aldrei appears now and then in the Edd. and in MSS. of the I5th century, but hardly earlier.
I. never, nunquam:
1. temp., mun þik a. konur skorta, Ísl. ii. 250; koma aldregi til Noregs síðan, Nj. 9; verðr henni þat aldregi rétt, Grág. ii. 214; ella liggr féit aldregi, in nowise, i. 220; sú sök fyrnist aldregi, 361; ok skal aldregi í land koma síðan, ii. 167.
2. loc. (rare), mörk var svá þykk upp fra tungunni at aldri (nowhere) var rjóðr í (= hvergi), Sd. …
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f. fame, honour, Lex. Poët.
m. pl., um aldrdaga, for ever and ever (= um aldr).
m. pl. everlasting life; um a., for ever and ever, Vsp. 63.
f. everlasting honour.
f. everlasting honour, Eluc. 51.
n.
1) one’s appointed lot or fortune, destiny;
2) end of life, death; verða e-m at ~i, to bring one to his end.
n. laying down of life, death, destruction, a poët. word, in the phrase, verða e-m at aldrlagi, to bring to one’s life’s end, Fms. viii. 108, Al. 106; esp. in pl. aldrlög, exititim, Bret. 59, 66, 67.
n. pl. end of life, death.
n. pl. close of life, death, Hkv. 2. 10.
m. tenure for life.
a, m. tenure for life, D. N., unknown in Icel., Dan. livsfæste.
m. poet. name of fire.
a, m. [A. S. ealdornere, nutritor vitae,], poët, name of fire, Vsp. 57, Edda (Gl.)
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f. pl. life-runes, charms for preserving life, Rm. 40.
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adj. on terms of peace for ever, D. N. in a law phrase, a. ok æfinsáttr, Fr.
n. pl. end of life, death (til ~a).
n. pl. death, in the phrase, til aldrslita, ad urnam, Sturl. iii. 253.
a. fey, doomed to death.
(perh. aldrscamr), adj. = fey, only in Akv. 42.
m. loss of life, death.
a, m. [cp. as to the last part, Germ. ziel], death, loss of life, exitium; rather poët.; or in prose only used in emphatic phrases; hefir þó lokit sumum stöðum með aldrtila, has ended fatally, Fms. viii. 153; ætla ek þær lyktir munu á verða, at vér munim a. hljóta af þeim konungi, he will prove fatal to our family, Eg. 19; mun ek þangað sækja heldr yndi en a. (an alliterative phrase), Bret. 36; údæmi ok a., 38:—the words, Acts ix. I, ‘breathing out tbreatenings and slaughter,’ are in the Icel. translation of the year 1540 rendered ‘Saul blés ógn og aldrtila.’
n. loss of life.
n. loss of life, Lex. Poët.
m. life-long sorrow.
a, m. deadly sorrow; etr sér aldrtrega, Hm. 19.
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m. alderman [A. S. ealdorman], Pd. 13.
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adj. elderly, aged (rare), Lex. Poët.; hinn aldræni maðr, Fms. vi. 65, but a little below aldraðr; a. kona, Bs. i. 201, v, 1. öldruð.
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n. time immemorial, Vídal. ii. 181.
n. a suit involving a person’s whole property.
n. a suit involving a person’s whole property, Gþl. 550:—so also
f. a suit involving a person’s whole property.
f., Hkr. ii. 163.
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alfheimr, etc., elves etc., v. álfr etc.
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f. swan, v. álpt.
n. competent witness.
n. a law term, lawful testimony, competent witness; defin., N. G. L. i. 211.
(gen. sing. alnar or álnar; pl. alnar or álnir), f. = öln;
1) the old Icelandic ell (about half a yard);
2) unit of value, an ell of woollen stuff (~ vaðmáls), = one sixth of an ounce(eyrir).
f. A dissyllabic form alun appears in old poetry, v. Lex. Poët. In early prose writers a monosyllabic form öln prevails in nom. dat. acc. sing., D. I. i. 310. l. 22 (MS. of the year 1275), 314. l. 16 (MS. year 1250), 311, 312. l. 16, 313. l. 7, 89. l. 1. Nom. pl., α. the old, alnar; β. the later, alnir: the former in -ar, in D. I. i. 309 (a MS. of the year 1275), 310–312 (MS. year 1370), 313, 316. l. 19, 318. 1. 15. The pl. in -ir, D. I. i. 89 sqq., in MSS. of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the contracted form aln- the simple radical vowel soon became a diphthongal á, viz. álnar, álnir, álnum, álna, and is at present so spelt and pronounced. We find an acute accent indeed in álna (gen pl.), D. I. i. 313. l. 25 (MS. year 1375), and dinar, id. l, 7; álnom, 1. 28; ölnum with changed vowel, N. G. L. i. 323 (in an Icel. transcript). The present declension is, nom. acc. alin, gen. álnar; pl. nom. acc. álnir, gen. álna, dat. alnum.
I. properly the arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger [Gr. ώλένη, Lat. ulna, cp. A. S. el-boga, Engl. el-bow, etc.]; almost obsolete, but still found in the words ölbogi qs. …
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used of household or tame animals in some COMPDS: alibjörn, alidýr, alife, alifiskr, alifugl, aligás, alikarl, alisauðr.
m. tame bear.
m. a tame bear, Grág. ii. 118, cp. Fms. vi. 297–307, Bs. i. 61.
n. domestic animal.
n. a domestic animal, cattle; alidýr þat sem vér köllum búsmala, house-lamb, Stj. 18, Finnb. 226, of a tame bear.
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n. fatlings, Matth. xxii. 4, in the transl. of 1540.
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m. fish fattened in a stew or pond, in the local name Alifiskalækr, m. the brook of fattened trout, Gþl. 4.
m. tame fowl.
and -fogl, m. tame fowl, Stj. 560, Þiðr. 79; öxn mín ok alifoglar, Greg. 43. Matth. l. c.
f. tame goose.
f. a fattened goose, Fms. vi. 347.
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m. a nickname, cp. in familiar language fat carle, Sturl. i. 123.
m. home-fed (pet) sheep.
m. a pet sheep, Stj. 516. 2 Sam. xii. 3.
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alca, the awk, v. álka.
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adv. = alltént, (mod.)
(öll, allt), a.
1) all, entire, whole;
hón á allan arf eptir mik, she has all the heritage after me;
af öllum hug, with all (one’s) heart;
hvítr ~, white all over;
bú allt, the whole estate;
allan daginn, the whole day;
í ~i veröld, in the whole world;
allan hálfan mánuð, for the entire fortnight;
with addition of ‘saman’;
allt saman féit, the whole amount;
um þenna hernað allan saman, all together;
2) used almost adverbially, all, quite, entirely;
klofnaði hann ~ í sundr, he was all cloven asunder, kváðu Örn allan villast, that he was altogether bewildered;
var Hrappr ~ brottu, quite gone;
~ annarr maðr, quite another man;
3) gone, past;
áðr þessi dagr er ~, before this day is past;
var þá óll þeirra vinátta, their friendship was all over;
allt er nú mitt megin, my strength is exhausted, gone;
4) departed, dead (þá er Geirmundr var ~);
5) neut. sing. (allt) used. as a subst. in the sense of all, everything;
eigi er enn þeirra allt, they have not yet altogether won the game;
þá var allt (all, everybody) við þá hrætt;
hér er skammætt allt, here everything is transient; …
öll, allt, and alt, adj. [Ulf. alls = πας, άπας, όλος; A. S. eall; Engl. and Germ. all].
A. In sing. as adj. or substantively, cunctus, totus, omnis:
I. all, entire, the whole; hón á allan arf eptir mik, she has all my heritage after me, Nj. 3; um alla þingsafglöpun, every kind of þ., 150; gaf hann þat allt, all, 101; at öllum hluta, in totum, Grág. i. 245; allr heilagr dómr, the whole body of Christians, ii. 165; á öllu því máli, Fms. vii. 311; allu fólki, thewhole people, x. 273; hvitr allr, white all over, 655 xxxii. 21; bú allt, thewhole estate, Grág. i. 244; fyrir allt dagsljós, before any dawn of light, Hom. 41: with the addition of saman = άπας—Icel. now in fem. sing. and n. pl. say öll sömun, and even n. sing. allt samant; in old writers saman is indecl.,—the whole, Germ. sänmtlich, zusammen; allt saman féit, thewhole amount, entire, Grág. ii. 148; þenna hernað allan saman, all together, Fms. i. 144; fyrir allan saman ójafnað þann, Sd. 157. Metaph. in the phrase, at vera ekki allr þar sem hann er sénn (séðr), of persons of deep, shrewd characters, not to be seen through, but also with a feeling of something ‘uncanny’ about them, Fms. …
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= allskonar, a mod. word.
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in compds, a. messa, -dagr, -kirkja, All-Saints’-day, -church, Bs., K. Á., Fms., etc.
I)
gen. sing. of allr, used as an adv.;
1) a. ekki (eigi), not at all, by no means;
þeir ugðu a. ekki at sér, they were not a bit afraid;
a. engi, no one at all;
sometimes without a negative following it, quite, altogether;
ær a. geldar, ewes quite barren;
a. vesall, altogether wretched;
hann var eigi a. tvítugr, not quite twenty years old;
2) in connection with numbers, in all;
alls fórust níu menn, there perished nine in all;
3) far;
alls of lengi, alls til lengi, far too long a time.
II)
conj. as, since (~ þú ert góðr drengr kallaðr);
with addition of ‘er’ (~ er þú ert svá þráhaldr á þínu máli).
and als, conj. [Ulf. allis = γάρ; Engl. as, contr. = als; cp. the consecutive als in Grimm D. W. sub voce, col. 257 sqq.], as, while, since; freq. in Lex. Poët. in old poets, less freq. in old prose writers, rare in the classics of the 13th century: used four times in the treatise of Thorodd,—alls hann sjálfr er hebreskr stafr, Skálda 167; alls vér erum einnar tungu, 161; alls engi grein er enn á gör, 162; alls þeir höfðu áðr allir eitt hljóð, 166,—and as often in the old Heiðarv. S.—alls þú ert góðr drengr kallaðr, Ísl. ii. 366; alls Barði var eigi bítr á fébætr, 386; alls þú rekr þitt erendi, 483; alls þú hefir þó hér til nokkorar ásjá ætlað, Ld. 42; alls þeir máttu ekki sínum vilja fram koma, Boll. 348; alls hann trúir mér til, Fs. (Hallfr. S.) 90: alls þú hefir þó áðr giptu til mín sótt, Fms. v. 254; alls þeir höfðu frítt lið, viii. 362 . With the addition of ‘er’ (at); en þó, alls er þú ert svá þráhaldr á þínu máli, Fms. i. 305; alls er ek reyni, at…, as I …, ii. 262, (Grág. i. 142 is a false reading = allt), Fas. ii. 283: with addition of ‘þó,’ alls þó hefir þetta með meirum fádæmum gengið, heldr en hvert annara, þá vil ek …, but considering that…, Band. …
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f. the booth of the allsherjargoði.
f. the booth in the parliament (alþingi) belonging to the allsherjargoði. Its site is fixed, Sturl. ii. 44, 126 (referring to events in the year 1215).
m. public judgement.
m. a doom of the supreme court, a lawful public sentence, judgment of the full court; þér rufuð allsherjardóm, violated lawful judgment, the law of the land, Fms. iv. 205.
n. public property.
n. public property, a domain, Íb. ch. 3, viz. the ground of the Icel. alþingi.
m. the supreme priest (who opened the alþingi every year).
a, m. (v. goði), the supreme priest, pontifex maximus. As the alþingi (q. v.) was within the jurisdiction of the great temple (hof) in Kjalarnes, the keeper or priest of that temple—the descendant of its founder Thorstein Ingolfsson—had the title of supreme priest, and opened the alþingi during the heathen age. At the introduction of Christianity this office remained with the supreme priest, who retained his name; and he, and not the bishop of Skalholt, opened the alþing every year; Þorsteinn Ingólfsson lét setja fyrstr manna þing á Kjalarnesi áðr alþingi var sett, ok fylgir þar enn (still, viz. in the 13th century) sökum þess því goðorði (viz. the priesthood of Kjalarnes, aliter allsherjar goðorð) alþingis helgun, Landn. 336 (the text as found in the Melabók), Landn. 39, Þórð. 94 (Ed. 1860), and Landn. Mantissa.
n. public troops.
n. public troops, army (Norse), Fms. x. 411.
m. the people, commonalty.
pl. ir, m. the people, commonalty, Hkr. iii. 194.
n. pl. public law.
n. pl. public law, statute law of the land, in the phrase, at alþingis máli ok allsherjar lögum, Nj. 14, 87.
n. general assembly.
n. general assembly, Fms. i. 224. In Icel. at present allsherjar- is prefixed to a great many other words in order to express what is public, general, universal.
adv., esp. with a preceding negative, in every respect, quite, thoroughly; also, til alls-endis.
or alls-hendis, adv.—scarcely to be derived from ‘hönd’—in every respect, quite, thoroughly, used almost exclusively in connection with a preceding negative, eigi, eingi, or the like, and giving additional force to the negation; er þat hugboð mitt, at vér berim eigi agæfu til um vár skipti, it is my foreboding, that we shall not carry luck with us to the very end of our dealings, Ld. 160; eigi til allsendis, id., Eg. 75; þat er reynt at eingi maðr heldr sínum þrifnaði til allsendis, it is proved that no man holds his thriving thoroughly, Fms. i. 295.
adv. of every kind.
adv. [háttr], of every sort, kind; a. kurteysi, thoroughly good manners, Fms. i. 17 (freq.)
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an old, obsolete gen. from herr; Drottinn Sabaoth is in the Icel. transl. of the Bible rendered by Drottinn Allsherjar, the Lord of Hosts. It is esp. used as an adv. in some political and legal terms, denoting something general, public, common.
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[Old Engl. alkyn], prop. an obsolete gen. from a masc. konr:
α. as adj. ind. of every kind; a. fanga, Eg. 65; a. ár, good season in all respects, Hkr. 1. 15:
β. used simply as adv.; hinn ágætasti a., in every respect, Fms. xi. 157 (rare).
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adv. [kostr], in all respects, quite, altogether; a. illa, bad altogether, Ld. 232; þykjast nú a. hafa unninn mikinn sigr (a full victory), Fms. xi. 147; frjáls ok a. geymandi, to be observed in every respect, K. Á. 50; hann lofaði a., made a full allowance, Bs. i.
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adv. [kyn] = allskonar, Fms. x. 380. II. 2, 25, where it is spelt allskuns.
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adv. [staðr], freq. alstaðar or allstaðar in a single word, everywhere, ubique; cp. margstaðar, in many places; sumstaðar, in so me places; einhversstaðar, somewhere; nokkursstaðar, anywhere; allstaðar þar sem, Fms. ii. 81, x. 182. Metaph. in every way (rare); a. mun ek gera at þínu skapi, nema þar, in everything, except that …, Nj. 17.
pr. p. of God, Almighty.
part. [A. S. ealwalda], ‘all-wielding,’ of God, Almighty, Dipl. iv. 8, Fms. i. 121, Bs. several times.
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quite, altogether, v. öllungis.
may be prefixed to almost every adjective and adverb in an intensive sense, very, extremely.
may in old writers be prefixed to almost every adjective and adverb in an intensive sense, like Engl. very, Lat. per-, Gr. οια-, ζα-. In common talk and modern writings it is rare (except after a negative), and denotes something below the average, viz. tolerably, pretty well, not very well; but in the Sagas, something capital, exceeding. In high style it may perhaps be used in the old sense, e. g. allfagrt ljós oss birtist brátt, a transl. of the Ambrosian hymn, Aurora lucis rutilat. The instances in old writers are nearly endless, e. g. all-annt, n. adj. very eager, Fms. ii. 41; ironically, 150. all-apr, adj. very sore, very harsh, v. apr. all-auðsóttligt, n. adj. very easy, Fs. 40. all-auðveldliga, adv. very easily, Fms. iv. 129. all-auðveldligr, adj. very easy, Fms. v. 331. all-auðveldr, adj. id., Fbr. 158: neut. as adv., Hkr. ii. 76. all-ágætr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 76. all-áhyggjusamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very careful, Fms. vi. 184. …
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m. father of all (a name of Odin).
m. father of all, Edda 2, 6, 13 (a name of Odin), v. alföðr.
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adv. always, a corruption of alltjamt = alltjafnt, all-even, quite even, mt also being changed into nt, as in kondu for komdu, or kunda from koma, (mod.)
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adv. at all times, Fas. i. 505 (paper MS.), freq. in mod. use.
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n. absolute power. allvalds-konungr, m. sovereign, Fms. x. 378.
m. sovereign, king (heilit all-valdar báðir!).
pl. ar, m. = alvaldr (poët. word), sovereign king, Lex. Poët., Hkr. i. 432; heilir allvaldar báðir, a poetical salute, Fms. vi. 195; mikil er allvalds raun (a proverb), ‘tis hard to strive against the powerful, Lv. 111.
f. a well-peopled district.
f. an inhabited country, Fas. iii. 3.
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f. local name of the great lava rift close to the alþing, where all the people met; vide Nj. 244, Sturl. i. 206, etc.
f. public road.
f. a public road, Lv. 29.
n. universal praise.
n. praise of all, Nj. 251.
f. general confession.
f. general confession, Hom. 74.
f. the common hall, opp. to ‘litla stofa’.
u, f. the common hall, a large room in the Icel. dwellings of the 12th and 13th centuries; opp. to litla stofa, Sturl. ii. 153, iii. 194, 198; it seems to be identical with skáli.
n.
1) common reckoning (at ~i);
2) general census.
n. common reckoning, Íb. 18: β. (Norse), general census, with a view to making a levy, N. G. L. i. 98; Fr. = almannaþing.
m. high road, = þjóðvegr, þjóðleið.
m. a high road, Nj. 261, Fms. ii. 99, = þjóðvegr, þjóðleið.
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n. (Norse), a public meeting, = alþing, Fr.
n. proclamation.
n. a proclamation, Sturl. iii. 29.
f. public banquet.
u, f. a public banquet, Bs. i. 108.
n. public ferry.
n. a public ferry, Gþl. 415.
f. public forest.
f. a public forest, Gþl. 454.
n. public thoroughfare.
n. a public street, Grett. 158 A.
m. public tax.
m. a public toll, tax, 126 C. 173 (?).
m. public way.
m. a public way.
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elm-tree, v. álmr.
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u, f. = ölmusa, alms, [Scot. almous, Germ. almosen, (έλεημοςύνη.)]
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n. a stajf an ell long, Grág. ii. 339, Ld. 318. álnar-langr, adj. ell-long, Grág. ii. 359.
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a, m. = ölbogi, elbow, Edda 110.
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swan, v. álpt.
(-s, -ir), m. awl; skjálfa þótti húsit, sem á als oddi léki, as if it were balanced on the point of an awl.
s, m. pl. ir, awl, Edda 71.
β. in the phrase, ‘leika á als oddi,’ skjálfa þótti húsit, sem á als oddi léki (MS. allsolla), the house quivered, as if it were balanced on the point of an awl, Fas. i. 89; the Icel. now use the phrase, að leika á als oddi, of the excitement produced by joy, to be merry, in high spirits, full of life and vigour, (cp. the Engl. to be on pins and needles.)
m. elder tree, see elri.
elder-tree, v. elri.
n. and m. altar.
n. and rarely altara, n. or altari, a, m.; mod. heteroclite altari, n. pl. öturu; the forms -eri, -era [altare] also appear:—an altar, a Christian word, the altar in heathen temples being called ‘stallr,’ Nj. 279, K. Á. 28, 208, Stj. freq.; altaris, 625. 84; altari þín, 655 xxiii. 2; altari (nom. pl.), xiv B. 2, Pm. 47: masc., altara (acc.) fim alna langan …, but þat (neut.) skal með eiri búa, a little below, altarans (gen.), altarann (nom. sing.), altaris (gen. neut.), altarit (neut. nom.), Stj. 307, 308, indifferently neut. or masc., Symb. 24; alteri, 1812. 17; altera (dat. neut.), 655 iii. 2, 623. 54.
COMPDS: altarisblæja, altarisbók, altarisbrík, altarisbúnaðr, altarisdagr, altarisdúkr, altarisfórn, altarisgólf, altarishorn, altarishús, altarisklæði, altarislíkneski, altarismessa, altarisplata, altarisskrá, altarisstaðr, altarissteinn, altarisstika, altarisþjónusta.
f. altar-cloth.
u, f. an altar-cloth, Am. 33, Vm. 37, 15. K. 83; altara-blæja, D. I. i. 404.
f. altar-book.
f. an altar-book, Vm. 6, Dipl. v. 18.
f. altarpiece.
f. an altar-piece, Vin. 12.
m. altar-furniture.
m. altar-furniture, H. E. i. 489.
m. anniversary of the consecration of an altar.
m. anniversary of the foundation of an altar, H. E. i. 310.
m. altar-cloth.
m. an altar-cloth, Vm. i, D. I. i. 244.
f. offering on the altar.
f. a victim offered on an altar, Mart. 122.
n. the floor round an altar.
n. the floor round an altar, N. G. L. i. 160.
n. corner of an altar.
n. the horn of an altar, Fms. xi. 444.
n. chapel.
n. a chapel, Bs. ii. 80.
n. altar-cloth.
n. an altar-cloth, Hkr. iii. 81, D. I. i. 266; altara-, Fms. iii. 28, Vm. 1.
n. image placed on an altar.
n. an image placed on an altar, Pm. 61.
f. mass at an altar.
u, f. mass at an altar, Bs. ii. 81.
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u, f. a candlestick, Pm. 93.
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f. an altar-book, Pm. 109.
m. the place where an altar stands.
m. the place where an altar stands, Eg. 768.
m. altar-slab.
m. an altar-slab, D. I. i. 266, 443, K. Á. 28. Vm. 31, Am. 55, Pm. 106.
f. candlestick for an altar.
u, f. a candlestick for an altar, Vm. 3.
f. altar service.
u, f. altar-service, 655 xxxii. I.
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= alþingis, adv. [þing, res], quite, altogether, Pm. 24.
m. sincere or devoted friend.
m. devoted friend, Fms. vi. 34.
m. sincere or devoted friend.
m. sincere friend, Hkr. ii. 210, Ver. 15; ölúðarvinr, Fms. iv. 287.
adv. earnestly, sincerely.
adv. earnestly, Fms. ii. 211.
a. = alvarligr.
adj. earnest, devoted; a. vinátta, Fms. ii. 144.
a. sincere, devoted (alvörusamlig þjónusta).
adj. earnest looking, devoted; a. þjónosta, Fms. i. 261.
n. the keeping of alþingissátt.
n. the keeping of sucb an agreement, Grág. i. 217, Sturl. i. 66.
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n., Sturl. i. 66 (seems to be a false reading); v. the preceding word.
m. court of justice at the alþingi.
m. the court of justice in the a., Grág. i. 87, 130.
f. journey to the alþingi.
f. a journey to the a., Js. 6.
f. inaugeration of the alþingi.
f. hallowing, inauguration of the a., cp. allsherjar goði, Landn. 336.
n. permission, leave, given by the alþingi.
n. permission, leave given by parliament; ef… sættist á víg fyrir a. fram, against the rules of the a. = unlawfully, Grág. ii. 173.
n. parliamentary rules or proceedings.
n. parliamentary rules, proceedings of parliament; ef þeir taka eigi af alþingismáli, do not infringe the parliamentary rules, Grág. i. 103: in the legal phrase, at alþingismáli réttu ok allsherjar lögum, where the first rather denotes the form, the last the substance of the law.
f. nomination of judges in courts of the alþingi.
u, f. nomination to the legislative body and the courts, including dómnefna and lögréttuskipan, Grág. i. 5; cp. Íb. ch. 5.
f. journey to the alþingi.
f. a journey to the a., Nj. 100, Grág. ii. 78.
f. agreement entered into at the alþingi.
f. an agreement entered into at the a.
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f. a conviction in the courts.
f. common banquet.
u, f. a common banquet, Sturl. ii. 245.
f. high-road (= almannaleið).
f. a high road, Eg. 579, Bjarn. 49.
n. general praise, popularity.
n. popularity, general praise, Hkr. iii. 31.
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m. a working man, Vd. 172 old Ed., wrongly instead of alþýða manna, Fs. 67.
n. general report.
n. common, general report, þat er a. at, Hkr. iii. 34.
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n., in the phrase, vera ekki við a., to be unpopular, úvinsæll ok lítt við a., Fs. 63.
n. common reckoning, opp. to rímtal.
n. reckoning, common calculation, Íb. ch. 7, Rb. 18.
n. ordinary weapon.
n. common weapons, Fas. iii. 620.
m. = alþýðuleið.
m. a public road, Sturl. i. 36, Hkr. iii. 54.
f. public opinion.
f. public opinion, consensus popularis, Bs. i. 158.
n. universal testimony.
n. universal testimony, Sks. 12.
m. general tumult.
m. a general tumult, Bs. i. 46, Hom. 46.
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[A. S. eal-; Engl. all, al-; Germ. all-], a prefix to a great many nouns and participles, but only a few verbs, denoting thoroughly, quite, perfectly, completely, answering to Lat. omni- and Gr. παν- or παντο-. If followed by a u or v it sometimes changes into öl, e. g. ölúð, benignitas; ölværð, laetitia: ölteiti, hilaritas, is irregular, instead of alteiti. The prefixed particle al- differs from all-, which answers to Lat. per-, A. S. eall-, Engl. very: v. the following compds.
f. total devastation.
f. devastation, Þiðr. 233.
a. altogether waste.
adj. altogether waste, Bret. 168.
a. indecl completely cured, quite well.
and al-bati, adj. ind. completely cured, quite well, Ísl. ii. 469.
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adj., superl. to al-góðr, best of all, Pd.
a.
1) quite bare, stark-naked;
2) manifest.
adj., now allsberr, quite bare, stark-naked, metaph. manifest, Sturl. iii. 118.
pp. bitten all over.
adj. part. bitten all over, Rd. 298.
a. quite bright, brilliant.
adj. quite bright, brilliant, Eluc. 10, Fas. i. 663.
a. stone-blind.
adj. stone-blind, Post. 745. 87.
a. bloody all over.
adj. all-bloody, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 121, Ísl. ii. 271.
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= alnbogi, elbow, v. ölnbogi and ölbogi.
a. of the full breadth (albreitt lérept).
adj. of the full breadth of stuff; a. lérept, Jb. 348.
pp. quite broken, shattered.
adj. part. all-broken, shattered, Fms. ii. 246.
pp. cased in mail.
part. cased in mail, Hkr. ii. 26, Fms. vii. 45, Fas. i. 91.
(see búa), v. to fit out, furnish or equip completely (~ kirkju).
bjó, to fit out, furnish or equip completely, at albúa kirkju, N. G. L. i. 387; but spec. in part. albúinn, completely equipped, esp. of ships bound for sea [where bound is a corruption of boun, the old English and Scottish equivalent of buinn. Thus a ship is bound for sea or outward bound or homeward bound, when she is completely fitted and furnished for either voyage; windbound is a different word, where bound is the past part. of bind. Again, a bride is boun when she has her wedding dress on; v. below, búa and búask, which last answers to busk]: nú byst hann út til Íslands, ok er þeir vóru albúnir, Nj. 10; ok er Björn var a. ok byrr rann á, Eg. 158, 194: a. sem til bardaga, all-armed for the battle, Fms. xi. 22.
β. in the phrase, a. e-s, quite ready, willing to do a thing; hann kvaðst þess a., Nj. 100, Eg. 74: also with infin., a. at ganga héðan, ready to part, Fms. vii. 243.
pp.
1) completely equipped (ok er Björn var ~ ok byrr rann á);
2) ~ e-s, at gera e-t, quite ready (willing) to do a thing.
ready, v. the preceding word.
pp. completely inhabited, at albygðu landi, after the colinization was finished.
part. completely inhabited, taken into possession, esp. used of the colonisation of Iceland; þorbjörn súrr kom út at albygðu landi, after the colonisation was finished, Landn. 142, several times, Hrafn. 3, Eg. 191, etc.
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and aldauða, adj. ind. dead and gone, extinct, of families, races, esp. in the neg. phrase, vera enn ekki a., to be still in full vigour; ok óru (váru) eigi þeir a., Ísl. ii. 310; eptir dauða Haralds var a. hin forna ætt Danakonunga, died out with king H., Fms. xi. 206; aldauða eru þá Mosfellingar ef ér Sigfússynir skuluð ræna þá, Nj. 73; ella eru mjök a. várir foreldrar, Fms. vi. 37; opt finn ek þat, at mér er a. Magnús konungr, I often feel that for me king M. is dead and gone, Hkr. iii. 107.
COMPD: aldauðaarfr.
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adv. truly, with perfect fidelity, Hom. 135.
a. faithful.
adj. faithful, Barl. 5.
a. very easy to deal with, gentle.
adj. very easy to treat, Jv. 24, Mag. 115.
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adj. easy to deal with, gentle, Grett. 108; A and B dæll.
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n. all one’s might; af alefli, by might and main.
f. one’s entire property.
u, f. a person’s entire property, Gþl. 543, Hkr. ii. 344, iii. 141, Bs. ii. 66.
COMPD: aleigumál, aleigusök.
I)
(-dda, -ddr), v. to lay totally waste, devastate.
II)
f. devastation; gera aleyðu, to turn into a wilderness.
III)
a. indecl. altogether waste, empty, void of people (þar var ~ at mönnum);
hann brennir ok gerir ~ landit, makes the land an utter waste.
1. n, f. devastation, esp. by fire and sword; göra aleyðu, to turn into a wilderness, Fms. xi. 42, Hkr. iii. 141.
2. adj. ind. altogether waste, empty, void of people; a. af mönnum, Hkr. i. 98, ii. 197; brennir ok görir a. landit, burns and makes the land an utter waste, Hkr. i. 39; sumir lágu úti á fjöllum, svá at a. vóru bæirnir eptir, some lay out on the fells, so that the dwellings were utterly empty and wasted behind them, Sturl. iii. 75.
3. dd, to devastate, Karl. 370.
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m. father of all, a name of Odin, v. alföður.
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n., better álfar [áll], channel, B. K. 119.
a. fara (ríða í brott) ~, to go away (ride off) for good.
adj. ind., now alfarinn; in phrases like fara, koma alfari, to start, set off for good and all, Fms. iii. 92, Bret. 80, Fas. i. 249; ríða í brott a., Nj. 112, Bs. i. 481; koma til skips a., Grág. ii. 75. [Probably an obsolete dat. from alfar.]
pp. worn out, far gone.
adj. part. worn out, very far gone, Stj. 201, of the kine of Pharaoh, ‘ill-favoured and lean-fleshed,’ Gen. xli. 3.
β. now = alfari.
a. very glad.
adj. very glad (‘fain’), Lex. Poët.
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adj. very ‘fey,’ i. e. in extravagant spirits, in the frame of mind which betokens speedy death, a. augu, Eg. in a verse.
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adj. (poët.) excellent, Lex. Poët.
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adj. very fair, Lex. Poët.
a. quite free.
adj. quite free, Sks. 621.
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part. in full flower. Lex. Poët.
a. quite full.
adj. quite full, Greg. 26.
a. quite rotten.
adj. quite rotten, Fms. vi. 164.
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adj. quite fit, quite good, Vm. 177, v. ölforr.
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n. of weather, fit for travelling, Sd. = fært.
m. father of all (name of Odin).
m. father of all, the name of Odin as the supreme god in Scandinavian mythology, Edda i. 37 (Ed. Havn.) Now used (theol.) of God.
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and algangsa, adj. ind. quite common, current, Sks. 199, 208 B.
a. quite gelded.
adj. part. quite gelded, of cattle, Grág. i. 503.
β. now also= giving no milk.
n. full value.
n. a law term, full value, Gþl. 392.
COMPD: algildisvitni.
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adj. of full value, in a verse in Fs. 94; now common, opp. to hálfgildr, of half value, or ógildr, valueless.
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prob. a false reading, N. G. L. i. 347 = frjálsgjafi.
a. indecl. stall-fed.
adj. ind. stall-fed, of cattle, Ísl. ii. 38.
m. great glee; slá á algleyming, to become very merry.
m. [glaumr], great glee, great mirth, in the phrase, slá á algleyniing, to be in great glee, to be very merry, Sturl. iii. 123. The Icel. now say, að komast í algleyrning, to run high, to the highest point.
a. perfectly good.
adj. perfectly good, now used of God.
β. albeztr kostr, by far the best match (Germ. allerbester), Ld. 88.
a. quite grey.
adj. quite grey, þorf. Karl. 424.
pp. perfectly healed.
adj. part. perfectly healed, Eluc. 57.
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adj. quite green, flourishing, Lex. Poët.
a. all-golden.
adj. (poët.) all-golden, Hým. 8.
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adj. all-gilt, Vm. 52.
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ð, to finish, of buildings, Hkr. iii. 180, Ld. 114. Metaph. to fulfil Fms. iii. 49, Hom. 8, Stj. 18. Reflex, to become completed, Post. 626 B. II. Part. algörr, perfect; perfectam fortitudinem is rendered by algorvan styrkleik, thorough strength, Fms. viii. (pref.), i. 96, Sks. 44, 274, Stj. 563, 114; hið algörvasta, 677. 7.
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adv. altogether, quite, Fms. ii. 42, Greg. 34, etc.
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now algörlegleikr, s, m. (theol.) perfectness, perfection, Stj. 21, Fms. x. 337, Rb. 316.
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adj. part. perfect, finished, v. algöra.
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f.
I. perfection, maturity, Stj. 376, Hom. 25.
II. full dress [v. görvi, dress], Sks. 298.
a. utterly heathen.
adj. altogether heathen; landit (Iceland) var a. nær hundraði vetra, the land was utterly heathen near a hundred (i. e. one hundred and twenty) winters, Landn. 322.
a. all-holy.
adj. all-hallowed, N. G. L. i. 141.
a.
1) completely whole, entire;
2) perfectly healthy (~ at líkam).
adj.
1. completely whole, entire, Lat. integer, Stj. 439. I Sam. vii. 9 (wholly), Sks. 604, translation from Lat. individua.
2. perfectly healthy, safe and sound, Fms. xi. 38, ii. 232, Magn. 516.
f. perfect health.
u, f. complete restoration to health, Bs. i. 313, v. l.
f. a metre having two pairs of rhyming words in every line.
u, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of dróttkvætt, a metre having two rhymed couplets in every line; if one of these be half rhyme it is called a. hin minni (the minor alhenda), if both be full rhymes it is a. meiri (complete alhenda), Edda (Ht.) 132, Sturl. ii. 56: thus harð-múla varð Skúli is a complete alhenda.
f. = alhenda.
f. = alhenda.
a. with full rhyme in every line (tvau kvæði alhend).
adj. used of a metre in alhenda, Edda 132; drápa alhend, Sturl. ii. 56.
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adj. part. (metric.) an apocopate (hneppt) species of the metre dróttkvætt w ith masculine rhymes, v. hnept and hálfhnept. Thus defined, Edda (Ht.), verse 78; it is called alhneppt, where all the rhymes are masculine; but hálfhneppt, where feminines and masculines are used alternately.
a. quite pure, clean.
adj. quite pure, clean, Hom. 107.
a. indecl. wholehearted, in full earnest.
and ölhuga or öluga, by eliding the h and changing the vowel through the following u, adj. ind. [hugr], whole-hearted, in full earnest, Sturl. iii. 272, v. l.; ölhuga ́st, sincere love, Greg. 17.
pp. n. resolved, fully determined; ef þér er þat ~, if you are in real earnest; adv. in earnest, sincerely (iðrast ~).
alugat, or alogat, n. part. in real earnest, whole-hearted, having made one’s mind up; ef þér er þat alhugat, if thou be in earnest, Nj. 49; föður hans var alogat at drepa Davíd, his father’s heart was set on slaying David, Stj. 473. I Sam. xx. 33.
β. used substantively, serious matters; blanda hégóma við alhugat (now alvara), to blend trifles with serious things.
γ. adverb. steadfastly, earnestly; iðrast a., to repent sincerely, Hom. 166; en ef þú sér at alogat (really) tekr fé þitt at vaxa, Sks. 34, 339; þá er hann alogat úsekr, really guiltless, 677. 9.
m. earnest;
þetta er ~ minn, I am in real earnest.
and alogi, a, m. earnest; þetta er a. minn en engi hégómi, I am in full earnest, Ísl. ii. 214; hvárt er þessa leitað með alhuga, in earnest, Eb. 130; er hitt heldr a. minn, I am determined, Fms. ii. 94; með enum mesta alhuga, with the most steadfast will, Hkr. i. 258, Fms. viii. 186, Bs. i. 732.
a. sincere.
adj. sincere; ekki þótti mér Ólafr frændi várr a., methought our kinsman Olaf was not quite sincere, Sturl. i. 81.
a. starving, famished.
adj. part. very much an-hungered, Barl. 200.
(að), v. to build fully.
að, to ‘house,’ roof in, Fms. x. 153.
a. quite white.
adj. quite white, Fms. xi. 16, Stj. 260.
(-ta, -tr), v. = alhúsa; alhýst, with all the buildings finished.
t, = alhúsa. Part. alhýst, when all the buildings are finished, in a complete state, Sturl. i. 68.
n. all the farm-buildings.
n. farm-buildings, homestead, Gísl. 38, Bs. i. 144, Fas. iii. 15.
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f. perfect ease, Sturl. i. 56, v. 1. and dub.
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adj. perfectly easy, smooth; a. tungubragð, a smooth, glib tongue, Skálda 170, Fas. ii. 65.
a. quite equal.
adj. quite equal, 677. 12, 655 A. 2.
pp. shod on all four feet.
adj. part. shod all round, shod on all four feet, Mag. 5.
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n. part. dearly bought, in a metaph. sense, Fms. ix. 302, Eb. 266, Glúm. 36s, = fullkeypt.
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u, f. a parish church, Pm. 41.
m. a full suit of clothes.
m. a full suit of clothes, Nj. 73, Eg. 518, Bs. 5. 655, 876.
a. entirely Christian.
adj. completely christianised, Fms. i. 279, Hkr. i. 259.
pp. completely christianized.
part. id., Hkr. ii. 178, Fms. x. 273.
a. indecl.
1) universally known, notorious (sem ~ er orðit);
2) fully informed; unz ~, until I hnow the whole.
adj. ind.
α. of a thing or event, notorious, universally known; sem a. er orðit, Fms. xi. 201; en sem vinátta þeirra görðist a., but tvhen their friendship was noised abroad, Hkr. ii. 281.
β. of a person, knowing, fully informed; unz a., until I know the whole, Vtkv. 8, 10, 12.
a. notorious.
adj. notorious, Hkr. iii. 26, Stj. Gen. iv. 10, 655 xxxi. I, Fms. vii. 5, Hkr. ii. 328.
a. notorious.
adj. id., Fms. v. 40.
a. indecl. completely calm, tranquil.
adj. ind. completely calm, tranquil, Fms. xi. 72.
a.
1) quite light; dagr aljóss, broad daylight;
2) quite clear.
adj. quite light; dagr a., broad daylight, Eg. 219; n. sing., vera alljóst, in broad daylight, Grett. 95 A, 112 A, Fms. ix. 35, Sturl. ii. 108; metaph. quite clear, Sks. 490.
a. shaggy all over.
adj. very hairy, shaggy all over, Fms. iii. 125.
pp. n. entirely gone.
n. part., a. allri ván, when all hope is gone, Bs. i. 198.
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adj. all-lousy, Fbr. 156.
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gen. pl. from an obsolete almenn [cp. Alemanni], a prefix to some nouns, denoting general, common, universal, Ad. 21. Freq. now in Icel., e. g. almanna-rómr, m. public opinion, in the proverb, sjaldan lýgr a., vox populi vox Dei.
COMPDS: almannabygð, almannagjá, almannaleið, almannalof, almannaskript, almannastofa, almannatal, almannavegr, almannaþing.
a. almighty.
adj. [A. S. ealmeathig; Hel. ala-; Germ. allmächtig], almighty, seems to be a Christian (eccl.) word, translated from the Latin omnipotens; but the phrase ‘hinn almáttki áss’ in the heathen oath (used of Thor) implies its use in very early times. The old form is contracted before -ir, -ar, -an, -um, etc., and changes g into k; almáttkan, -kir, -kum (now almáttugan, -ugir, -ugum, through all cases), v. máttigr: used of God, Fms. i. 231, Eluc. 10, Sks. 305, etc.: heathen use, Landn. 258, cp. p. 335.
m. almightiness, omnipotence.
ar, m., dat. -mætti, almightiness, omnipotence (eccl.), of God, 671. 3; sinn alḿtt (acc.), Ísl. i. (Hom.) 386, Fms. i. 226, 655 vi. 2; vide almætti, n.
n. the people, public.
n. the people, public, Fr. (Norse).
adv. generally, commonly.
adv. generally, H. E. i. 465, K. Á. 80.
a. general, common.
adj. [Germ. allgemein], general, common, rare in old writers, Stj.; a. (catholic) trú, Mar. 656 B. 8, 623. 18; a. þing, concilium oecumenicum, Rb. 338; a. Kristni, 390, 208, Gþl., etc. Freq. in mod. Icel., = common, good, real.
f.
1) common land;
2) common or public pasture;
3) public thoroughfare (in Norse towns);
4) the people, public in general;
5) levy, conscription; fullr (allr), hálfr ~r, a full (complete) or half levy of men and ships.
f. and almenningr, m.
I. in Icel. almost always fem. in the sense of fundus communis, ager compascuus, common land, belonging to a whole ‘fjórðungr’ (quarter) of the country, and thus wider than the mod. ‘afrétt.’ It still remains in the local name of the deserts round Cape Horn at the north-west point of Icel., cp. Fbr. and Landn. 124; cp. also the passage in Íb. ch. 3. The word is now seldom used except of wastes belonging to nobody: þat er almenning er fjórðungs menn eigu allir saman, Grág. ii. 392–394, Js. 107, Íb. ch. 3, Grág. ii. 345, 352, 359, 385, K. Þ. K. 26, Fbr. 41, Landn. 124, in all those cases fem.
II. masc. (Norse), [cp. Swed. almänning, pascuum, and Germ. almeinde, via publica or ager compascuus, Grimm R. A. p. 498]
1. common or public pasture (answering nearly to the Icel. afrétt), where cattle are grazed during the summer months, cp. the Norse setr, Icel. sel: rarely used in Icel. writers. In Ó. H., ch. 114, used of Grímsey, an island off the north coast of Iceland, Gþl. 450, Jb. 299, 311.
2. the high-street, in a Norse town, N. G. L. ii. …
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a. common, general, public.
adj. common, public, Grett. 115, where MSS. A and B have almælt. Now freq.
m. the commons, common people (konungrinn ok ~nn).
a, and almúgr, s, m., at present the first form is always used [cp. múgi and múgr, Dan. almue, plebs], prop. the commons, people; konungrinn ok almúginn, king and commons, Stj.; eigi vissi almúginn (people in general) hvat fram fór í sóttinni, Bs. i. 74; almúgrinn (the people) geystist, Bret. 37, 94; allvinsælir við almúgann, having very many friends among the commonalty, Fms. i. 184.
β. now in Icel. = plebs, the masses, opp. to the higher classes; so in many compds, e. g. almúga-maðr, m., almúga-legr, adj., etc.
n.
1) common saying, general report; þat er ~, at, all people say (agree) that;
2) saying, proverb; þótt ~t sannaðist, at móðurbrœðrum verði menn líkastir, though the saying proved true, that.
n. what all people say, a common saying, general report; þat er a. at…, all people say, agree that…, Fms. xi. 326, Hkr. iii. 398; þat vóru almæli um dalinn, at …, Sd. 155, Ld. 332.
β. a saying, proverb; þat er a. (common saying) at menn sjóði þau ráð, er þeir hafa lengi í hug sér, Hom. 83; þótt almælit sannaðist, at móðurbræðrum verði menn líkastir, though the saying proved sooth, that men are likest to their uncles by the mother’s side, Ísl. ii. 29.
pp.
1) spoken by all;
almælt tíðindi, common news;
2) of a child that has learnt to talk.
adj. part. spoken by all, what all say; esp. in the phrase, almælt tíðindi, news; spyrjast almæltra tíðinda, what news? Nj. 227, Ld. 80, Fms. xi. 118 (a standing phrase).
β. of a child that has learnt to talk; en þá er sveinninn var tvævetr, þá rann hann einn saman ok var a. sem fjögra vetra gömul börn, but when the boy was two years old, then he ran alone and could say everything as well as bairns of four years, Ld. 34, (altalandi is the word now used.)
n. = almáttr.
n. omnipotence, Skálda 161; esp. theol., now more freq. than the masc. almáttr.
a. quite naked.
adj. part. quite naked, Rd. 295; now alnakinn.
a. quite new.
adj. quite new, Fms. viii. 61, Grág. i. 491.
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adj. quite in earnest, = alhugaðr.
a. quite red.
adj. quite red, Rd. 298.
pp. quite determined.
adj. part. quite determined, Fms. viii. 145.
a. utterly plundered.
adj. utterly plundered; þeir munu görvir fyrst alránir er næstir eru, Ísl. ii. 93 (dub.)
pp. fully proved.
part. fully proved, Fms. xi. 441, Mirm. 74.
a. quite grown up.
adj. quite grown up, Fms. i. 5, Ld. 256.
a. quite rotten.
adj. all rotten, Stj. Exod. xvi. 20.
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adj. part.
α. neut. rumoured of all, of bad news; a. er, all people say, Nj. 76, Fms. vii. 113, Stj.
β. in mod. Icel. both masc. and fem. in a bad sense, e. g. a. þjófr, a noted thief.
pp. spoken of by all.
adj. part. spoken of by all, Fms. ii. 50.
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f. in the phrases, sáttr alsáttum, completely reconciled, atoned with a full atonement, Dipl. ii. II; sættast alsáttum, Grág. ii. 141.
a. fully reconciled.
adj. fully reconciled, Nj. 120, Boll. 362.
a. an outlaw in the greater degree = skógarmaðr.
adj. a law term, an utter felon, an outlaw of the greater degree, = -skógarmaðr, opp. to fjörbaugsmaðr, Nj. 240, Hrafn. 18, Grág. i. 463.
a. indecl., er Kristni var ~, when the Christian faith had become universal.
adj. ind. [siðr, faith], en er Kristni var a., but when the Christian faith was universally accepted, Hkr. ii. 97; en þó Kristnin vaeri nú a. þá …, Grett. 150 (the old Ed. wrongly á landi).
pp.
1) of a ship, fully manned;
2) of a bench, quite full.
adj. part. fully manned:
α. of a ship; skúta, tvítugsessa, langskip a., Nj. 280, Eg. 13, Fms. iv. 70, Hkr. i. 176.
β. a law term, bekkr, pallr a., full court, Grág. i. 7.
γ. of a bench in a banquet-hall, quite full, Eg. 43.
a. closely set with shields.
adj. part. lined, covered with shields:
α. of ships lined with shields along the bulwarks from stem to stern, as a ship of war, Landn. 156, Sturl. iii. 61.
β. of troops in full armour, Sturl. ii. 47.
pp. written all over.
adj. part. written all over, of vellum, Th. 76.
a.
1) quite bound in duty, obliged;
2) quite binding.
adj. quite binding, Sks. 636.
pp. quite worn out.
adj. part. quite ragged, worn out, Vm. 161.
a. quite the same.
adj. quite the same, Fms. iv. 157.
pp. completely built.
part. completely built, Fms. xi. 436.
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adj. all covered with snow, all-snowy.
a. all-wise, very clever.
adj. all-wise, Hin. 54: very clever, Þkv. 26, 28.
a. all-wise, very clever.
adj. all-wise, cognom., Eg. 466.
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everywhere, v. alls-staðar, sub allr.
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adj. star-bright, without a speck of cloud; a. himinn.
pp. (a metre) in masculine rhymes.
part. a metre in masculine rhymes (stýfa), Edda (Ht.) 134. Masculine final rhymes are called stýft.
m. an animal with close-crojoed ears (= afeyringr).
m. an animal with close-cropped ears; he who marked sheep in this way was liable to the lesser outlawry, unless it were publicly announced in the lögrétta, Grág. i. 426.
a. quite black.
adj. quite black, Nj. 80.
a. perspiring all over.
adj. all-sweaty, Al. 22.
a. perspiring all over.
adj. reeking with sweat, now kófsveittr, Gísl. 137.
a. all-wise.
m. the all-swift, name of the sun-horse, Gm.: of a constellation, Sdm.
a. altogether free or guiltless (~ saka).
adj. a law term, altogether free, released from all punishment, Grág.;. ii. 160.
f. complete rehabilitation.
u, f. complete immunity from punishment, pardon, Grág. i. 359.
f. complete reconciliation.
f. complete reconciliation, Nj. 101, Js. 40, B. K. 126.
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adj. very friendly, very civil, (mod.)
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adv. and -ligr, adj. civilly, Bs. i. 812.
pp. hung all round with tapestry.
adj. part. hung with tapestry all round, Fms. xi. 17, Sturl. iii. 193, Háv. 52.
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sincere, v. alhugaðr.
f. (older form ölúð), affection, sincerity.
f. and in old writers almost constantly ölúð (with changed vowel), alyð, Clem. 43, [a contracted form from al-hugð, -hugr], affection, sincerity, freq. in mod. Icel. in this sense. But in old writers prop. used of hospitality, in such phrases as, taka við e-m með ö., to give a hearty reception to, Ld. 196, Fær. 156, Fs. 15; veita með ö., to give hospitable treatment, Fms. vi. 120.
β. affection; hann gaf mér hringinn með mikilli ö., Fms. ii. 171; sakir gæzku þeirrar ok alúðar (affection) er Guð hafði við Abraham, for the sake of that kindness and love which God had toward Abraham, Ver. 78; Björn spyr tíðinda heldr tómliga af engri a., coolly, Bjarn. 53. Mod. also alúðliga, adv. heartily; alúðligr, adj. kind, hearty.
COMPDS: alúðarmaðr, alúðarvinr.
a. = allvaldr.
almighty; alvald, omnipotence; v. allv-.
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m. a public field, Ísl. ii. (in a verse).
f.
1) seriousness, earnest; taka e-t fyrir alvöru, to take it in earnest; vissa ek eigi, at þér var a., that you were in earnest;
2) affection = alúð; er öll hans ~ (inclination) til Ólafs konungs.
u, f. [appears neither in Engl. nor Germ.; Dan. alvor].
1. seriousness, earnestness; Gunnarr segir sér þat alvöru, Nj. 49, þorst. Stang. 50; áhyggjusamliga ok með mikilli a., with much earnestness, Fms. i. 141; taka e-t fyrir a., to take it in earnest, x. 77; vissa ek eigi at þér var a. við at taka, that you were in earnest, Band. 3.
2. affection = alúð (not used at present in that sense); hverigir lögðu fulla alvöru til annarra, Bs. i. 288; elskulig a. til e-s, hearty love, Fms. iii. 63; með alvöru ok blíðu, 144; er öll hans a. (inclination) til Ólafs konungs, vi. 32.
COMPDS: alvöruliga, alvöruligr, alvörusamligr.
adv.
1) seriously, earnestly;
2) heartily (fagna e-m ~);
3) entirely (~ hreinn).
adv. (-ligr, adj.), seriously, earnestly, 655 xxxii. 21.
β. intimately, devotedly; fagna e-m a., to receive heartily, Grett. 98 A.
a. most valiant, martial.
m. brisk, martial, Ld. 196, (Ed. allvaskligr.)
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adj. thoroughly wet, Fær. 184, Fbr. 23, K. Þ. K. 10.
pp. quite grown up.
adj. part. quite grown up, Ld. 132.
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adj. part. in full armour, Eg. 422, 460, Fms. i. 81.
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= allvell, adv. very well; albetr at sér, of much better appearance, Ld. 332, Glúm. 353: so the vellum MS. A. M. 132 in both these passages.
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= alvæpni, full armour.
a. indecl. aching, feeling pains all over the body.
and alverkja, adj. ind. aching, feeling pains all over the body [cp. the Scot. wark and werk and the provincial Engl. wark in the sense of ache, racking pain], Fms. v. 223, Bs. i. 615.
a. ~ dagr, a full working day.
and alyrkr, adj. [verk], a. dagr, a working day, opp. to a holy day, N. G. L. i. 429, 153; cp. virkr.
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adj. ind. paralysed, Fél. I. ix. 186.
a. all-wise.
adj. all-wise, now partic. used of God, Clem. 33; superl. alvitrastr, of greatest wisdom, used of a man of science, Sturl. i. 167. MS. Brit. Mus. 1127.
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u, f. all-wisdom.
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adj. all-wise: the name of a dwarf, hence the name of a lay.
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adj. fair.
n. complete arms;
hafa ~, með ~, (to be) fully armed.
n. [vápn], complete arms; hafa a., to be in full armour, fully armed, Nj. 93, 107, Eg. 46, 74, 88; með a., fully armed, Íb. ch. 7.
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f., almost constantly ölværð (the change of vowel being caused by the following v), Bs. i. 593. l. 19, even spelt ölbærð, probably akin with alvara; hospitality, hearty reception, good treatment; taka við e-m með ö., Fms. xi. 52, 27, Fas. iii. 79; var þar uppi öll ö. af Gríms hendi, i. 172; bjóða honum með allri ö., kindness, hospitality, ii. 510; cp. also Bs. i. l. c., where full er ölbærð öllum means there is open house; the word is now obsolete.
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and ölværliga, adv. hospitably, Ísl. ii. 348.
a. = alvirkr (dagr).
adj., a. dagr, a working day, v. alvirkr.
pp. thatched all over.
adj. part. thatched all over, Fms. i. 89; older form -iðr.
pp. completely wainscotted or panelled.
adj. part., old form -þilðr, completely wainscotted, Sturl. iii. 193: the vellum MS. has -þilðir, the Ed. -þiljaðir.
n. the annual parliament or general assembly of the Icelandic Commonwealth (held in June).
n. [þing], mod. form alþing, by dropping the inflective i; the gen., however, still remains unchanged, alþingis. The parliament or general assembly of the Icel. Commonwealth, invested with the supreme legislative and judicial power, consisting of the legislative lögrétta (q. v.), and the courts, v. dómr, fimtardómr, fjórðungsdómar; v. also goði, goðorð, lügsögumaðr, lögsaga, lögberg, and many other words referring to the constitution and functions of the alþingi. It was founded by Ulfljot about A. D. 930, Ib. ch. 3; and reformed by Thord Gellir A. D. 964, who instituted the courts and carried out the political divisions of Icel. into goðorð, fjórðungar, and þing, ch. 5. In the years 1272 and 1281 the alþing, to some extent, changed its old forms, in order to comply with the new state of things. In the year 1800 it was abolished altogether. A kind of parliament, under the old name alþingi, was again established in the year 1843, and sat at Reykjavík. Before the year 930 a general assembly was held in Kjalarnes, whence it was removed under the name of alþingi to the river Öxará, near to the mountain Ármannsfell. The much-debated passage in Hænsaþ. …
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adv. quite, altogether (= öllungis).
adv. = öllúngis or öldungis, quite, altogether, D. N. (not Icel.); ok var nú eigi a. þausnalaust, Fas. iii. 229.
f. people in general (~ manna).
f. rare and obsolete = alþýða, the commons, Ad. verse 17, Sonatorr. 9, 15; a. manna, Sturl. iii. 229, 125, Fms. vii. 240.
a. quite thick, foggy (veðr alþykkt).
adj. quite thick, foggy, Stj. 1 Kings xviii. 45.
f.
1) the whole people (bauð hann alþýðu ríkis síns at göfga líkneskjuna);
2) people in general, the majority or bulk of the people (var þat heit þá fest ok játat af altri alþýðu); vera lítt við alþýðu skap, to be upopular;
3) the common people (ánauð ok úlfrelsi gekk yfir fólk allt, bæði ríka menn ok alpýðu).
u, f. the public, people; svá at a. vissi, Sd. 167; sagði þá allri alþýðu, told all people, Eg. 271.
β. people assembled in a body; er þat bænarstaðr minn til allrar alþýðu, all the assembled commons, Nj. 189, Fms. i. 33.
γ. í alþýðu lífi, in common life, 655 xxi. 3. With gen., a. manna = öll a., everybody, the overwhelming majority, bulk of people assembled, Eg. 193, where it is used of the household; a. manna var á brott farin, nearly all people had left, 220; a. manna gerðu (pl.) góðan róm at máli hans, the whole meeting cheered his speech, Fms. vii. 242. It is now almost solely used of the common people, allt fólk, bæði ríka menn (wealthy) ok alþýðu, Fms. v. 113; cp. alþýðis-fólk.
COMPDS: alþýðudrykkja, alþýðuleið, alþýðulof, alþýðumaðr, alþýðumál, alþýðuskap, alþýðutal, alþýðuvápn, alþýðuvegr, alþýðuvirðing, alþýðuvitni, alþýðuþyss.
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dd, dep. in the phrase, a. til e-s, to incline towards, attach oneself to, Fms. vi. 135.
n. = þýða.
n. = alþýða, and alþýðis-fólk, id., Bs. i. 805.
a. common, general; alþýðisligr maðr = mennskr maðr, a common man; í lígri rœðu, in ordinary speech; hitt væri alþýðisligra, more plain.
adj. common, general; a. maðr = menskr maðr, a common man, Fas. ii. 251; í alþýðligri ræðu, common parlance, Skálda 185; hitt væri alþýðlegra (more plain), at segja, 208; a. fyrir sakir siðferðis, of plain manners, Finnb. 298.
a. quite acceptable or pleasing (to one).
adj. [þiggja], quite acceptable, pleasant to, Hom. 75.
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adj. part. excited, stirred up, Sks. 230.
(að), v. to vex, molest;
refl., amast við e-n, e-t, to inconvenience, trouble (ömuðust liðsmenn lítt við hana); to object to, disapprove, show dislike to (~ við bygð e-s).
að, to vex, annoy, molest; with dat. of the person, eigi skuluð þér a. Ruth, Stj. 423, Fms. i. 244.
β. dep. (more freq.), amast við e-n, to annoy, molest, in order to get rid of one, Landn. 66, Nj. 130, 199, v. l.; ömuðust liðsmenn lítt við hana, Fms. v. 305, vii. 166, Fs. 32; at hann mundi eigi a. við (object to) bygð hans, Sd. 139: absol. to dislike, Nj. 167. ami, a, m. vexation, annoyance, is now used in the phrase, að vera e-m til ama, to become a cause of vexation to: ama-samr, adj. and ama-semi, f. bad humour; cp. also ömurligr, distressing; amatligr, loathsome.
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að, to enamel (Fr. word émailler), Fms. xi. 427, Vm. 152, 165.
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a, m. amethyst (for. word), Str.
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or ámátligr, adj. loathsome, hideous (freq. at the present day), Hkv. 1. 38.
f. (Norse) = ömbun.
f., ambana, að, and ambun, ambuna, recompense (Norse); v. ömbun, ömbuna.
f.
1) bondwoman;
2) concubine.
pl. ir, f. [cp. Ulf. andbahts = διάκονος, ύπηρέτης; A. S. ambight; Hel. ambaht, servitium; O. H. G. ampaht; hence the mod. Germ. amt, Dan. embede, Icel. embætti; the mod. Rom. ambassador, ambassade are of the same stock; Ital. ambasciadore, nuntius; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. 6. 15—circum se ambactos clientesque habent, v. Diez on this root. The Icel. am- is an assimilated form from and-], a bondwoman, handmaid; þræll eðr a., Grág. ii. 152, 156. (where the older form ambótt), N. G. L. i. 76; konungs a., freq. of a royal concubine, Fms. i. 14, Fagrsk. ch. 21: cp. embætta and embætti. Cp. also mod. ambaga, u, f. an awkward person; amböguligr, adj. and ambögu-skapr, m. clumsy manners, perh. all of them related to ambótt.
COMPDS: ambáttarbarn, ambáttardóttir, ambáttarligr, ambáttarmót, ambáttarsonr, ambáttafang.
a. vile, like an ambátt.
adj. vile, like an a., Fas. i. 244.
n. child of a bondwoman.
n. child of an a., Fms. i. 72.
f. daughter of a bondwoman.
f. daughter of an a., Eg. 345.
n. exfiression (mien) of a bondwoman (er eigi ~ á henni).
n. expression of an a., Fas. i. 147.
m. son of a bondwoman.
m. son of an a., Grág. i. 363, Ld. 70, 98.
n. tussle between bondwomen.
n. a term of contempt, a woman’s tussle, as it were between two bondswomen, Sd. 162 (of wrestling).
n. = andboð, annboð.
n. utensils, v. andboð.
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a, m. a nickname of uncertain signification. Egilsson supposes that of bi-ceps: most probably amb- denotes some animal; cp. Hjart-höfði, Hart-head, and Orkn-höfði, Seal-head, Sturl. i. 35 (in a verse).
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a, m. vexation, discomfort, Stef. Ól.
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a, m.
1. the true name of the mythical prince of Denmark, Amlethus of Saxo, Hamlet of Shakespeare.
2. now used metaph. of an imbecile, weak person, one of weak bodily frame, wanting in strength or briskness, unable to do his work, not up to the mark. It is used in phrases such as, þú ert mesti Amlóði, what a great A. you are, i. e. poor, weak fellow. In a poem of the 10th century (Edda 67), the seashore is called the flour-bin of Amlode (meldr-lið Amlúða, navis farinae Amlodif), the sand being the flour, the sea the mill: which recals the words of Hamlet in Saxo,—‘sabulum perinde ac farra aspicere jussus eadem albicantibus maris procellis permolita esse respondit.’ From this poem it may be inferred that in the 10th century the tale of Hamlet was told in Icel., and in a shape much like that given it by Saxo about 250 years later. Did not Saxo (as he mentions in his preface) write his story from the oral tradition of Icelanders? In Iceland this tale was lost, together with the Skjöldunga Saga. The Icel. Ambales Saga MS. in the Brit. Mus. is a modern composition of the 17th century.
COMPDS now in freq. use: amlóðaligr, adj. …
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f. grandmother (fóður-móðir, móður-móðir).
u, f. [cp. afi], grandmother; now in freq. use, but rarely in the Sagas, which use föður-móðir and móður-móðir, Hým. 7, Rm. 16, Edda 109, Nj. 119, Ld. 328. In compds, ömmu-bróðir, ömmu-systir, etc.; lang-amma, u, f. is a great-grandmother. [In Germ. amme means a nurse.]
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adj. dismal, Landn. (in a verse).
m. jug (ampulla).
a, m. and hömpull, s, m. [ampulla], a jug, Vm. 6, 47, Dipl. iii. 4, B. K. 31.
COMPD: ömpulsbrot.
(að), v. to howl or yell piteously (of cats).
að, to howl piteously, Fs. 45 (of cats); cp. ömurligr, piteous, and ömruligr, adj. id.
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n. [cp. Germ. amsteig = palearium], a rick, Orkn. 448, an απ. λεγ.: amstr now means toil: cp. amstrast, að, to toil.
prep. without;
1) with gen.; þess máttu Gautar illa án vera, they could not well do without it; án allrar vægðar, without any mercy;
2) with dat.; án e-s ráði, without (against) his will; án afláti, incessantly;
3) with acc.; án alla flærð, without any deceit; án leyfi, without leave.
conj. than, Lat. quam, is the old form, and constantly used in MSS. of the 12th century, instead of ‘en’ or ‘enn,’ q. v.
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að, to rush on, now freq.
(að), v. to breathe, live (meðan þeir megu ~);
refl. ~st, to breathe one’s last, die.
að, [Ulf. has us-anan = ἐκπνειν; cp. Gr. ανεμος, wind, and Lat. animus, anima, spirit, breath: the Germans say geist, spirit, and athmen, spirare: Ulf. translates πνευμα by ahma, νους by aha; Hel. spiritus by gêst and athom, whence Germ. athmen: cp. Swed. ånd, ånde, spiritus, spirare.]
I. act. to breathe, and of the wind, to waft; meðan þeir megu anda ok upp standa, Bs. i. 224, Karl. 95; Þórðr andar nú handan, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse).
II. dep. andast, to breathe one’s last, expire; Mörðr Gígja tók sótt ok andaðist, Fiddle Mord ‘took sick’ and breathed his last, Nj. 29; en ef svá ferr at ek öndumk, but if it fares so that I die. Eg. 127; þar hefir andast faðir minn, Fas. iii. 619. Part. andaðr, dead; hón var þá onduð, had breathed her last, Ld. 16; jarlinn vai þá a., Fms. i. 149.
adv. spiritually.
adv. spiritually, = andliga, Fms. v. 230.
m. breath, respiration.
m. a drawing breath, Bs. i. 189, and freq. in mod. usage.
n. duck’s egg.
n. a duck’s egg, Eg. 152.
n. ducks.
n. ducks, Fb. i. 480.
m. drake.
a, m. a drake, Karl. 260.
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adj. lifeless, breathless, = andvana.
(að), v. to breathe, live (meðan þeir megu ~);
refl. ~st, to breathe one’s last, die.
and andar-, the compds belonging to önd, anima, and önd, a duck, v. sub voce önd.
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f. inspiration, gift of the Holy Ghost, Fms. iv. 48.
n. breathing.
n. breathing, Fas. iii. 348.
a. spiritual (andalig fœða).
adj. spiritual, = andligr, Stj. 8, Dipl. ii. 11.
m.
1) breath, breathing; a. Ingimundar er ekki góðr, his breath smells, is foul;
2) current of air (a handar þinnar);
3) gramm., aspiration (linr, snarpr a.);
4) soul (guð skapaði líkamann ok andann); gjalda guði sinn anda, to die;
5) spirit, spiritual being; úhreinn a., an unclean spirit; heilagr a., the Holy Ghost.
a, m.
1. prop. breath, breathing; af anda fisksins, Edda 19; cp. hverr andalauss lifir, who lives without breathing, in the Riddles of Gestumblindi, Fas. i. 482; af anda hans, Greg. 20, Sks. 41 B; andi er Ingimundar, ekki góðr á bekkinn, of foul breath, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse).
2. a current of air; andi handar þinnar, air caused by the waving of the hand, 623. 33: now freq. of a soft breeze.
3. (gramm.) aspiration; linr, snarpr a., Skálda 175, 179.
II. metaph. and of Christian origin, spirit. In the Icel. translation of the N. T. andi answers to πνευμα, sál to ψυχή (cp. Luke i. 46, 47); Guð skapaði líkamann ok andann, Mar. 656; taki þér við líkamanum en Drottinn við andanum, id.; gjalda Guði sinn anda, Mar. 39 (Fr.); hjarta, andi ok vizka, id. In some of these cases it may answer to ψυχή, but the mod. use is more strict: as a rule there is a distinction between ‘önd,’ f. anima, and ‘andi,’ m. animus, yet in some cases both are used indifferently, thus Luke xxiii. 46 is translated by ‘andi,’ yet ‘önd’ is more freq., Pass. 44. 21, 45. …
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m. day of death.
m. day of death, Bs. i. 466.
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n. id., 686 B.
f. grief for a death.
f. grief for a death, Stj. 196.
f. time of death.
f. and -tími, a, m. time of death, Greg. 78, Stj. 9.
adv. spiritually.
adv. spiritually, Sks. 614, 649, Stj. 27, 34, Hom. 57.
a. spiritual (biskup hefir andligt vald til ~a hluta).
adj. [Hel. translates spiritualis by gëstlic, Germ. geistlich, Ulf. πνευματικός by ahmeins], spiritual; in the N. T. πνευματικός is translated by andligr, 1 Cor. xv. 44: a. fagnaðr, 656 C; a. herklæði, 656 A. ii. 18; a. skilning, Greg. 23; a. líf, Skálda 199; biskup hefir andligt vald til andligra hluta, a bishop has spiritual power in spiritual things (opp. to veraldligr, κοσμικός), Gþl. 73; andlig skírn, Hom. 52.
f. visor.
f. visor, Sks. 406.
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adj. in the phrase, vel a., of fair, well-formed features, better in two words (andliti farinn), Sturl. iii. 178 C.
n. cancer in the face.
n. cancer in the face, Sturl. ii. 185.
n. pl. = andlitsskepna; var vel sköpum, had well formed features.
n. pl. lineaments of the face, N. G. L. i. 339; vel andlits sköpum, of well-formed features, Fms. viii. 238.
m. pl. snow-shoes.
m. pl. [Ivar Aasen a wander], snow shoes, in sing. prob. öndurr, cp. the compds öndor-dís and öndor-goð, used of the goddess Skaði, in the Edda; found only in Norway, where the word is still in use; in Icel. only remaining in the proverb snæliga snuggir kváðu Finnar, áttu andra fala, Fms. vii. 20, of a silly act, to sell one’s snow shoes just when it begins to snow. Prob. a Finnish word; v. skíð.
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m. a band of enemies, Fms. v. 269, Grág. ii. 19.
m. respondent, defender.
m. a law term, a respondent, defender, Jb. 30.
m. unwelcome guest.
m. an unwelcome guest, in the phrase, vera e-m a., Fbr. 7, 24 new Ed. (now freq.)
a. = öndverðr.
adverse, v. öndverðr.
a prefix denoting whatever is opposite, against, towards, and fig. hostile, adverse; often spelt an- or ann-.
a prefixed prep. [Ulf. uses a separate prep. and; A. S. and-; Germ. ant-, ent-, empf-; it exists in Engl. in an-swer; Lat. ante-; Gr. ἀντι-], denoting whatever is opposite, against, towards, and metaph. hostile, adverse; freq. spelt and pronounced an- or ann-; it is used in a great many compds, v. below. If followed by v, the a changes into ö, e. g. öndverðr, adversus; in andvirði, prize, however, the a is unchanged.
pp. blown up, inflated with wind or air.
adj. part. [önd], inflated, Skálda 169.
n. porch.
and anndyri, n. [Lat. atrium; from önd, atrium, q. v.], a porch; hón dró hann fram yfir dyrnar ok svá í anddyrit, Grett. 140, Nj. 140, Fms. ii. 148, Bs. i. 804.