(gen. -s, dat. jaðri, pl. jaðrar), m.
1) edge, border, selvage (of cloth, of a sail, tent, etc.);
2) poet. prince, lord (ása j., folks j.).
m., dat. jaðri, pl. jaðrar; a form jöðurr (as vaðall and vöðull) occurs in Vsp. 5: [A. S. and Hel. edor = septum; provinc. Bavarian ettor, Schmeller]:—the edge, selvage, of cloth, Grág. i. 408, Nj. 176, v. l.; of a tent, Stj. 307, Str. 40: of a sail, Mag.: of the limb of the moon, Rb. 34: the edge-beam or rail of a paling, sá garðr er gildr, er öln er á meðal staurs hvers, en hjástaurr enn þriði, ok jaðarr er yfir, N. G. L. i. 246: poët., himin-jöður, the ‘sky-border,’ horizon, Vsp.; ský-jaðarr, ‘cloud-border,’ the heaven, Geisli 2; sólar-jaðarr, id.: the edge of the hand (handar-jaðarr), Edda 110: the border along the shore, með Blálands jaðri, Lex. Poët.; fróns jaðarr, id.; Eylands jaðarr = ora maritima, Merl. 2. 5: whence a local name of the Norse district, Jaðarr, m. Jæderen; also Jaðar-byggð, f., and Jaðar-byggjar, m. pl. the men of the country J., Fb., Fms. passim.
II. metaph. [A. S. eodor, Beow.], the foremost, best, with gen.; Ása jaðarr, the best of all the Ases, Ls. 35: fólks jaðarr, the best of men, Hkv. …
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adj. loose in the edge, of stuff, Grág. i. 498.
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n. whiskers, Sks. 288, (recorded as a German fashion.)
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að, to brim, border; jaðraðr, part. bordered, Gþl. 308.
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n. a kind of Icel. bird, numenius: mod. jarðreka, Edda (Gl.)
a.
1) even; jöfn tala, even number;
2) equal, the same; þínar (viz. ferðir) verða flestar jafnastar, thy doings are mostly the same, all equally bad; hann var ellefu vetra ok sterkr at jöfnum aldri, and strong for his age; jafn e-m, equal to one; jafnt er sem þér sýnist, af er fótrinn, it is just as it appears to thee, the leg is off; komast til jafns við e-n, hafa e-t til jafns við e-n, to equal one, be one’s match in a thing; at jöfnu, equally, in equal shares.
adj., also spelt jamn, f. jöfn, neut. jafnt, often spelt as well as proncd. jamt; compar. jafnari, superl. jafnastr: [Ulf. ibns, Luke vi. 17; A. S. efen; Engl. and Dutch even; old Fr. ivin; O. H. G. eban; mod. Germ. eben; Dan. jevn; Swed. jemn; akin to Lat. aequus by interchange of palatal and labial, see Grimm’s Dict. s. v. eben]:—even, equal, but, like Lat. aequus, mostly in a metaph. sense, for sléttr (q. v.) answers to Lat. planus; often followed by a dat., jafn e-u, equal to a thing, in comparison:
I. equal, equal to; jöfn eyri (dat.) gulls, K. Þ. K. 72; jafn Guði, equal to God; jafn mér, passim.
2. equal, the same; enda er jöfn helgi hans meðan hann ferr svá með sér, Grág. i. 93; ella er jöfn sök við hann fram á leið, 322; at ek verða jafn drengr í hvert sinn, Sd. 188; þínar verða flestar jafnastar, thy acts are mostly the same, i. e. all bad, Fms. viii. 409.
3. fixed, unchanged; með jafnri leigu, jöfnum kaupum, jöfnum skildaga, Rétt. 2. 7, Stat. 264, Fb. ii. 137; hann var ellefu vetra eðr tíu, ok sterkr at jöfnum aldri, and strong for his age, Eg. …
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I)
(að), v.
1) to cut even, to trim (mörum sínum mön ~ði);
2) to make equal;
3) to divide in equal shares (j. ríki með sér);
4) j. e-u til e-s, við e-t, to compare (liken) one thing with (to) another; j. e-u saman, to compare, set of one thing against another (var þá ~t saman vígum);
5) refl., ~st við e-n, ~st e-m, to even oneself with, call oneself a match for, another; j. orðum við e-n, to bandy words with one.
II)
f. level ground, plain (hann flýði af hálsinum ofan á jöfnu).
u, f. [O. H. G. epani; Germ. ebene], level ground, a plain, Lat. planities; hann flýði af hálsinum ofan á jöfnu, Hkr. i. 151; er þar þriggja mílna för af jöfnu til þorpsins, Greg. 80; koma niðr á jöfnu, Stj. 380, Róm. 272.
I)
(að), v.
1) to cut even, to trim (mörum sínum mön ~ði);
2) to make equal;
3) to divide in equal shares (j. ríki með sér);
4) j. e-u til e-s, við e-t, to compare (liken) one thing with (to) another; j. e-u saman, to compare, set of one thing against another (var þá ~t saman vígum);
5) refl., ~st við e-n, ~st e-m, to even oneself with, call oneself a match for, another; j. orðum við e-n, to bandy words with one.
II)
f. level ground, plain (hann flýði af hálsinum ofan á jöfnu).
að, jamna, [Ulf. ga-ibnjan: cp. jafn], to make even, but seldom in its original sense, see slétta: to cut even, Katla lék at hafri sínum ok jafnaði topp hans ok skegg, Eb. 94; mörum sínum mön jafnaði, Þkv. 6.
II. metaph. to make equal; svá sem skálir jafna (make to balance) tvær vágir, 732. 18; en í arfinum megi jafna hlut þeirra, Grág. i. 173; búar skulu j. hlut manna, ii. 343.
2. with dat. and with a prep.; jafna e-u saman, to compare, to set off one against the other; var þá jafnat saman vígum, Nj. 250; búar skulu jamna þar nesjum saman, Grág. ii. 262: jafna e-u við e-t, to compare one thing with another; en hvat of jafni öðrum mönnum við hana, Mar.; er hinum fornum lögum jafnat við blót, Eluc. 39; jamnit ér auðæfum yðrum við sönn auðæfi, Greg. 27: jafna e-u til e-s, to liken one thing to another; því hefi ek jafnat þessu til hornspónsins, at …, Bs. i. 59; Gunnhildi þótti hyggjuleysi til ganga, eðr öfund, ef nokkurum manni var til Hrúts jafnat, Ld. 60; svá má ek helzt til jafna þessum konungum, Fas. iii. 60: absol., svo til að jafna, sem …, so for example, as if …
III. …
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n. fair offer.
n. a fair offer, Fas. ii. 444.
m. fair judgement; leggja mál til jafnaðardóms, to put a case before an umpire.
m. a law term, arbitrium; leggja mál til jafnaðardóms, to put a case for an umpire, Nj. 101; tvennir kostir …, bjóða Þórgilsi jafnaðardóm, ok mundi hann svara fégjöldum eptir því sem dómr félli á, sá annarr at unna Þorgils sjálfdæmis, Sturl. iii. 170 (where jafnaðardómr is opp. to sjálfdæmi), Sks. 736.
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m. a law term, Gþl. 199; for this word see eiðr.
m. a meeting on equal terms.
m. a meeting for making an agreement, Sturl. ii. 134.
n. even temper.
n. an even temper, Sks. 448.
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f. a law term, an equal gift, equal portion; gaf hann henni tuttugu hundruð af sínu gózi, ok reiknaði þat j. við Halldóru dóttur sína, Dipl. iv. 7.
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n. an equal share, equal portion, Dipl. v. 3.
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f.; leggja e-t undir jafnaðarhönd, to share a thing in common, N. G. L. i. 220.
n. equal bargain.
n. an equal bargain, Ld. 96.
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u, f. a fair rent, Jb. 392.
m.
1) equal match;
2) fair (impartial) man.
m. an equal match; taka sér jafnaðarmenn, Fms. vii. 119, Band. 37 new Ed.: as a law term, an umpire, Fms. ix. 327: a fair, forbearing man, vizkumaðr mikill ok jafnaðarmaðr, x. 170; ofsa-maðr mikill ok ekki j. (overbearing), Sturl. ii. 143; lítill j., Fb. i. 520; jarl þótti engi j., Orkn. 44.
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a, m. a law term, an agreement, Dipl. iv. 2.
a. fair.
adj. (-semi, f.), fair, Sturl. ii. 143.
n. fairdealing.
n. fair dealing, Grett. 105 A.
m. mutual affection.
a, m. mutual affection; j. er á með ykkr, ye love one another, Korm. 26, Grett. 162 A, Fas. i. 176.
(gen. -ar), m.
1) comparison;
2) equal share (en þaðan af höfum vit jafnað báðir); at jafnaði, in equal proportions (skipta e-u at jafnaði); usually, as a rule (= með jafnaði);
3) equity, fairness.
m. and jöfnuðr, gen. ar, [Ulf. ibnassus = ισότης], an equal share; en þaðan af höfum vit jafnað af báðir, Hrafn, 17; slíkt sem honum sýndisk jöfnuðr milli þeirra, Fms. xi. 87; skyldi fimm tigir hundraða í jafnað Sigríðar, Dipl. v. 3; í jafnað við þat góz, sem …, id.; at jafnaði, in equal proportion; eiga e-t at jafnaði, Grág. ii. 72; skipta e-u at jafnaði, i. 442, Fms. xi. 401, Fb. ii. 55, 256: in temp. sense, usually, ekki að jafnaði, Fas. iii. 226, Mar.; með jafnaði, id., Mar.
2. the dat. plur. jafnöðum (in mod. pronunciation jafnóðum) is used in adv. sense; hann mæðir sik í föstum ok vökum ok á bænum at liggja, ok jafnöðum svá talandi, Th. 7: in mod. usage, bit by bit, one by one, each in its turn …, eg vil spyrja þá jafnóðum ok þeir koma, I will ask them one by one as they come in; as also jafnótt, see jafn B.
II. metaph. equity, fairness, justice, Karl. 554, freq. esp. in mod. usage.
COMPDS: jafnaðarboð, jafnaðardómr, jafnaðareiðr, jafnaðarfundr, jafnaðargeð, jafnaðargjöf, jafnaðarhlutskipti, jafnaðarhönd, jafnaðarkaup, jafnaðarleiga, jafnaðarmaðr, jafnaðarmáli, jafnaðarsamr, jafnaðarskipti, jafnaðarþokki. …
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adv. constantly, always.
and jamnan, adv. constantly, always, Fms. ii. 37, Barl. 78; sem þú sagðir jafnan, as thou didst say always, Nj. 17; næsta jafnan, Sks. 18; æ jamnan, ever and ever, Sks. 193 B, passim.
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m. = jafni, Hjalt.
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m. a nickname, from hair as dyed (?), Landn.
m.
1) equalness; mæla til jafna (= til jafns) við e-n, to speak just as well as another;
2) even number (= jöfn tala).
1. a, m. an equal, a match for one: of a thing, mæl til jafna (= til jafna) við e-n, Fb. i. 250: mathem. an even number, í odda en eigi í jafna, Hom. (St.)
2. a, m., botan. lycopodium clavatum, a herb used by dyers, Hjalt., mentioned in Sd.; jafna-baggi, jafna-belgr, a bag full of jafni, Landn. 208.
COMPDS: jafnabróðir, jafnakollr.
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(jamyndir menn), prop. a part. pl., a law term, ‘day’s men,’ umpires; in Norse law, these day’s men served as a kind of neighbours or jurors in matter of compensation; bæta … sem jamyndir menn (as adj.) meta, N. G. L. i. 75; en ef hins verðr lóð, er lög festi fyrir, þá skolu jamnyndir menn meta, hve mikit hann neytti til laga stefnu, 248; bæta munda-baugi, sem jafnendr unno, þeir er okkr vilja sætta, Hbl. 42, analogous to the Icel. law phrases, sem búar meta, of the Grágás.
(pl. -jar), m. equal, match.
a, m. an equal, a match, Nj. 29, Fms. vi. 104, xi. 76: the saying, æ kemr maðr manns í stað, en ei jafningi jafnan, passim: in Þiðr. and Karl. the peers of Charlemagne are called jafningjar.
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n. a quarrel, squabble, Lat. rixa.
(að), v.
1) to harp on one string; j. ávallt á enni sömu sök, to be always harping on the same case;
2) to hunt (j. dýr), rare.
að, [O. H. G. jagon; mid. H. G. jage; Germ. jagen; whence mod. Dan. jagen, pret. jog = to drive, whence to hunt, but in Icel. only in a particular sense]:—to move to and fro, e. g. as a door on its hinges.
2. metaph. to harp on one string; hvat þarf ek um slíkt at jaga, Mkv.; jaga ávallt á enni sömn sök, to be harping all along on the same case, Mork. 183.
3. reflex. jagast, to altercate, Lat. rixari; cp. jag.
II. to hunt; jaga dýr, Fas. iii. 273; in this sense however the word can hardly be said to be Icelandic.
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or jakt, n. [jaga], a yacht, (mod.)
m. broken ice, ice-floe.
a, m. [cp. A. S. gicel], a piece of ice, broken ice, Fas. i. 472, Eb. 236–240, Grett. 140, passim.
COMPDS: jaka-för, f. and jaka-hlaup, n. broken ice in a river, Grett. l. c.; see jökull: bel-jaki, a bulging piece of ice, metaph. a rough strong man; hann er mesti beljaki.
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m. James: Jakobs-land, n. St. James’ land, Compostella in Spain: Jakobs-messa, -vaka, St. James’ mass, vigil, Fms.: botan., Jakobs-fífill, m. erigeron Alpinus, Alpine flea-bane, Hjalt.
f. mare (í jöldu líki).
u, f. [provinc. Swed. jälda], a mare, only in poetry, gömul jalda í stóði, Kormak (twice); í jöldu líki, Fms. xi. 42 (in a verse); ríða jöldu, Grett. (in a verse). Jöldu-hlaup, n. Mare’s-leap, a local name in the north of Ireland, Landn.
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að, to grumble, (slang.)
m. pl. men from Jamtaland in Sweden.
m. pl. men from Jamtaland in Sweden, Fms.
see jafn-.
and jamn-, see jafn-.
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að, to mumble, as with a toothless mouth.
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ad, to harp on the same thing.
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m. [Norse jever], poët. a kind of snake, Edda (Gl.)
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u, f. = japr, Edda (Gl.)
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u, f., poët. a fight, battle, Edda (Gl.), Ísl. ii. 353 (in a verse); jöru skript, a ‘war-tablet,’ i. e. a shield; jöru-þollr, a warrior, Lex. Poët.
II. in pr. names; of women, Jar-þrúðr (mod. Jarð-þrúðr), Fms. vii; of men, Jör-undr, Landn.
(að), v. to earth, bury.
að, [Engl. to earth], to earth, bury, Bjarn. 69, Nj. 99, Eg. 130, Ísl. ii. 19, Mar.: reflex., H. E. i. 510.
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f. earthing, H. E. i. 493.
gen. from jörð.
see jörð.
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n. pl., Germ. erd-beeren, strawberries.
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f. reclamation of land, N. G. L. i. 238, Jb. 190.
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f. a leasing of land.
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part. a landowner, Gþl. 337. jarðar-eign, f. possession of land, Pm. 45: an estate, Dipl. iii. 10, iv. 9.
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n. mortgaged land. Dipl. v. 9.
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f. burial.
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f. a holding of land, tenure, Jb. 261.
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m. the half of a land or farm, Dipl. iv. 2, v. 24.
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n. a hundrað (q. v.) in an estate.
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f. = jarðarhefð, Gþl. 91.
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or jarða-kaup, n. the purchase of land, Dipl. iii. 8.
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u, f. rent of land, Gþl. 260.
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f. the publication of a conveyance of land, Gþl. 307.
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n. a landmark, march or boundary of land, Dipl. v. 7.
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a, m. a lease, MS. 346, 167.
n. strength of the earth (sá var aukinn jarðarmegni or jarðarmagni).
n. a certain portion of land; þá skulu þeir svá halda garði upp sem þeir hafa j. til, N. G. L. i. 40; halda kirkju-góðs eptir jarðarmagni, H. E. i. 459; sá leiðangr er görisk af jarðarmagni, Gþl. 91.
n. ‘earth-main,’ power, in a mythol. sense, Hm. 138, Hdl. 37, Gkv. 2. 21.
n. a long sod or turf; ganga undir ~, to creep under a sod partially detached from the earth.
n. [Dan. jordsmon], a sod, turf, Lat. caespes, Landn. 293 (in a verse), Eb. (in a verse); ganga undir jarðarmen: for the heathen rite of creeping under a sod partially detached from the earth and letting the blood mix with the mould, see Gísl. 11, Fbr. 6 new Ed.: as an ordeal, Ld. ch. 18: as a disgrace, similar to the Lat. jugum subire, Nj. 181, Vd. ch. 33.
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m. a portion of land, Dipl. iv. 13.
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f. seizure (unlawful) of land, Gþl. 357.
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m. a parcel of land, Jm. 8, Pm. 52.
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n. a parcelling of land, Gþl. 286, 287: mod.
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n. damage of land, Rd. 274, Gþl. 311.
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m. = jarðarreitr, Dipl. iii. 12.
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a, m. = jarðarspell.
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n. the price of land, Dipl. v. 17, 22.
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u, f. consecration of land by sprinkling holy water, N. G. L. i. 352.
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m. a ‘land-thief,’ a law term of a person who removes the mark-stones, N. G. L. i. 44.
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n. a survey of land for making a terrier: jarðamats-bók, the terrier of an estate:—so also
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a, m.
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f. escheatage of land, N. G. L. i. 96.
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n. pl. = exchange of lands, Dipl. i. 12.
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n. a ‘land-tale,’ a register of farms.
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adj. = jarðneskr, Barl. 36.
n. want of grazing (from snow or frost).
n. ‘earth-ban,’ when, from the earth being frozen or covered with snow, there is no feed for cattle, Eb. 290, Fb. i. 522, Bs. i. 873.
f. stronghold of earth.
f. earth-works, an earth stronghold, Hkr. ii. 69.
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m. the earth’s convexity, Rb. 474.
m. underground-dweller.
a, m. an earth-dweller, a dweller in underground caves, Fms. iii. 119.
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part. a tenant, Gísl. 83.
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m. = jarðbyggjandi, Vellekla.
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n. an earth-dyke, Stj. 194, v. l.
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part. a landowner, Gþl. 348.
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f. landed property.
m. volcanic fire.
m. ‘earth-fire,’ volcanic fire, Landn. 78, Symb. 27, Bret. 8, Stj. 89, Grett. 141 new Ed.
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n. pl. [Germ. erd-apfeln, Fr. pommes de terre], potatoes, (mod.)
n. earth-slip.
n. an earth-slip, Gísl. 33, Glúm. 341, Sks. 50, Pr. 381, Ísl. ii. 10.
a. fixed in the earth (~ steinn).
adj. earth-fast, fixed in the earth; j. steinn, Fms. xi. 442, Fas. ii. 256, Finnb. 324; j. hæll, Stj. 417, v. l.
n. treasure hidden in the earth.
n. treasure hidden in the earth, Grág. ii. 403, Hkr. i. 12.
n. drifting snow.
n. a snow-drift, Valla L. 218: mod. skafrenningr.
pp. hidden in the earth.
part. hidden in the earth, Gþl. 310, Barl. 199.
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f. an earth-pit, Stj. 193.
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part. = jarðfastr, Eg. (in a verse).
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adj. ‘lord of earth,’ epithet of a king, Eg. (in a verse).
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m. an underground cave, Stj. 89.
f. subterranean (volcanic) heat.
u, f. = jarðhiti, Stj. 82, Bs. i. 306.
m. subterranean (volcanic) heat.
a, m. subterranean, volcanic heat, Bs. i. 118, Grett. 136.
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m. a land-allotter, liege-lord, Kormak.
f. earth-hole.
u, f. an earth-hole, Eg. 767, Edda (pref.), Al. 166, Stj. 89.
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m. wild hops, Hjalt.
n. underground room or passage.
n. an earth-house, underground home, Landn. 32 (in Ireland), Fms. vi. 149 (in besieging), Eg. 234, Fær. 169; or an underground passage opening into a dwelling house, and used for hiding or as a means of escape, freq. mentioned in the Sagas, Dropl. 28, Gísl. 44, Háv. 49, Fms. i. 15. jarðhús-nautr, m. a sword taken from a j., Fs.
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n. a large vat fixed in the floor, for keeping butter or the like, Pm. 91; mod. birða.
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n. pl. fossil coal or saltpetre (?), Sks. 392; jarðkol ok brennusteinn = saltpetre (?) and brimstone.
m. choice of land, land to be had.
m. a choice of land, land to be had, Stj. 190.
m. cross-shaped mark in the ground.
m. a cross-shaped sod, cut so as to serve for a mark or boundary, K. Þ. K. 90, Valla L. 208, Dipl. i. 7.
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(-kvikendi), n. a land animal, Ver. 2.
f. a bath in a warm spring in the earth.
f. a bath in a warm spring from the earth, Ísl. ii. 412.
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n. adj. furnishing no grazing; cp. jarðbann.
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u, f. land-rent, Js. 83.
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n. = jarðbann.
a. earthly.
adj. earthly, Lat. terrestris, Edda (pref.), Fb. iii. 465, Fms. x. 317, Niðrst. 6, Greg. 44, Hom. 38, Hem. 33. 2.
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m. earth colour, dark colour, MS. 544. 39.
f. ‘earth-louse’.
f. an ‘earth-louse,’ pediculus calcareus (Mohr), or rather a kind of beetle, cp. A. S. earðwicge, Engl. earwig: used in contempt, munu jarðlýsnar, synir Gríms, verða mér at bana? Landn. 146.
a. lying on the ground.
adj. lying on the ground, of a keel, Fms. x. 319.
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m. [Dan. jords-mon], a strip of land, portion, D. N.
a. earthly.
adj. earthly, esp. in an eccl. sense, Fms. x. 342, Stj. 14. 20, O. H. L. 11, Játv. ch. 3, N. T., Vídal., Pass.
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n. a home, tenancy. jarðnæðis-lauss, adj. homeless, of a tenant.
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m. ploughing, Stj.
n. the earth, world, opp. to himinríki.
n. the earth, the world, Edda (pref.), Sks. 491, Fms. i. 225, Barl. 84, etc.: esp. the kingdom of earth, eccl., opp. to himinríki, N. T., Vídal.
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t, to bury, Pr. 413.
m. earthquake.
a, m. an earthquake, Sks. 143, Hom. 139, Mar., freq. in mod. usage; cp. landskjálpti.
f. underground room.
u, f. = jarðhús, Fms. vii. 32: the floor = Germ. erdgeschoss, D. N. i. 350, iv. 395, (Fr.)
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n. the act of throwing to the earth.
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að, to throw one to the earth, a law term.
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m. the earth, Mag.: in mod. usage a soil, góðr j., íllr j., sendinn j., etc., good, bad, sandy soil.
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u, f. agriculture, (mod.)
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adv. querulously, (mod. and slang.)
m. the outside edge of the foot.
a, m. [akin to jaðarr, qs. jaðrki], the outside of the foot, Edda 110, freq. in mod. usage; hoppa út á jörkum, to walk on the jarki: in the Færoic dialect jarki is used of the hand = handar-jaðar.
m. glittering gem.
m. [prob. a for. word derived from the A. S. eorcnan-stân]:—a gem, it occurs only in the following poems, Vkv. 23, 33, Gkv. 1. 18, 3. 9, which may all have been composed by one man, who borrowed the word from the A. S.
(-s, -ar), m.
1) poet. a highborn, noble man or warrior;
2) earl (in dignity next to the king).
m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; Engl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old and common to the Saxons as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specifically Norse, which afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was finally established by the Norman Conquest.
A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk, as opp. to the churl folk or common people (karlar, búendr); thus the old poem Rígsmál distinguishes three classes, earls, churls, and thralls (jarla-ætt, karla-ætt, þræla-ætt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost proverbially opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, ‘erl’ is used about a hundred times = a man. Prof. Munch suggested that the name of the Teutonic people Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative (warriors), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countries this use of jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in poët. phrases, in old saws, and in law phrases; oddar görva jarli megin, spears make the earl’s might, Mkv. …
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a, m. champion of earls (of Orkney), a nickname, Landn.
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n. poet of earls, a nickname of the poet Arnor for his poems on the earls of Orkney.
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f. pl. Earls’ Sagas (earls of Orkney), the old name of the present Orkneyinga Saga, Fb. ii. 347, Ó. H. 100.
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n. a young earl, earl’s heir, N. G. L.
m. an earl’s follower.
m. an earl’s man, follower, Nj. 127.
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n. earl’s libel, name of a poem, Fb. i.
n. dominion of an earl, earldom.
n. an earldom, Hkr. i. 101, Fms. xi. 179.
n. earl’s seat.
n. an earl’s seat, Hkr. i. 81.
pp. earl-born, an earl by birth.
part. earl-born, Fs. 125.
m. earldom.
or jarls-dómr, m. an earldom, Landn. 260, Fms. i. 6, vii. 315, Hkr. i. 263.
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n. = jarldómr, Fms.
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m. an earl.
2. freq. as a pr. name on Swed. Runic stones, Baut. passim.
II. an earl’s man, Lex. Poët.
(að), v. to bleat, of sheep and goats (ærin ~ði).
að, to bleat, of sheep and goats, Grett. 137 A, Greg. 50 passim.
m. bleating (sauða j.); screaming of birds (fugls j.).
m. [prob. identical with A. S. geomor; Hel. jamar; North. E. yammer; O. H. G. jamar; Germ. jammer, which words are else alien to the Scandin.]:—a bleating, Gullþ. 19; sauða-jarmr, the bleating of sheep, Hrafn. 7; fugls-jarmr, the ‘bleating,’ crying of birds, as the giantess calls the birds’ song, poët., Edda (in a verse), passim.
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a, m. a kind of bird, tetrao bonasia (?), Norse jerpe, Edda (Gl.)
a. chestnut, reddish-brown (j. á hár); j. hestr, chestnut-horse.
adj., fem. jörp, brown, of the hair; jarpr á hár, jarpt hár, Fms. vii. 112, 238, x. 397, Nj. 39; jarpa skör, Hðm. 21; skarar jarpar, Gkv. 2. 19: as epithet of a lady, Fms. vii. 62 (in a verse); hvít-j., id.: of horses, jarpr hestr, Flov. 33; in mod. usage, of horses only, Jarpr of a stallion, Jörp of a mare.
m. ‘the brown pygmy’ (viz. Erpr).
Hðm. (doubtful.)
a. bay-piebald.
adj. skew-ball, i. e. bay piebald, Sturl. ii. 177.
n.
or jartein, later form jarteikn or even jarðteikn, but not so in good MSS.; in Thom. S. even spelt hjartegn; jargtegn (badly), Fms. xi. 38: that the syllable tein was sounded guttural is also shewn by the rhyme, slíks eru jarteignir, Eb. (in a verse); and fregnar jartegnir, Leiðarv. 6; but also hrein … jarteinir, 36: in the Rekst. the former syllable jart is rhymed on bjart: [Hel. word-têkan, O. H. G. and mid. H. G. wort-zeichen shew the true etymology to be word-token, whence, by a false etymology, arose the mid. H. G. and mod. Germ. war-zeichen; in the Scandin. the w was changed into j, Dan. jertegn, Grimm’s Gramm. ii. 481, note; the word is however scarcely genuine Scandinavian, although it occurs in poems of the former part of the 11th century, e. g. the Rekst., as also in Eb. in the Hrafnsmál; but it is freq. used in the Sagas]:
I. a token, a ring, knife, belt, sword, or the like; properly, ‘a word’s token,’ which a messenger had to produce in proof that his word was true; orð ok jartegnir, orðsending ok jartegnir, Fms. …
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(að or -di, -dr), v. to betoken.
d, earteina, Skálda 166; jartegna, jargtengna, Bret. 59, Cod. B. (badly); mod. jarteikna:—to betoken; mun sá siðr j. þau en fögru epli, Fms. xi. 12; jarteindu þat þau in miklu slátrin, er Barði lét þangat færa, Ísl. ii. 342; þat jartegndi blóma ríkis hans, Hkr. i. 123; Davíð konungr jartegnir Krist, Rb. 390: gramm. to represent, of a letter, hann (the character) læt ek jarteina jafnt sem hina tvá, Skálda 166; sá stafr jarteinir tuttugu, id.; ok skolu tvá stafi earteina, id.
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adv. (-ligr, adj.), wonderfully, Stj.
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f. a miracle-book, Bs., Orkn. 174, v. l.
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f. the working of miracles, Stj., Hkr. ii. 328, Fms. xi. 207, Orkn. 174.
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m. the power of working miracles, Greg. 54.
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m. a worker of miracles, Greg. 55.
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or jast, n. [Engl. yeast; mid. H. G. jest and gest; Germ. gischt; Ivar Aasen jest and jestr; akin to ostr (q. v.) = a cheese]:—yeast, leaven; jastri, dat., Nikd.: jast-ostr, m. a kind of cheese, Fms. vi. (in a verse): jast-rín, f., poët. the ‘yeasting-stream’ = poetry, song, Kormak: in mod. usage jastr means the skin on curdled milk, whence jastr-súr, adj. curdled, acid, of milk, Lex. Poët.; hence the mod. hjastr, n. a frothy, light work; það er mesta hjastr.
(að, or -tta, -ttr), v.
u, f. a manger (mod. = eta, q. v.), Gísl. 131, Luke ii. 7, 12, 17, passim in mod. usage. jötu-band, n. a manger rail.
adv. yes indeed, yes certainly.
adv., also spelt júr, Skálda 163 (Thorodd), Art. 126: in mod. usage proncd. double, jur-jór or jir-jór (sounded yer-yor), which word was at the end of the last century still used in the north of Iceland (Thingeyjar-sýsla): [it is a compd particle, from já = yea and r, which may be a pers. pron., analogous to the early Gmn. jâ ich! jâ dû! jâ sî! jâ ir! Grimm’s Gramm. iii. 765; other Teutonic languages have preserved this particle, although in a somewhat different sense, mid. H. G. jâra or jâr-ia, jâra-ja]:—yea, yes! with emphasis, yea, in sooth, yes indeed, yes certainly, as a reply to an expression of doubt or denial. Of this interesting particle only six instances are found in old writers:—three in O. H. L., biskup leit útar í kirkjuna ok sá hvar Ólafr stóð ok mælti, nú er konungr út kominn, þeir sögðu at hann var eigi út kominn.—Answer, Jaur, sagði biskup, sá er sannr konungr, er nú er út kominn, 10; hvat er nú um félag þat er konungrinn á með yðr? þeir drápu niðr höfði ok kváðusk ekki haus félag hafa.—Jaur, sagði hann, þér sögðusk víst vera hans félagar, 45; Maðr svarar, hvá mælir þú þat ?—Jaur, segir hann, þat var mér þá í hug, etc. …
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(-s, -ar), m. jaw-tooth, grinder, molar (tennrnar ok jaxlarnir).
m. [Shetl. yackle], a jaw-tooth, grinder, Lat. dens molaris, Am. 79, Eb. 60, Nj. 144, 203, Fas. i. 331, Stj. 414, N. G. L. i. 80; tennr ok jaxlar, Edda 5, Háv. 43, 49; jaxla verkr, tooth-ache, Bs. i. 195.
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m. = jaxl, Eg. (in a verse).
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m. the jaw-bone, Fas. i. 331.
I)
adv. yea, yes; já, já! yes, yes!.
II)
(jái, jáða, jáðr), v. to say yes, assent to, with dat. (hann jáði því); já e-m e-u, to confess a thing to one; j. e-u upp, undan sér, to yield up.
ð, part. jáð, to say yes, assent, consent, Lat. aio, with dat.; eptir sem honum þótti biskup sér jáð hafa, Fms. ix. 378; frekara en þeir jáðu, 52; hann jáði því, Finnb. 224; ok hann jár (pres.) honum at halda, Bs. i. 281; þann kost er mér var jáð, Fms. vi. 160; gengu allir bændr undir Þorgils, ok jáðu honum (confessed him) til yfirmanns, Sturl. iii. 270: with prep., já e-u undan sér, to yield up, Bs. i. 281; já e-u upp, to yield up, Fms. vi. 194; alla þá hluti sem nú eru upp jáðir, H. E. i. 398.
I)
adv. yea, yes; já, já! yes, yes!.
II)
(jái, jáða, jáðr), v. to say yes, assent to, with dat. (hann jáði því); já e-m e-u, to confess a thing to one; j. e-u upp, undan sér, to yield up.
adv. [Ulf. jâi and jâ; O. H. G., Germ., Dutch, Swed., and Dan. jâ; Old Engl. and North. E. aye; A. S. gea; Old Engl. yea: the Saxons and Germans however prefer a compd; thus the A. S. ge-se, from gea = yea, and the subj. se (= Lat. sit), whence Engl. yes (qs. ye-s = yea be it); the Germans say ja wohl! ja freilich! in preference to ja singly; as also Dan. ja-vist; analogous is the A. S. ne-se = no (Grimm’s Gramm. iii. 764); as also jaur above]:—yea, yes; já, sagði Kári, Nj. 263, passim: even, höfðingja, minni menn, já, hverja herkerlingu, Sturl. i. 36: as subst., já sem já er, nei sem nei er, K. Á. 200: fá já e-s, to get a person’s ‘yes,’ his assent, N. G. L. i. 33; með jám (dat. pl.) ok handsölum, D. N. ii. 101.
II. as interj., aye! yes! já, segir hann (hón), Ísl. ii. 144, 348, 353, Band. passim, esp. in Cod. Reg.: doubled, aye, aye! yes, yes! já, já! segir Hermundr, Band. 33 new Ed., Trist. 12; já, já? vel, vel! Bs. i. 421; já, já! sagði hann, kaupmaðr víst, O. H. L. 16.
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m. a name of Odin, from jálmr.
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m. [Norse jelk: Dan. vallak], a gelding; ef graðr hestr bítr jálk, Gþl. 392: in mod. usage a hackney, freq.
II. a pr. name of Odin, Gm., Lex. Poët.
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að, to clatter, Lat. stridere, Fb. i. 405 (in a verse).
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m. a noise, bustle, poët., Landn. 162 (in a verse); j. málma, a clash of weapons, Fms. v. (in a verse); geira j., the clash or ring of spears, Orkn. 76 (in a verse).
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að, to say yes; hann jánkaði því, (convers.)
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f. an iron bar, Fms. i. 129, Gísl. 88, Sks. 631, Fas. i. 415.
n.
1) iron (hagr á j.); bera j., to carry hot iron (as an ordeal);
2) in pl. irons, fetters (setja e-n í j., sitja íjárnum); iron hinges (lék þar grind ájárnum); horse-shoes.
n., in older spelling earn, Thorodd; járn is a contracted form; the older poët. form is ísarn, which occurs only five times in old poetry, Eb. 26 new Ed. (in a verse of A. D. 981); ísarn gullu, Hornklofi: ísarn-leikr, m. iron play, Haustl.: ísarn-meiðr, m. a blacksmith, Eg. (in a verse); Edda (Gl.) distinguishes between ísarn and járn. The contracted form jarn or earn however occurs even in the oldest poems, (járnviðr, Vsp.), and is dissyllabic in such verses as gunnþings earn-hringar (a verse of the beginning of the 11th century), Skálda (in a verse); but monosyllabic in járn, rhyming with orna, Fms. vii. 35 (in a verse); féksk arnar matr jörnum, Skálda: [Goth. eisarn; A. S. îsen; Engl. iron, still often pronounced iern; O. H. G. îsen; Hel. îsarn; mod. Germ. eisen; Dan. jern; Swed. järn]:—iron; þú ritaðir earn þar sem ek munda járn ríta, Skálda 164; hagr maðr á tré ok járn, Eg. 4; ór járni, of iron, Nj. 272, passim.
2. in the phrase, bera járn (as an ordeal), to bear iron; sitja til járns, etc. …
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(að), v.
1) to mount with iron (~ðir vagnar);
2) to shoe a horse (hestr ~ðr öllum fótum).
að, to mount with iron; járnaðir vagnar, wains mounted with iron, Stj.; járnuð kerra, 386; járnaðr skjöldr, Valla L. 213; járnuð hurð, Bær. 15; róðrgöltr með járnuðum múla, Sks. 395: with hinges, járnaðr kistill, kista, D. N. iii. 421, Pr. 413; járna kistu, Rétt. 2. 10, Pm. 120, Vm. 121.
II. spec, usages, to put in irons, Fms. xi. 445: to be mailed, 365.
2. to shoe a horse; járna hest, Boll. 346, Fms. viii. 182; hann léði honum hest járnaðan öllum fótum, Sturl. ii. 145; hánn lét sér til ferðarinnar járna tvau hross, Bs. ii. 184; al-járnaðr, shod on all the feet; ílla, vel járnaðr; blóð-járna, to ‘blood-shoe,’ shoe to the quick: the ancients usually said skúa (to shoe) hest, but járna is the mod. term.
n. iron-plating, on a ship.
n. an iron-print, a mark of weapons, Fas. ii. 400: iron-plating on a ship, Orkn. 362.
m. chafing, galling from irons (máttlítill af járnagangi).
m. the clash of arms, Fms. xi. 288.
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adj. without hinges (a chest), Pm. 6: unshod, of a horse.
m. mark or print of irons.
m. a mark, print of irons, Hkr. iii. 290.
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m. a blacksmith, Grett. 129 A.
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m. iron colour, Stj.
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n. ‘iron-eye,’ a nickname, Sturl. iii. 68.
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n. an iron borer, Barl. 179.
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a, m. ‘Iron-boarder,’ name of a battering ram, Ó. T.
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d, to band, gird, hoop with iron.
f. ‘iron-castle’ (used of a ring of iron-clad ships).
f. an ‘iron castle,’ used of a ring of iron-clad ships, Hkv. Hjörv.
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m. an iron bar, Niðrst. 106.
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m. an iron prod or spike,
pp. iron-bound, of a shield.
part. iron-bound, of a shield, Karl. 240, 262, 349.
m. the ordeal of carrying hot iron.
m. iron-bearing, the ordeal of carrying hot iron, mid. Lat. ferrum candens, for references see bera A. III. 1.
m. iron stump.
m. an iron stump, Þorst, Síðu H. 10: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 217.
m. ‘iron-drawer’, magnet.
a, m. an ‘iron-drawer,’ magnet, Konr. 33.
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u, f. an iron sledge-hammer, Eb. 272.
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part. hooded in mail, Eb. (in a verse).
f. iron band.
f. an iron bond, Vm. 70, 165, Greg. 54, Fas. iii. 213.
m. ironfetter.
m. an iron fetter, Edda 20.
m. iron rod.
m. an iron bar, Fas. iii. 125.
m. iron spike (goad).
m. an iron goad, Landn. 212, Fb. iii. 300, Bs. i. 820.
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f. an iron girdle, Fms. v. 345.
m. iron glove.
a, m. an iron glove, Edda 15 (of Thor).
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u, f. name of an ogress, Edda (Gl.)
a. of good iron.
adj. of good iron, Fas. ii. 466.
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adj. iron-gray, Dipl. iii. 14 (of stuff); in Edda (Ht.) of a coat of mail.
f. pl. iron gloves.
f. pl. = járnglófi, Edda 60, 61.
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f. an iron grate, Niðrst. 106, Symb. 58.
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f. iron-forging.
m. iron handle.
a, m. an iron hoop, Sd. 191.
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m. an iron hat, a kind of helmet, Ann. 1394, D. N. i. 321.
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m. Iron-skull, a nickname, Fær.
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u, f. an iron hasp, Fas. iii. 383.
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m. an iron link, chain.
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n. an iron gate, Lil. 61.
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u, f. = brynhosa, Þiðr. 169.
m. iron tube.
m. an iron tube, Þjal. 8.
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m. an iron ring, Hkr. ii. 12 (in a verse), iii. 266, Þiðr. 187: spelt earnhringar, Skálda 164.
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m. Iron-back, a nickname, Fas.
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f. an iron hurdle, door, Fms. i. 104, xi. 74, Þiðr. 169.
m. harpooned whale.
m. a whale found with a harpoon in it, Jb. 108, 312, Js.
m. iron comb.
m. an iron comb, Fas. iii. 612, Blas. 46.
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m. an iron hoe, Vm. 177, passim in mod. usage.
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u, f. an iron candlestick, Vm. 34.
m. iron kettle.
m. an iron kettle, Grág. i. 501.
f. iron claw or fang.
f. an iron claw or fang, Ísl. ii. 195.
f. iron bell.
u, f. an iron bell, Landn. 42.
pp. iron-clad.
part. iron-clad, Hkr. iii. 201.
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u, f. a small iron lamp, Jm. 31, Vm. 177.
m. iron crook.
m. an iron crook, Fms. v. 157.
f. iron club.
u, f. an iron club, Fas. iii. 324.
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m. an iron lamp, Pm. 126.
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m. an iron game, poët. a battle, Höfuðl. 8.
a. of iron.
adj. of iron, Lat. ferreus, Stj. 345.
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m. iron colour.
f. iron bar.
u, f. an iron lock, Fas. iii. 380.
m. iron cudgel.
m. an iron cudgel, Hbl.
f. iron clasp.
u, f. an iron clasp, Gísl. 88.
m. iron basket.
m. an iron basket: name of a ship. Nj. 163.
n. pl. iron mouth-piece (of a bridle).
n. pl. the iron mouth-piece of a bridle.
a. of solid iron.
adj. of solid iron, Fb. i. 524.
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n. an iron bar.
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m. an iron mouth, poët. of a beak, Lex. Poët.
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a, m. an iron nail, Bs. i. 860, passim.
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n. an iron neb or beak, Fas. iii. 507.
m. iron boat.
a, m. an iron boat, used of a giant seen rowing in a boat of iron, Landn. 78.
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part. iron woven, of a coat of mail, Fas. i. (in a verse).
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n. an iron gate, Stj. 205,
f. pl. iron chains.
part. pl. iron chains, barring a strait, Fms. vii. 183, xi. 322: shackles, Sks. 416; þá svaf Petrus bundinn tvennum járnrekendum, Post. 656 C. 11.
f. iron brim (of a shield).
f. [rönd], an iron brim, Korm. 120.
pp. bordered with iron (targa járnrend).
part. bordered with iron, Korm. 68, Grett. 119 A.
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m. iron nails, N. G. L. i. 101.
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n. an iron cutlass, Lex. Poët.
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u, f. Iron-chopper, name of an ogress, Edda: a nickname, Nj.
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m. an iron sark, coat of mail, Lex. Poët.
f. spark from red-hot iron.
u, f. a red-hot iron bar, Edda 61.
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u, f. Ironside, nickname of a mythical warrior king, Ragn. S.; cp. the A. S. king Edmund Ironside: name of an Icel. code of laws (1271–1280), prob. from being cased in iron, Ann. Resen. 1271.
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n. a ship’s model in iron, Pm. 51, 79.
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m. Iron-shield, a pr. name, Fb.: as also a nickname, Hdl.
m. iron shoe.
m. an iron shoe, Bárð. 179, Edda 56, (of the mythol. shoe of the god Vidar.)
f. iron sledge-hammer.
u, f. an iron sledge-hammer, Bs. i. 120, Karl. 338.
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part. mounted with iron.
m. blacksmith.
m. a blacksmith, Eg. 141, Landn. 118, Fms. vi. 361, Stj. 451: metaph. a black insect, so called as opp. to gullsmiðr, q. v.
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f. the forging of iron, Fms. xi. 427.
n. smith’s work.
n. smith’s work, Sturl. i. 47.
n. iron spear.
n. an iron spear, Karl. 365.
f. iron plate.
f. an iron clasp, Gþl. 105: iron-plating, Fms. ii. 310.
m. iron staf.
m. an iron staff, Nj. 211, Hkr. i. 229, Landn. (in a verse),
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u, f. an iron candlestick, Vm. 2, 6, Dipl. iii. 4.
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m. an iron chair, Dipl. v. 18, D. N.
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a, m. an iron post, Sks. 631.
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u, f. the sleeves of a coat of mail, Sighvat.
f. iron bar.
f. an iron bar, Bárð. 164.
f. iron column.
u, f. an iron column, Edda 61, Fb. i. 527.
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u, f. an iron lash, Clem. 57, 656 C. 36.
m. iron prong.
m. an iron prong, Eg. 285, Bs. i. 854: iron wire, Fms. ii. 129, v. l.: an iron fork, Fas. iii. 123.
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f. a tax on iron, N. G. L. i. 462.
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part. wound round with iron, Eg. 285, Sturl. i. 63, Krók.
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part. mounted with iron, Darr. 2, Stj. 387, Fms. vi. 145.
n. pl. iron weapons.
n. an iron weapon, Fas. ii. 178.
f. pl. iron withes, iron wire.
f. pl. iron withes, iron wire, Fas. iii. 211, Symb. 57, Gullþ. 52.
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f. pl., Edda, Eyvind (Yngl. S. ch. 9): also the local name of a wood in Holsten,—den stora Holstenska skov Isarnhow, der af de Danske oversættes Jarnwith, Nord. Tidskr. for Oldk. i. 272.
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m. the Iron Wood, a mythical wood with iron leaves (Vsp. 32), peopled by ogresses, called
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m. an iron bar, Bev.
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f. iron vein, ore, 544. 39.
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f. an iron shaft, N. G. L. i. 102: also = herör, q. v. (sub herr B, at end).
(að, or -tta, -ttr), v.
að, or játta, t: it varies between the 1st and 2nd conjugation, the older forms being, pres. játi, játir, as still used in the north of Icel., pret. játti, part. játt; the later, pres. játa, játar, pret. játaði, part. játað: [mid. H. G. jaze]:—to say yes:
I. with dat. or absol. to say yes, assent; allir játtuðu því, Fms. vii. 281; þessu játtar Þrándr, vi. 190; þessu játir hann, Glúm. 360, 361: to acknowledge, confess; játta ek því, at ek hefi …, Fms. vii. 305; sagði at Erkibiskup hafði því játtað (v. l. jáð), viii. 258; nú játar ek Dróttni, Stj. 174; ef þeir göra iðran játandi þínu nafni, 567; játa Guði, Greg. 20; hann neitaði Guðs nafni en játaði guðuni sínum, Fms. x. 324: to consent, þóat játtat hafi verit, Sks. 776 B; eptir lögum ok því sem þá var játtat, Gþl. 47; játuðu ok samþyktu allir, at …, id.; ek mun jata (consent) at görask hans eiginkona, Fms. i. 3; þeir beiða þess at Sturla játaði í dóm Jóns Loptssonar um málit, Sturl. i. 105; Dana-konungr játtaði gjöfinni, Fms. x. 84; nú játti jarlinn hváru-tveggja, Kristninni ok vingan konungs, 277; játta e-u undan sér, to yield up, Orkn. 52; játaði biskup upp (yielded up) öllum stöðum, Bs. …
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f.
and játtan, f. confession, Edda ii. 192, H. E. i. 484.
m. one who confesses.
a, m. a confessor, Hom. 147, Bs. i. 48.
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f. = játning, Hom. 4.
f. confession (j. heilagrar trúar, j. synda).
f. confession, esp. in an eccl. sense; játning heilagrar trúar, Fms. i. 142; Trúar-játning. the Creed, confession of faith; Augsborgar-trúarjatning = the Augsburg Confession, Confessio Augustana, Vídal. passim: synda-játning, confession of sins, H. E. i. 476, Bs. i. 746, 846, passim.
a. indecl. saying yes; verða e-m e-s j., to promise one a thing.
adj. indecl. saying yes, confessing; konungr varð honum þess játsi, Fms. x. 379.
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m. = jáorð, H. E. i. 465.
(-dda, -ddr), v. to say yes to, with dat.
ð, to say yes, with dat., Sks. 772, Fms. vii. 280.
n. assent, consent; gjalda ~ til e-s, to give one’s assent to.
n. assent, consent, Orkn. 50, Fms. iv. 87, Anecd. 74.
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adj. assenting, consenting, 623. 24.
n. = jákvæði.
n. a ‘yea-word,’ assent, consent, Fms. vii. 305, Sturl. i. 141.
n. consent; leggja sitt ~ til, to give consent.
n. = jáorð, Fms. ii. 291, vii. 359, xi. 218, Sturl. iii. 315, K. Á. 112.
n. baby (~ ól Edda).
n. [this interesting word is prob. akin to óðal, auðr, eðli, referring to an old lost strong verb, jóða, auð, throwing light upon the sense of these words]:—a baby, Edda 108, Rm. 38; jóð ól Edda, jósu vatni, Rm. 7; ól ek mér jóð, Gh. 14, Skv. 3. 60 (Bugge); eiga jóð, Vkv. 31; fæða jóð, Am. 103; jóðs aðal, a baby’s nature, poët. of one sucking like a baby, Ýt. 13: poët., arnar-jóð, úlfs, gyldis, örnis jóð, an eagle’s, wolf’s, giant’s kin, Lex. Poët.; hauk-jóð, a hawk’s offspring, Rekst.; hún (the fox) á sér í holu jóð, hvað eiga þau að eta? Snót.
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að, [jóð], to drawl like a baby.
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or jó-dís, f. a sister, poët., Edda 109, Ýt. 7: as a pr. name, of women, Jó-dís, Jó-fríðr, Jó-reiðr, Jó-runn; of men, Jó-steinn, see the remarks under dís.
a. thriving (of a baby).
adj. blooming like a baby; hón mun barn fæða ok mun þat sveinn vera bæði mikill ok jóðligr, Fb. ii. 9; hón fæddi meybarn bæði mikit ok jóðligt, Ísl. ii. 19.
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f. [Dan. corrupt jorde-moder], a midwife.
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f. adj. ‘baby-sick,’ in labour, Ann. 1371.
f. pains of childbirth.
f. the pains of childbirth, travail-pains, Fms. iv. 32, Mar. passim.
a. very young.
adj. ‘baby-young,’ infantile, Skv. 3. 37.
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m. = jóðsótt, Mag. 95.
n. pl. Yule, a great midwinter feast in the heathen time, afterwards applied to Christmas.
n. pl., in rhymes, gólig, Jóla, Ó. H. (in a verse); [A. S. geôl, sometimes used of the whole month of December, whereas December is also called æra geola = fore Yule, and January æftera geola = after Yule; the plur. in Icel. perhaps refers to this double month. The origin and etymology of the word Yule is much contested, and has been treated at length by Grimm (Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache), who tries to make out a relation between the Lat. Jūlus or Jūlius and the Teut. Yule, the one being a midsummer month, the other a midwinter month; like former etymologists, he also derives the word from hjól, a wheel, as referring to the sun’s wheeling round at midwinter and midsummer time. The resemblance of the words is striking, as also the old northern celebration of the midsummer feast Jónsvaka (see below), which was in fact a kind of midsummer Yule.]
B. Yule, a great feast in the heathen time, afterwards applied to Christmas (as still in North. E.) In Icel. popular usage Yule-eve is a kind of landmark by which the year is reckoned, so that a man is as many years old as he has passed Yule nights, hafa lifað (so and so) margar Jóla-nætr; …
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f. lessons for Advent, Pm. 79.
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f. (-tími, a, m.), Advent time, K. Á. 188.
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f. lessons for Christmas, Am. 72.
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m. Yule-eve, Landn. 215, Fms. vii. 183, ix. 480, xi. 15.
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n. a ‘Yule-bale,’ Yule-fire, a bright blazing fire, Skýr. 265.
n. Yule banquet.
n. a Yule banquet, Eg. 516, Fms. ii. 39, Hkr. ii. 70.
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f. a Yule book, lessons for Christmas Day, Am. 30, Pm. 14.
m. Yule-day, Christmas-day.
m. a Yule day (first, second, etc.), K. Þ. K., Nj. 165, 270, Rb. 44, 436.
f. Yule-drinking.
u, f. Yule drinking, Landn. 216, Fbr. 138, Bjarn. 51, Fms. vii. 274.
f. Advent.
u, f. Yule-fast, the preparation for Christmas = Advent, K. Þ. K., Rb., Eb. 272.
m. Yule-peace, Christmas-peace.
m. Yule-peace, sanctity, Sturl. iii. 127.
f. Yule-gift, christmas box.
f. a Yule gift, Christmas box, Eg. 516, Hkr. ii. 70: a tax paid to the king, N. G. L. i. 58, Fms. vii. 1, x. 410.
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n. pl. = Jólafriðr.
n. keeping of Yule.
n. a keeping of Yule, Fms. i. 31.
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f. Yule holiday, K. Þ. K.
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f. a hall where Yule is held, Fms. ix. 372.
n. Yule-eve.
n. Yule-eve, Fms. i. 76, iv. 82, vii. 161.
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n. a Yule lesson, Pm. 31.
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m. Yule morning, Fs. 143.
f. Yule night.
f., see above, Fms. i. 31, x. 296, K. Þ. K. 126.
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f. a Yule scroll, see Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 561, a kind of almanack with weather prophecies.
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m. pl., see above.
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f. Yule-tide, N. G. L. i. 350: in plur.,
f. pl. Christmas service.
Christmas service, Fms. ii. 37.
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n. the Yule moon.
f. Yule banquet or entertainment.
u, f. a Yule banquet, Fms. i. 31, x. 178.
f. staying over Yule.
f. holding, staying the Yule, Eb. 236, Hkr. i. 72, Fms. ix. 290, x. 410, Sturl. i. 216.
n. Yule ale.
n. Yule ale, Eb. 274.
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m. a name of Odin, Edda; as also Jólfr, a pr. name, Fas. ii.
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m.; the mod. form njóli is no doubt a corruption from hvannjóli (q. v.), by dropping the former part of the compd, but retaining the final n, which was transferred to the latter part of the compd, just as in Dan. paa = opp-aa: [jol = angelica sylvestris, Ivar Aasen]:—wild angelica; the word is recorded in the Edda Lauf., and occurs in Ls. 3,—jól (acc.) ok áfu færi ek Ása sonum ok blend ek þeim svá meini mjöð, denoting that Loki threatened to poison their ale with ill-flavoured herbs (the passage must certainly be so taken, and not as suggested s. v. áfr, p. 40).
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m. a name of Odin: in plur., jólnar, the gods, Edda (Gl.), Ht.
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m. the Yule month, Rb. 556, Fms. x. 222.
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n. a county in Pomerania, where the Danes had an ancient colony and stronghold called Jóms-borg, f. and Jóms-víkingar, m. pl. the Vikings of Jom: Jómvíkinga-bardagi, a, m. the battle of J. (in the year 994), Fms. passim: Jómvíkinga-saga, u, f. the Saga of J.
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a, m. [a Tchudic word], the idol of the Finns at the White Sea, Ó. H. ch. 122.
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f. a maid, miss; see jungfrú.
m., a proper name, John.
m. (Jónn, Fb.), a pr. name, contraction of the older dissyllabic Jóann, John, Johannes, see Íb. 17: of the same origin are Jóhann, Jóhannes, Jens, which have come into use since the Reformation, whereas Jón or Jóan appears in Icel. at the middle of the 11th century, and soon afterwards became so popular that in the K. Á. (of 1276) it is made to serve for M. M. (N. or M.) in the baptismal formula, as also in the law formula, yfir höfði Jóni, against M. M., see Njála. Jóns-bók, f. John’s book, the code of laws of 1281, named after John the lawyer (lögmaðr), who brought the book from Norway to Icel., Ann. 1281, Árna S.
II. St. John Baptist’s Day (June 24) is in the northern countries a kind of midsummer Yule, and was in Norway and Sweden celebrated with bonfires, dances, and merriment; and tales of fairies and goblins of every kind are connected with St. John’s eve in summer as well as with Yule-eve in winter. The name of the feast varies,—Jóns-dagr, m., Jóns-messa, u, f., Jónsvöku-dagr, m. the day, mass of St. John = the 24th of June; …
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(gen. jós; pl. jóar, acc. jóa and jói, dat. jóm), m. poet. stallion, steed.
m., gen. jós, Ls. 13; dat. jó, Hm. 89; acc. jó, Hkv. 2. 47, Skm. 15, Kormak: plur. jóar, dat. jóm, Gm. 30, Hðm. 3; acc. plur. jóa, Hkv. 2. 38, but jói, 39; gen. plur. jóa, Gm. 43: [O. H. G. and Hel. ehu; in Goth. prob. aihvus; but as the Acts, Apocalypse, and Epistle of St. James are lost in the version of Ulf., we do not know the exact Goth. word for a horse: the Gr. ιππος (ικκος) and Lat. equus represent the uncontracted, the Teut. ehu, eô- (jó-r) the contracted form]:—a stallion, but only used in poetry; in mod. poets the r is wrongly kept as radical in plur. jórar, dat. plur. jórum: poët. also, borð-jór, siglu-jór, ‘board-steed,’ ‘sail-steed,’ = a ship.
f. Jerusalem.
f. Jerusalem .
m. Jerusalem traveller.
a, m. Jerusalem-traveller: as an appellative, Sigurðr J., Fms. vii; Björn J., Ann.
f. journey to J..
-för, f. a journey to J.
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-gjöf, -tíund, f. a Jerusalem fee, penny, tithe (referring to the Crusades), Fms., Ann., Sks., Bs., Rb., Hom. passim.
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n. the sea of J. = the Mediterranean.
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m., -land, -ríki, n. the land of J. = Palestine.
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m. the king of J.
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-lýðr, m. the people of J.
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m. rumination, of animals: jórtr-dýr, -kvikendi, n. ruminating animals.
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að, prob. qs. jótra, from jótr (q. v.), to ruminate, Stj. 316:—jórtruð húð, a rugged hide, rough as an animal’s maw, Fas. iii. (in a verse).
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or rather jór-bjúga, n. [from jöfur, a boar, and bjúga, q. v.]:—a kind of sausage (?), a απ. λεγ., Gkv. 2. 24, referring to iðrar blótnar and svíns-lifr soðin in the preceding verse.
m. pl. Jerusalem.
m. pl. Jerusalem.
COMPDS: Jórsalaborg, Jórsalafari, Jórsalafé, Jórsalaferð, Jórsalahaf, Jórsalaheimr, Jórsalakonungr, Jórsalamenn.
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also in later writers Jórk, contr. from A. S. Eoforwic, York (Lat. Eborăcum), Fms.
m. pl. the Jutes.
m. pl. the Jutes, a Dan. tribe. Jótland, n. Jutland: Jótlands-haf, n. the Cattegat: Jótlands-síða, u, f. the west coast of Jutland, Fms., Eg.
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m., gen. jótrs, Þd. 17, a canine tooth, Edda (Gl.): medic., andlits mein (face disease) þat er menn kalla jótr, similar to gaddr (q. v.) in sheep, Bs. i. 611.
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adj. Jutish, from Jutland, Fms.
f. riding on horseback.
f. horsemen (?), Hkv. 1. 47.
m. cloud of dust (seen afar off above a body of horsemen).
m. the cloud of dust seen afar off above a body of horsemen, Fms. vi. 411, vii. 68, Al. 31, Fas. i. 497.
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n. a maundering.
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að, to maunder; vertu ekki að juða! (slang.)
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n. a mess, medley; allt í jukki, all in a mess.
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u, f. a yawl, (mod.)
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mod. jómfrúr-dómr, m. maidenhood, Clar.
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adj. maiden-like, Mar.
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adj. young (= ungr); this Germanized form is freq. in some MSS. of the 14th and 15th centuries (see Fb. pref. xxii), as also in ballads (rímur) of that time (Skíða R. 199, Þrymlur 7), but was afterwards disused, and never took root in the spoken language.
f. princess, lady.
f., junk-frú, Fms. x. 86, v. l.; jung-frúva, Mork. 14; whence the mod. jóm-frú, Dan. jomfru; both words are foreign and derived from Germ. jungfrau, as is shewn by the initial j; the word however appears in the 13th century, mostly in the sense of a princess, esp. those of foreign birth, as in Fms. vi. 59, 132, of a Saxon and Russian princess; but also jungfrú Margrét, of a daughter of Skúli hertogi, ix. 292, 412; jungfrú Kristín, 220, of an earl’s daughter; but esp. in the Hák. S. Gamla (Fms. ix, x), passim: of the Virgin Mary, Dipl. ii. 14, B. K. 83. jungfrú-aldr, m. maiden age, time of maidenhood, Stj.
m. ‘young lord’, prince.
m., or junkeri, a, m., the Germ. jungherr, junker, prop. a young lord, in old writers esp. used of a prince, Fms. vi. 51, Magn. 462, Ann., Fms. ix. passim, Fas. iii. 358.
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adj. = ungligr, Fb. ii. 538.
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n. a young man, Barl. 112, 156.
(pl. -ir), f. aromatic herb.
f., later urt, which forms also occur in old writers, Al. 85, Hom. 53, no doubt a borrowed word from the Germ. or Saxon; the j being a substitute for the Germ. w, which cannot be sounded in Icel. before the letter u; [A. S. wyrt; Engl. wort; O. H. G. wurz; Germ. würze; Dan. urt]:—aromatic herbs, used to season wine, dishes, ointment; in old writers only in that sense, whereas in mod. usage = a herb; smyrsl ok jurtir, Magn. 430; smyrja með dýrustum jurtum, Al. 30; skaltú laugask ok smyrja þik ágætum jurtum, Stj. 423; dýrligra urta, Eluc. 53; dýrar jurtir, Fas. iii. 359; allar þær urtir er bezt ilma, Al. 85; ágætar jurtir, Bs. i. 258; krydd ok jurtir, Stj. 194; ilmandi urtir, Hom. 53.
II. mod. a herb; grösin og jurtir grænar, Hallgr.
COMPDS: jurtagarðr, jurtaklefi, jurtarlegr, jurtateinungr.
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adj. spicy, Stj. 74.
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m. [Dan. urtegaard], a garden of herbs, a kitchen-garden.
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a, m. a room for spices, Stj. 205.
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m. a stick of spice, Stj. 74: but, mat-jurtir, herbs, garden stuff (mod.); matjurta-bók, a book about herbs.
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= jaur, yes, is quoted in Run. Gramm.
f. bowl, cup.
u, f. [for. word; justa, Du Gauge], a kind of measure for liquids, four justur making a bolli (q. v.), Gþl. 525, MS. 732. 16 (of a vessel), Nj. 43.
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m. [for. word], justice, H. E. i. 503, Thom.
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adv. [cp. Dan. jo; O. H. G. jû; Germ. je], yes; jú jú, yea yea; ó-jú, id. (convers.)
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a, m. a Jew, Lat. Judaeus, (rare); cp. Gyðingr.
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n. [Engl. udder; North. E. yure or yower; Germ. euter; Dan. yver; Swed. jur; Gr. ουθαρ; Lat. uber]:—an udder, Bs. i. 194, Fb. ii. 165, freq. in mod. usage; þvíað stálmi var farinn að koma í júgrin, Od. ix. 440. júgr-bólga, u, f., júgr-mein, n. an udder disease.
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a, m., qs. jótr-tanni (?), ‘tusk-tooth,’ poët. for a bear, Korm., Lex. Poët.
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1. yes, Skálda 163, Art. 126; see jaur.
2. = jaur, yes; júr kvað hann, ifast ekki um, Art. 68, cp. Skálda (Thorodd) 163.
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a, m. [for. word], a lawyer, Bs. i. Laur. S.
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interj. aye aye! yes! denoting hesitation, Piltr og Stúlka 8.
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m. equity; see jafnaðr.
(-s, pl. jöfrar), m. poet. king, prince, chief (af Svía jöfri).
m., dat. jöfri, pl. jöfrar:
I. [A. S. eofor; O. H. G. epar; Germ. eber; Lat. aper]:—a wild boar; but it occurs in this sense only twice or thrice in poetry, Merl. 1. 39, Gkv. 2. 24.
II. metaph. a king, warrior, prob. from the custom of wearing boar’s heads as helmets, cp. A. S. eofor-cumbol and Hildigöltr; jöfurr in this sense is not used in prose, but is freq. in old poetry, even in poems as old as the Ýt., see Lex. Poët. Sense I. is unknown to the Scandin., and sense II. to the Teut. languages.
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f. a harping on the same quarrel.
a. covered with icicles (yfir jökluðu skeggi).
part. covered with icicles, Sks. 229, of the beard.
(gen. -s, dat. jókli; pl. jöklar), m.
1) icicle (hann gekk inn í sal, glumdu jöklar);
2) ice (vatnit snýst í jökul);
3) glacier.
m., dat. jökli, pl. jöklar, prop. a dimin. from jaki, q. v.; [A. S. gicel, i. e. îs-gicel, whence Engl. icicle; Low Germ. jokel]:—an icicle; gékk inn í sal, glumdu jöklar, var karls er kom kinnskógr frörinn, Hým. 10, of the icicles in the giant’s beard; síðan tóku þeir jöklana ok bræddu, Fms. ix. 155: so also in poët. phrases, where silver is called jökull handar or mund-jökull, the icicle of the hand, Hallfred, Lex. Poët.: as also böðvar-j., the war-icicle = the sword, or sár-j., the wound-icicle, see Lex. Poët.
II. a metaph. sense, ice, gener.; vatnið snýsk í jökul, Sks. 196; settu þeir þat upp með öllum sjánum sem í var ok jöklinum, en þat var mjök sýlt, i. e. they launched the ship with all the ice in it, Grett. 125: snjór ok jökull, Sks. jökla-gangr, m. an ice-drift, Grett. 132 new Ed.
2. in specific Icel. sense, a glacier; this sense the Icelanders probably derived from the Norse county Hardanger, which is the only county of Norway in which Jökul appears as a local name, see Munch’s Norg. Beskr.; in Icel. it is used all over the country both as an appellative and in local names, whereas the primitive sense (icicle) is quite lost, Fs. …
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pp. storm-beaten, stiffened with ice.
part. storm-beaten, stiffened with ice, Lv. 86.
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n. an ‘ice-leap,’ ravine.
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n. sounds heard in glaciers, Eggert Itin. 770.
a. ice-cold.
adj. ice-cold, Flóv.
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u, f. a crevasse.
n. ice-water from a glacier.
n. ice-water from a glacier, Fas. iii. 570, Mar.
m. severe winter.
n. an icy, hard winter, Ann. 1233.
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m. [Swed. jolster], salix pentandra, a kind of willow, Gkv. 1. 19 (Bugge 419).
(gen. jarðar, dat. jörðu; pl. jarðir), f.
1) earth, opp. to himinn (hvárt býr guð á himni eða jörðu?);
2) the surface of the earth, ground (féll hann þá dauðr til jarðar);
3) mould;
4) land, estate.
f., gen. jarðar; dat. jörðu, mod. also jörð; pl. jarðir; in old writers dat. and acc. are carefully distinguished; in mod. prose and conversation the apocopated dative is mostly used, whereas the poets use either form, as is most convenient for the flow of the verse and the metre, as in the Passion hymns,
α. the full form; og hindra gjörðu, | Guðs dýrðarljós svo lýsi mér á lifandi manna jörðu, 9. 9; merk að úr jörðu mátti ei neinn, 46. 10; hróp og háreysti gjörðu … | kringum krossinn á jörðu, 39. 7; nakinn Jesum á jörðu … | með heiptar sinni hörðu, 33. 4; Lausnarinn niðr á jörðu, 34. 1; blóðsveitinn þinn eg bið mér sé, | blessan og vernd á jörðunni, 3. 12; eins hér á jörðu upp frá því, 21. 10; þó leggist lík í jörðu … | hún mætir aldrei hörðu, Hallgr.
β. the apocopated form; en Jesú hlýðni aptr hér, allri jörð blessan færir, Pass. 24. 6; heiðr, lof, dýrð á himni og jörð | hjártanleg ástar þakkar-gjörð, 3. 18; þó heiðarleg sé hér á jörð | holdi útvaldra líkför gjörð, 49. 14; ef hér á jörð er hróp og háð, 14. 16; hvað göra þeir sem hér á jörð | hafa að spotti Drottins orð, 10: [Goth. airþa; A. S. eorde; Hel. ertha; old Scot. yearthe; …
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m. gravel, gravel bank.
a, m. gravel; hann jós á þá jörfa ok moldu, Stj. 529. 2 Sam. xvi. 13, ‘lapides terramque spargens’ of the Vulgate:—gravel, gravelly soil; þar var þá víða blásit ok jörvi, er þá vóru hlíðir fagrar, Fas. ii. 558; Þorsteinn gékk frá at jörva nökkurum, Þorst. Síðu H. 183: in local names, Jörfi (Eb.) in the west, and in the south Klifs-jörfi, also called Klifs-sandr, Bjarn. (in a verse). Jörva-sund, n., Hkv. 1. 24 (Bugge), Vídal., Skýr. 302.
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m. a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.): name of an ox, id.
a prefix, denoting something huge, vast superhuman.
a prefix in a few old mythical words, implying something huge, vast, superhuman: [cp. the A. S. eormen- in eormcn-cyn, -grund, -lâf, -strind, -þeôð; and Hel. irmin- in irmin-got = the great god, irmin-man = the great man, irmin-sul = a sacred column or idol, irmin-thiod = mankind, see Schmeller]:—great; the compds. of this word, which occur in old Scandin. poets only, are, Jörmun-gandr, m. the Great Monster, a name of the northern Leviathan, the Midgard Serpent, Vsp. 50, Bragi (Edda i. 254): Jörmund-grund, f. = A. S. eormen-grund (Beowulf), = the earth, Gm. 20: Jörmun-rekr, m. a pr. name, A. S. Eormenric (the Goth. form would be Airmanariks), Edda, Bragi: Jörmun-þrjótr, m. the Great Evil One, of a giant, Haustl.
(gen. jastar), m. yeast.
m., gen. jastar, [ister, Ivar Aasen], a kind of willow, Bragi (Edda) twice.
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m. a pr. name, Hdl.; perhaps derived from Norse jase = a hare, Ivar Aasen.
(gen. -s, dat. jötni; pl. jötnar), m. giant; jötna synir, sons of giants.
m., dat. jötni, pl. jötnar; [this word, so popular in Icel. and still preserved in the form jutel of the Norse legends, hardly occurs in Germ. or Saxon, except that A. S. eoten, ent, and entisc occur perhaps ten or a dozen times, see Grein]:—a giant, Vþm. passim, Vsp. 2; jötuns brúðr, a giant’s bride, Hdl. 4; jötna synir, the giants’ sons, opp. to ‘sons of men,’ Vþm. 16; jötna vegir, the giants’ ways, the mountains, Hm. 106; jötna rúnar, the giants’ mysteries, the mysteries of the world, Vþm. 42, 43; jötna garðar, the giants’ yard or home, Skm. 30; jötna mjöðr, the giant’s mead, poetry, see Edda 47, 48; jötuns hauss, the giant’s skull = the heaven (cp. Vþm. 21), Arnór; jötuns und, the giants’ wound = the sea, Stor. 2; gold is called the speech of giants (orð, munntal jötna), Lex. Poët.; Thor is the bane of giants, jötna-bani, -dólgr, Lex. Poët. For the genesis of the Jötnar see Edda. Famous giants of whom the Edda records tales were, Ýmir, Hýmir, Hrungnir, Þjazi, Örvandill, Gýmir, Skrýmir, Vafþrúðnir, Dofri, see Edda (Gl.): for appearances of giants in the Sagas see Nj. …
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part. peopled by giants, Ýt.
m. pl. the Giants’ land.
m. pl. Giants’-land, Edda, Haustl., Vsp., Stor., Sæm. 70.
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n. the giant-badge, the stamp of the giant, Fas. iii. (in a verse).
m. giant’s wrath, fury.
m. giant’s mood, giant’s fury, a kind of berserksgangr, Vsp. 50; færask í jötunmóð, Edda 136, Fms. iii. 194.; opp. to Ás-móðr.
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a, m. ‘giant-ox,’ a kind of beetle, scarabaeus; medic. a cancer; hann fékk mein í fótinn, var þat kallað j. eðr átumein, Bs. ii. 269.